The MassGeneral Hospital for Children Handbook of Pediatric Global Health PDF
Preview The MassGeneral Hospital for Children Handbook of Pediatric Global Health
The MassGeneral Hospital for Children Handbook of Pediatric Global Health Nupur Gupta Brett D. Nelson Jennifer Kasper Patricia L. Hibberd Editors 123 The MassGeneral Hospital for Children Handbook of Pediatric Global Health Nupur Gupta (cid:129) Brett D. Nelson Jennifer Kasper (cid:129) Patricia L. Hibberd Editors The MassGeneral Hospital for Children Handbook of Pediatric Global Health Editors Nupur Gupta , M.D., M.P.H. Brett D. Nelson, M.D., M.P.H., D.T.M.&H. MassGeneral Hospital MassGeneral Hospital for Children for Children Harvard Medical School Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA Boston, MA, USA Jennifer Kasper, M.D., M.P.H. Patricia L. Hibberd, M.D., Ph.D. MassGeneral Hospital MassGeneral Hospital for Children for Children Harvard Medical School Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA Boston, MA, USA ISBN 978-1-4614-7917-8 ISBN 978-1-4614-7918-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-7918-5 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013948913 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To Ravi and Chandra Bhandari, my parents, for always being an inspiration to me and making me who I am today; Radha Krishna and Raj Kumari Gupta, my in-laws who have always supported me in all my endeavors; Dr. Gopal Gupta, my husband and best friend, for always being there for me; Jaya and Siddharth, my children, for always believing in me; Dr. Arun Bordia and Manjula Bordia, my uncle and aunt, without whom I would never have been a doctor; and last but not the least to my patients around the world, who bring love, wisdom, and humility into my life every day. I would also like to thank our department chair, Dr. Ron Kleinman, Dr. Mark Goldstein and all the authors for sharing their time and expertise to make this handbook a reality. Nupur Gupta Brett would like to thank all of our colleagues who spent countless hours in preparing thoughtful and useful contributions to this handbook. He is also grateful for the many inspiring and deeply committed health care workers he has had the honor of working alongside and learning from in resource-limited settings. Brett D. Nelson I dedicate this handbook to the following people: Dr Barry Zuckerman, who allowed me to use my call-free elective during my third year of pediatric residency at Boston City Hospital to work in Hospital Infantil in Mexico City (my life has not been the same since, for all the right reasons). Dr Lanny Smith, Dr Maruca Figueroa, and the campesinos of Estancia, El Salvador, who taught me accompaniment, liberation medicine (“the conscious and conscientious use of health to promote human dignity and social justice”), human rights, and how to amplify the voices of the marginalized, underserved, and unheard. To the board of directors and members of Doctors for Global Health who remind me to “promote health and other human rights with those most in need, while educating and inspiring others to action.” My parents, Bill and Kay Kasper, who gave me the confi dence and latitude to work overseas. My wife, Dr. MaryCatherine Arbour, who is my greatest inspiration. She is my staunchest supporter and reminds me to advocate for equity and social justice everywhere. Jennifer Kasper I would like to save a very special thank-you to all our authors and supporters who worked tirelessly to make their contributions to this handbook so relevant and important to a shared vision of health for children and adolescents around the world. Patricia L. Hibberd Pref ace Welcome to the M assGeneral Hospital for Children Handbook of Pediatric Global Health . This Handbook is intended for the ever-increasing number of health profes- sionals who are becoming involved in global health and spending a few weeks to months or even years providing medical care in resource-poor countries. Clinicians trained in the United States, Europe, Australia, and other resource-rich countries may take for granted ready access to tools for diagnosing and treating illness. Insuffi cient diagnostic services, treatment options, and health care infrastructure in resource-limited settings may prove challenging. This H andbook provides practical, evidence-based, hands-on guidance for managing and preventing childhood ill- nesses when resources are limited. It is not meant solely for pediatricians; it is designed for generalists, specialists, doctors, nurses, other health care workers, and those in training. The reality in many resource-limited settings is that the majority of the patients needing care will be young infants and children. Therefore, all pro- viders need to be prepared to provide quality, evidence-based, compassionate pedi- atric care. The Handbook may also be a useful addition and resource for academic centers and universities in developed countries that are creating courses for trainees who will do clinical electives abroad during their training. A focus on prevention and treatment of childhood illness for everyone providing care in developing countries remains highly relevant today. The United Nations’ Millennium Development Goal 4 is to reduce the under-age-fi ve mortality rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. We are quickly approaching this target date. Overall there has been some progress: several countries in South America and China will achieve the 2015 goal. However, progress has been slower than desired in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South Asia: they are not pro- jected to reach the 2015 goal until after 2040. In 2013, nearly seven million children under age fi ve will die, and almost half will be neonates (less than 1 month old), and the most common causes of death in those greater than 2 months of age will be pneumonia and diarrhea. This Handbook provides setting-specifi c understanding and management approaches to the major causes of childhood mortality, including pneumonia, diarrhea, birth asphyxia, complications of preterm birth, and neonatal sepsis. vii viii Preface The fi rst part of the H andbook provides an overview of childhood mortality, health systems, and the various stakeholders that play a role in the global health arena. The H andbook also contains chapters on adolescent health, which is increasingly recognized as important as focus shifts towards health preconception in order to improve health of neonates and young infants. Also targeting the unique health concerns of this age group will maintain gains made in childhood and help pre- vent the onset of adult illnesses. Finally, key topics in non-communicable dis- eases are covered, including trauma and injuries, pediatric mental health, child and adolescent rights, and oral health. The H andbook is a collaborative effort of residents, fellows, and faculty from MassGeneral Hospital for Children, paired with internationally recognized content experts from all over the globe. The H andbook focuses on the equipment, laboratory resources, and medicines that are likely to be available in developing settings and deliberately does not include options that are not typically available. It provides prac- tical, fi eld-based suggestions for utilizing local resources for optimal clinical care. For many of the authors, working in developing countries during both short- and long-term assignments has changed their lives and career goals. Global health pro- viders will experience exhilarating moments when a baby’s life is saved, as well as tragedies when simple, cheap, life-saving equipment or medicines are just not avail- able. The goal of global health experiences is to help serve communities around the world. They also provide an opportunity for us to learn from our overseas colleagues and are a tremendous way to expand our own clinical understanding. Our hope is that respect for cultural issues, gratitude towards the people and providers from whom we learn, as well as the knowledge we bring will help all of us become competent and compassionate global health providers. This is the essence of the H andbook . Boston , MA Patricia L. Hibberd, M.D., Ph.D. Nupur Gupta, M.D., M.P.H. Brett D. Nelson, M.D., M.P.H., D.T.M.&H. Jennifer Kasper, M.D., M.P.H. Contents Part I Overview of Pediatric Global Health 1 Child Mortality in Developing Countries ............................................. 3 Norman Miles Farr and Brett D. Nelson 2 Stakeholders and Approaches to Address Pediatric Global Health ....................................................... 13 Jennifer Kasper and Nancy Ringel 3 Global Health Systems ............................................................................ 25 Matthew Tobey and Patrick T. Lee 4 Vulnerability of Children in Developing Countries and Disrupted Settings ........................................................................... 35 Sylvia Veronica Romm, Iyah K. Romm, and Brett D. Nelson 5 Fundamentals of Pediatric Care in Resource- Limited Settings ................................................................. 43 Julia Elisabeth von Oettingen, Roseda E. Marshall, and Jennifer Kasper Part II Newborn Health 6 Maternal Health ...................................................................................... 73 Ariel Wagner, Veronica Maria Pimentel, and Melody J. Eckardt 7 Preventive Newborn Care ...................................................................... 87 Rebecca Cook and Gopal K. Gupta 8 Newborn Resuscitation ........................................................................... 95 Jonathan Reisman, Jonathan M. Spector, and Linda L. Wright 9 Neonatal Infections ................................................................................. 105 Hasan S. Merali, Anita K.M. Zaidi, and Brett D. Nelson ix
The list of books you might like
