The Massage Connection: Anatomy & Physiology

656 Pages·2003·25.2 MB·English

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The Massage Connection
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
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SECOND EDITION
The Massage
Connection
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Kalyani Premkumar
University of Calgary
Canada
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Editor: Pete Darcy
Managing Editor: Eric Branger
Marketing Manager: Christen DeMarco
Production Editor: Christina Remsberg
Art Director: Jonathan Dimes
Artwork: Dragonfly Media Group, Mark Miller Medical Illustration, Kim Battista, Mary Anna Barratt, and
Susan Caldwell
Compositor: Graphic World
Printer: RR Donnelly-Willard
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To my dad, D.I. Paul (deceased), and my mother, Stella
Paul, who lovingly supported me (financially and otherwise)
throughout my undergraduate and postgraduate education
and to my parents-in-law, A.G. Vedasundararaj (deceased)
and Helen Vedasundararaj, who believed that I could use
my medical education for the good of others.
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Preface
T
he first edition of this book was written to meet the specific needs of massage ther-
apy students and profession and to simplify the learning and teaching of anatomy and
physiology. It was a result of having shared the intense frustration of massage therapy
students as they tried to weed out irrelevant details from texts written for medical and
nursing students and focus on what they needed to know for their profession.
The specific requirements for the book were painstakingly determined by scrutinizing
the curriculums of many massage therapy schools in the United States and Canada. In
addition to personal experience, the input from massage therapy students and therapists
was used to organize the objectives and contents of the book. The first edition was well
received.
As with any product, there is always scope for improvement; however, improvements
are best made based on feedback from all stakeholders. Changes and additions made to
the second edition are based on feedback from those who actually use the book—the
massage therapy students, instructors, practitioners, and policy makers.
The first edition was organized into three major divisions—anatomy and physiology—
system-wise; topics in pathology; and case studies in relation to each body system. Based
on feedback, the second edition is compiled as one major section, with each chapter dis-
cussing one body system. Important pathology topics and relevant case studies have
been incorporated into each chapter.
A chapter outline and a detailed list of objectives are given at the beginning of each
chapter to help the student construct a conceptual framework and identify the key
points. Each chapter is interspersed with information boxes that describe pathologies
relevant to the anatomy and physiology topic under study. Also included are boxes that
give specific information relevant to massage therapists. All new terms and key terms are
shown in boldface throughout the text. New to this edition is the inclusion of additional
illustrations—and colorful ones at that. Color was significantly absent in the previous
edition.
Extensive review questions, with answers and pictures for labeling and coloring, are
given at the end of each chapter to assess the understanding of basic concepts intro-
duced. Case studies, giving typical scenarios that the therapist may encounter in the
clinic, have been included. This will place the study of each system in the right context
and encourage problem solving. The case studies may be used for discussion after the
study of the chapter or used as a starting point for the study of individual systems.
Exciting advances have been made in the field of massage therapy since the publica-
tion of the first edition. Additional books have been published. A number of authentic
studies have been published on the use and effects of massage therapy on the body. Sys-
tematic studies on the effects of specific massage techniques for various diseases and
conditions are also underway. It is important for these findings and advances to be in-
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viii The Massage Connection: Anatomy and Physiology
corporated into any textbook; the second edition strives to do so. The proven effects of
massage on each body system have been added at the end of every chapter, based on cur-
rent findings and including suggestions for additional reading.
In recent years, massage therapy schools and associations have taken steps to reform
the curriculum. This required revisiting the curriculum for the second edition. Based on
curriculum changes, detail has been added to every chapter. Major revisions have been
made to the chapters dealing with the muscle, skeletal, and nervous systems. Tables have
been added that include origin, insertion, action, and innervation of muscles, together
with illustrations of individual muscles. Tables listing muscles that produce specific
movements across joints give the student a different perspective of muscles. Illustrations
of muscles grouped together, bones indicating origins and insertions of various muscles,
and photographs with bony landmarks are features that massage therapy students will
find useful.
The comprehensive index and the glossary at the end of the book have been specifi-
cally designed for ease in locating important terms, topics, and concepts.
By converting to hard cover, the book is now sturdier to withstand frequent handling.
This change was based on feedback from students and practitioners who used the previ-
ous edition as a text. In addition to the new features for students and practitioners, new
resources have been created for instructors. Instructors will find the images from the
book and PowerPoint slides for each chapter on the connection companion Web site
?????????. Also available is the Test Generator for The Massage Connection:Anatomy and
Physiology, 2nd Edition. This CD-ROM contains test questions and answers for all twelve
chapters and allows users to design their own tests and answer keys. With the software,
instructors are able to select, delete, edit, or add questions to the tests they create.
It is encouraging that the public is increasingly turning to alternative and comple-
mentary practitioners for their health care needs. As such changes occur, it is important
that the education of these practitioners be reformed to meet this societal need. It is en-
visaged that this new edition, written for massage therapists and including all the rele-
vant content that they need to practice, will move therapists in this direction.
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Acknowledgments
I
am greatly indebted to many individuals who helped with the preparation of the
book. I wish to acknowledge Pete Darcy, Eric Branger, and the rest of the team of
professionals at Lippincott Williams & Wilkins for their assistance and support with the
transformation of the first edition into its present format.
I wish to thank the administrators of various schools and associations who shared
their curriculum and objectives. I also thank the reviewers for their useful comments,
without which it would have been difficult to modify the contents of the first edition and
better meet the needs of this audience. I would also like to acknowledge the massage
therapy students of Mount Royal College, Calgary, for their useful feedback and sugges-
tions for improvement as they used the first edition as their textbook.
I would especially like to thank Ms. Nobuko Pratt, my efficient and able research as-
sistant, for the excellent job identifying and compiling relevant journal articles and for
administrative assistance as I revised the book.
A special thanks to the following reviewers who have made a major impact on the effec-
tiveness and accuracy of the content:
REVIEWERS
John Balletto William Rahner
Center for Muscular Therapy Desert Institute of Healing Arts
Tuscon, AZ
William J. Ryan
Department of Exercise and Rehabilitative Sciences Stuart Watts
Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania Academy of Oriental Medicine
Austin, TX
Mary Sinclair
Professional Institute of Massage Therapy
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
Nadine Forbes
Steiner Education Group
Pompano Beach, FL
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Figure Credits
Last, but certainly not least, I wish to thank my husband and children for their encour-
agement and great support.
In addition to the artwork created by Dragonfly Media Group, Mark Miller Medical Il-
lustrations, Kim Battista, Mary Anna Barratt, and Susan Caldwell, liberal use has been
made of illustrations from the following Lippincott Williams & Wilkins sources:
Agur. Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, 10th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
Anderson, Hall. Sports Injury Management, 2nd Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2000.
Bear, Conner, Paradiso. Neuroscience, 2nd Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
Cipriano. Photographic Manual of Regional Orthopaedic and Neurological Tests, 2nd
Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1991.
Cohen, Wood. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease, 9th Ed. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
Cormack. Essential Histology, 2nd Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
Daffner. Clinical Radiology, 2nd Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1998.
Dean, Herbener. Cross-Sectional Human Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
Gartner H. Color Atlas of Histology, 3rd Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
Goodheart. Photoguide of Common Skin Disorders, 2nd Ed. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2003.
Hamill, Knutzen. Biomechanical Basis of Movement, 2nd Ed. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2003.
Hendrickson. Massage for Orthopedic Conditions. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.
Kendall. Muscles: Testing and Function, 4th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1993.
McArdle, Katch, Katch.
Moore A. Essential Clinical Anatomy, 2nd Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.
Moore. Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 4th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
Oatis. Kinesiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003.
Pilliterri. Maternal and Child Health Nursing, 4th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2002.
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xvi Figure Credits
Porth. Pathophysiology, 6th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.
Rubin. Essential Pathology, 3rd Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
Sadler. Langman’s Medical Embryology, 9th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003.
Smeltzer, Bare. Brunner and Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 9th Ed.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.
Snell. Clinical Neuroanatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
Stedman’s Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions, 3rd Ed. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
Tweitmeyer, McCracken. Coloring Guide to Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
Westheimer, Lopater. Human Sexuality. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003.
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Contents
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology .......................••
Levels of Organization—An Overview
The Holistic Approach
Homeostasis
FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
Systems of the Body
Planes of Reference
Anatomic Position
Directional References
Body Regions
HEAD AND NECK
TRUNK
UPPER EXTREMITY
LOWER EXTREMITY
Body Cavities