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Access to the eBook is limited to the first individual who redeems the PIN, located on the inside cover of this book, at expertconsult.inkling.com and may not be transferred to another party by resale, lending, or other means. 2015v1.0 Downloaded for Anonymous User (n/a) at Egyptian Knowledge Bank from ClinicalKey.com by Elsevier on March 11, 2020. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright ©2020. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. THE MASSACHUSETTS EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY ILLUSTRATED MANUAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY Downloaded for Anonymous User (n/a) at Egyptian Knowledge Bank from ClinicalKey.com by Elsevier on March 11, 2020. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright ©2020. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Downloaded for Anonymous User (n/a) at Egyptian Knowledge Bank from ClinicalKey.com by Elsevier on March 11, 2020. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright ©2020. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. THE MASSACHUSETTS EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY ILLUSTRATED MANUAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY FIFTH EDITION NEIL J. FRIEDMAN, MD PETER K. KAISER, MD Adjunct Clinical Professor Chaney Family Endowed Chair in Department of Ophthalmology Ophthalmology Research Stanford University School of Medicine Professor of Ophthalmology Stanford, CA, USA Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Partner Medicine Mid-Peninsula Ophthalmology Medical Cole Eye Institute Group Cleveland, OH, USA Menlo Park, CA, USA Associate author ROBERTO PINEDA II, MD Thomas Y. and Clara W. Butler Chair in Ophthalmology Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School Cornea and Refractive Surgery Service Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Boston, MA, USA For additional online content visit ExpertConsult.com Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St. Louis Sydney 2021 Downloaded for Anonymous User (n/a) at Egyptian Knowledge Bank from ClinicalKey.com by Elsevier on March 11, 2020. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright ©2020. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Elsevier 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 THE MASSACHUSETTS EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY ISBN: 978-0-323-61332-3 ILLUSTRATED MANUAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY, Fifth Edition e-Book ISBN: 978-0-323-61333-0 © 2021, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Videos for Chapter 2: Ocular Motility and Cranial Nerves and Chapter 3: Lids, Lashes, and Lacrimal System Y. Joyce Liao retains copyright to her original videos. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 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To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted 2014, 2009, 2004, and 1998. International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-61332-3 Content Strategist: Kayla Wolfe Content Development Specialist: Nani Clansey Publishing Services Manager: Deepthi Unni Project Manager: Radjan Lourde Selvanadin Design: Renee Duenow Illustration Manager: Teresa McBryan Marketing Manager: Claire McKenzie Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Downloaded for Anonymous User (n/a) at Egyptian Knowledge Bank from ClinicalKey.com by Elsevier on March 11, 2020. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright ©2020. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Contents Video Table of Contents ix Vertical Motility Disorders 63 Preface xi Myasthenia Gravis 65 Contributors xii Acknowledgements xiii CHAPTER 3 Figure Courtesy Lines xiv Lids, Lashes, and Lacrimal Introduction xvii System 69 CHAPTER 1 Eyelid Trauma 69 Eyelid Infections 73 Orbit 1 Eyelid Inflammations 80 Trauma 1 Eyelid Malpositions 86 Globe Subluxation 7 Blepharospasm 94 Carotid–Cavernous and Dural Bell’s Palsy 95 Sinus Fistulas 8 Floppy Eyelid Syndrome 97 Infections 10 Trichiasis 98 Inflammation 13 Congenital Eyelid Anomalies 99 Congenital Anomalies 17 Benign Eyelid Tumors 103 Pediatric Orbital Tumors 19 Malignant Eyelid Tumors 110 Adult Orbital Tumors 24 Systemic Diseases 116 Acquired Anophthalmia 29 Canaliculitis 120 Atrophia Bulbi and Phthisis Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction 123 Bulbi 30 Dacryoadenitis 125 Lacrimal Gland Tumors 128 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 4 Ocular Motility and Cranial Nerves 33 Conjunctiva and Sclera 131 Strabismus 33 Trauma 131 Horizontal Strabismus 35 Telangiectasia 135 Vertical Strabismus 40 Microaneurysm 136 Miscellaneous Strabismus 43 Dry Eye Disease (Dry Eye Nystagmus 45 Syndrome, Keratoconjunctivitis Third Cranial Nerve Palsy 48 Sicca) 136 Fourth Cranial Nerve Palsy 51 Inflammation 142 Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy 54 Conjunctivitis 145 Multiple Cranial Nerve Palsies 56 Degenerations 154 Chronic Progressive External Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid 156 Ophthalmoplegia 59 Stevens–Johnson Syndrome (Erythema Horizontal Motility Disorders 61 Multiforme Major) 158 Downloaded for Anonymous User (n/a) at Egyptian Knowledge Bank from ClinicalKey.com by Elsevier on March 11, 2020. 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All rights reserved. vi Contents Graft-versus-Host Disease 160 Peripheral Anterior Synechiae 273 Tumors 161 Rubeosis Iridis 275 Episcleritis 170 Neovascular Glaucoma 276 Scleritis 171 Pigment Dispersion Syndrome 277 Scleral Discoloration 173 Pigmentary Glaucoma 278 Iris Heterochromia 279 CHAPTER 5 Anisocoria 281 Adie’s Tonic Pupil 283 Cornea 177 Argyll Robertson Pupil 284 Trauma 177 Horner’s Syndrome 285 Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency 182 Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis 184 (Marcus Gunn Pupil) 287 Contact Lens–Related Problems 187 Leukocoria 289 Miscellaneous 193 Congenital Anomalies 290 Corneal Edema 198 Mesodermal Dysgenesis Syndromes 292 Graft Rejection and Failure 199 Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndromes 295 Infectious Keratitis (Corneal Ulcer) 201 Tumors 297 Interstitial Keratitis 210 Pannus 212 CHAPTER 8 Degenerations 213 Lens 303 Ectasias 217 Congenital Anomalies 220 Congenital Anomalies 303 Dystrophies 224 Congenital Cataract 306 Metabolic Diseases 233 Acquired Cataract 310 Deposits 235 Posterior Capsular Opacification 316 Enlarged Corneal Nerves 240 Aphakia 318 Tumors 240 Pseudophakia 319 Exfoliation 320 CHAPTER 6 Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome 321 Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma 322 Anterior Chamber 243 Lens-Induced Glaucoma 324 Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma 243 Dislocated Lens (Ectopia Lentis) 325 Secondary Angle-Closure Glaucoma 245 Hypotony 248 CHAPTER 9 Hyphema 250 Vitreous 329 Cells and Flare 251 Hypopyon 253 Amyloidosis 329 Endophthalmitis 254 Asteroid Hyalosis 330 Anterior Uveitis (Iritis, Iridocyclitis) 258 Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous Uveitis–Glaucoma–Hyphema (Persistent Fetal Vasculature Syndrome 265 Syndrome) 331 Posterior Vitreous Detachment 332 CHAPTER 7 Synchesis Scintillans 334 Vitreous Hemorrhage 334 Iris and Pupils 267 Vitritis 335 Trauma 267 Corectopia 271 Seclusio Pupillae 272 Downloaded for Anonymous User (n/a) at Egyptian Knowledge Bank from ClinicalKey.com by Elsevier on March 11, 2020. 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Contents vii CHAPTER 10 Solar and Photic Retinopathy 407 Retina and Choroid 337 Toxic (Drug) Maculopathies 408 Lipid Storage Diseases 417 Trauma 338 Peripheral Retinal Degenerations 418 Hemorrhages 342 Retinoschisis 420 Cotton-Wool Spot 344 Retinal Detachment 423 Terson Syndrome 345 Choroidal Detachment 427 Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion 345 Chorioretinal Folds 428 Central Retinal Artery Occlusion 347 Chorioretinal Coloboma 429 Ophthalmic Artery Occlusion 350 Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy 430 Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion 351 Intermediate Uveitis and Pars Central or Hemiretinal Vein Planitis 430 Occlusion 354 Neuroretinitis (Leber’s Idiopathic Venous Stasis Retinopathy 358 Stellate Neuroretinitis) 432 Ocular Ischemic Syndrome 358 Posterior Uveitis: Infections 433 Retinopathy of Prematurity 360 Posterior Uveitis: White Dot Coats Disease and Leber’s Miliary Syndromes 447 Aneurysms 362 Posterior Uveitis: Other Inflammatory Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy Disorders 455 and Norrie Disease 364 Posterior Uveitis: Evaluation and Incontinentia Pigmenti 364 Management 464 Eales Disease 364 Hereditary Chorioretinal Macular Telangiectasia (MacTel, Dystrophies 466 Idiopathic Juxtafoveal, and Perifoveal Hereditary Macular Dystrophies 476 Telangiectasia) 365 Hereditary Vitreoretinal Retinopathies Associated with Blood Degenerations 484 Abnormalities 367 Leber Congenital Amaurosis 490 Diabetic Retinopathy 370 Retinitis Pigmentosa 493 Hypertensive Retinopathy 377 Albinism 501 Toxemia of Pregnancy 378 Phakomatoses 503 Acquired Retinal Arterial Tumors 509 Macroaneurysm 379 Paraneoplastic Syndromes 523 Radiation Retinopathy 380 Age-Related Macular Degeneration 381 CHAPTER 11 Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation 388 Optic Nerve and Glaucoma 525 Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy 390 Age-Related Choroidal Papilledema 525 Atrophy 392 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Myopic Degeneration and Pathologic and Pseudotumor Cerebri 527 Myopia 393 Optic Neuritis 529 Angioid Streaks 395 Anterior Ischemic Optic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy 396 Neuropathy 530 Cystoid Macular Edema 399 Traumatic Optic Neuropathy 533 Macular Hole 401 Other Optic Neuropathies 535 Vitreomacular Adhesion and Congenital Anomalies 539 Traction 404 Tumors 544 Epiretinal Membrane and Macular Chiasmal Syndromes 548 Pucker 404 Congenital Glaucoma 551 Myelinated Nerve Fibers 407 Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma 552 Downloaded for Anonymous User (n/a) at Egyptian Knowledge Bank from ClinicalKey.com by Elsevier on March 11, 2020. 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All rights reserved. viii Contents Secondary Open-Angle Glaucoma 561 APPENDIX 595 Normal (Low)-Tension Glaucoma 564 Ophthalmic History and CHAPTER 12 Examination 595 American Academy of Ophthalmology Visual Acuity, Refractive Suggested Routine Eye Examination Procedures, and Sudden Guidelines 622 Vision Loss 567 Differential Diagnosis of Common Ocular Refractive Error 567 Symptoms 622 Refractive Surgery Complications 570 Common Ophthalmic Medications 625 Refractive Surgery Complications: Color Codes for Topical Ocular Evaluation and Management 579 Medication Caps 632 Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency Ocular Toxicology 633 (Vertebrobasilar Atherothrombotic List of Important Ocular Disease) 581 Measurements 634 Migraine 582 List of Eponyms 635 Convergence Insufficiency 586 Common Ophthalmic Abbreviations Accommodative Excess (Accommodative (How to Read an Ophthalmology Spasm) 586 Chart) 638 Functional Visual Loss 586 Common Spanish Phrases 640 Transient Visual Loss (Amaurosis Fugax) 587 Index 645 Amblyopia 588 Cortical Blindness (Cortical Visual Impairment) 590 Visual Pathway Lesions 591 Downloaded for Anonymous User (n/a) at Egyptian Knowledge Bank from ClinicalKey.com by Elsevier on March 11, 2020. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright ©2020. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Video Contents Video 2.1 Torsional nystagmus. Video 2.2 Acquired pendular nystagmus. Video 2.3 Down-beating nystagmus. Video 2.4 Up-beating nystagmus. Video 2.5 Fixation instability. Video 2.6 Fixation instability, episodic. Video 2.7 Ataxia of saccades. Video 2.8 Saccadic pursuit. Video 2.9 Cranial nerve 3 paresis, left. Video 2.10 Cranial nerve 4 paresis, right. Video 2.11 Cranial nerve 6 paresis, left. Video 2.12 Internuclear ophthalmoparesis, right. Video 2.13 Bilateral ophthalmoparesis (one-and-a-half syndrome, left, and vertical gaze paresis in both eyes). Video 2.14 Spasm of near reflex. Video 2.15 Ocular myasthenia. Video 3.1 Blepharospasm. Video A.1 Ocular motility testing (cranial nerve 4 paresis, right). Videos are courtesy of Y. Joyce Liao, MD, PhD, with special thanks to Dr. Thomas Hwang, Angela Oh, and Ali Shariati for their assistance. 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