The Masonry Arch

115 Pages·1982·7.18 MB·English

by  Jacques Heyman

THEM ASONRYA RCH
JACQUHEESY MANM,. A., F.I.CF..ES..,A .
Ph.D.,
PreosfsoofEr n ngeierUinnirgvs,eio tfCy am birdge
ELLHIOSR WOOLDI MITED
PublisheCrhsi chester
·
HalstPersdea: sd iviosfi on
JOHN EWY&I S LONS
New YorBkr isbanCeh ichesTtoerro nto
· · ·
AustralNiae,w Z ealand,S rmth-easAtna :
JacarandaL-tWdilJ.ea,ycar andPar ess,
JOHNW ILEY & SONSIN C.,
G.P.OB.o x8 59B,r isbane, Que4e00n0sl,1Aan uds tralia
Canada:
JOHNW ILEY & SONSC ANADAL IMITED
22W orcesRtoeard R,e xdalOen,t arCianoa,d a.
EuropAef,ri ca:
JOHNW ILEY& SONSLIM ITED
Baffins Lane, ChichesterS,u sWseexEs,nt g land.
Nortahn dS outh Ameandri cath er esotft hewo rld:
Halsted aPd rievsiss:oi fo n
JOHNW ILEY & SONS
605Third AvenuNee,w Y orkN,. Y1. 001,6U .S.A.
© 1982H eyman/Ellis Horwood
J. Ltd.
British La"bruyCa taloguing In Publication Data
Heyman, Jacques
Them asonry uch.- (Ellis Horwoodse riesin civil engineering)
1.Ar ches
I.T itle
624.1'T7A7656 0.A7
Libraryo fCo ngreu Card No.8 2-11809
-ISBN0 -85312-5(0E0llis- Ho7rw oodL td-.L ibrarEyd n.)
ISBN0 -85312-(5E0llis1 Ho-rw5o odL td-.S tudeEndtn .)
ISBN0 -470-275(4H4alst-ed8P ress)
Typeseitn PreRuo man byEl lis HorwooLdt d.
Printed in GreatB ritain byB utle&r T anneFrro,m e,S omerset.
COPYRIGHT NOTICE -
AllRigh ts ReservedN.o parto fthis publicatimoany be reproduscetdo,r ienda r etrieval
systeomr,transmi tted, in any form orb yan y means,e lectrmoechanincialc,, photocopying,
recordingo ro therwise, withothuet permissi on ofE lliHso rwoodL imitedM,ar ketC ross
House,C ooperS treet,Chi chester,W esStu uex,E ngland.
TabloefC ontents
Prefac.e. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7. .
ChapteIr- The middle-thrulier d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Definitio. .ns. ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . .1 0
Thef unicuploarl ygo.n . . . . . . . ..1. 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Thet hrehie -arpch . . ... .. . . . . . . . ... . . ... . . . . . . . ..1 8
Themi ddle-trhuilr. .ed . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fuller'cso nstructi.o . n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 5. . . . . . •
Chapte2r - The plastthieco re.m..s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . ... . .. 28
Thes truucrtalp roble. .m. . . . . . . . . . .. .2. 9 . . . . . . . . . . . .
The geometrfiaccalto ofsr a fet. y. .. • .. . . . . . . 3.6 . . . . . . . .
Mechanisomfsc olla. p..se. . . ... . .. . . . . .. . . . . ... . . .4 0
Chapt3e -rS omeh istorincoatle. s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Thes tatoifct shr ust. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Mechaniosfmc so lla. p. se.. . . . . . . . . ... ... . . ... ... .. 50
Practanidc eex perim.e..n.t. .. . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .. 59
Chapter4 - The strenogtfha rches.. . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pippar'de'lsa smtiect'h o•d. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 63
TheM EXE/MOT methoodfa ssessme.n.t. . . . . . .. . ..... .6 8
A 'plasmteithco'do fan alysi.s . . . . . .. • .. . . . . 7.1 . . . . . . .
ChapteSr - Practical exampl. .e s. . . . . . . . . . . .7 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thel inoeft hru•s .t. . . . . . . . . . . .7 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TestBorni dge,. .K.e.n. t. . . ... . . . ...... . . . . . . . . .8. 2
The' quimcekt'h oodfa ssesesnm.t. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .... .8 8
Thed ead-llinoea odf th rus.t. ...... . . . . . . . . ... . . ... .9 0
A stonsep ana tLi ncol.n . . . . . . . . . . . .9 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PontMeo scaT,ur in. . .. .. . .. .� . . . . . 9.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 TabolfCe o ntents
aper6 Iroanr c.h es. . . . . . . . . 1.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ch t -
MagdablreindCeag merb,i dge . . 170
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aw roughtb-iridrgoen . . . 190
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bibralpihoyg.. . . . . . . . . . . .1 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Index 161
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
Preface
Perahptsh meo sutn eexcptpeador tft hibso oiks liactshsta rpin,t w ehiacnh
atetmpitsm adteou set hweh oolfet hteh eoorfty h mea soanrrcyfoh ra n
understoafan rdcinmhgae dsoe f coasrwt ru oghitr oHno.wi t poisissb lteo
apptlehycn iqdueevissfo ersd t truucrmeasdo efs tontehse om taod ei roofn
will,
ith oipsbe edc,eo c emlaasr t hteh eiodsre yvo epled.
Thatth eioisryn troidntu hcfieer dsch ta ptweirtr hee fretnowc eel l-known
ideaaobsut th lei onfet hru;se tquriiluiimbds i sciunst sehcdeo nvenwtaiyo nal
witrhee fretnotc hemie d d-lterhdri u.l ethsee ccohanpdt tehtreh reyiovi se wCfd
In
againasb tca kgrooufin ddes atse mmfrionmtg h teeh oreomfps l astainciadt y,
certaamionuo nfat c aderimigcoi usgirv net ot hweo rk.p oIstsi tbihlsae t a
deeupnedre rstaarncdbhih enagviu orco abfne r eacbhyae ds teuvdeiynsf, u per­
fici,al of thet hhteie scthoanrniyac lalooy fbfsi r isd g;e ansiync aset,ht eh ird
chpatgeirv seusca sh h osratr yF.u llrhe iosrticeans fo buned e lse,wa hnedr e
umm
myd isicouonsfC s oulomb'esmMooinSr t atgiicvse si nmfoorrmnea. t io
This waoyf per seningtt hmea teribaecl a lmtlaheyoad tft h Whei gh itsorian.
Th,es o stpoe 'acko,r vireewic fistr 'gs itev na,n tdh hei srtioecavild eintsch ee n
interipntr heleti egodhft t h ciosr rvieecwTht.e e ngienretsa ckltihpnerg o blem
of the maasrosene retyno b aesr tcruhgg ltiwonagr dksn oawg nalo ,s ome
achiviengi ts,o me saelemmwoiisnltlgfu l tyoa viotd he ptarutTeho . cthhaer ge
thaatmg ivinagd istvioerwt etohdefe vi deInc carene polnytl hyaa llht i storical
I
peamrulsbste t hreoanda e ds torifsn ogms erto ,iaf n eckliatscob e em adteh at
ibso tsht raonn,wdg i tlhu, cb keuatliMfu.y t hrietsah da t of plastic theory.
Iti sin thfoeu rthc htaeptrh aptl amsteitochda sr felu lcyo ntrwaistthe d
elamsettihcsoo fdan alsyiosft hpear ctmicaasloa nrr,cya h ntde chniques are
delvoepfoerdt hases essomfe netxm iasstoiannrrgchy te hswa itbl eli, th oipse d,
ofu steo t hocseo ncewrinttehhd me a intenanrceebhil aianttdia oonfs uch
strucetsEu.xr amplaergisev einnt hfieft hc hpatoefrh ows ucthe chncianq ues
beu se.dT hetsew coh paterresalc loynu cdtleh miosn gora.p h
Howeertv,hv ee rshyo rsitx tchh taepirns o itn teasn pdaeddd Iitn ga.t tempts
tos hotwh atthi ed edaesvo eplefodrt hmea soanrrccyanh b e umseodrw ei dely,
antdh aitnf,c a, tt echnbiaqsufieenndsl oyn t hper inciopfpl leass ttiecntidot y
8 Preafc e
havaeu nirvsevaalli dThiet yp.o itnehtcn alii.cTs h mei ddtlheirr-ud,lr eecplead
herbeya ne quivanaldew nitd ceorn coefpa tg eomriectfaactlo orfs afety,
geenrastoelsu tfoiraro cnhse dse sptihtfaeec t t haotn oef t hteh rmeaes ter
eqtuiasoo nfs tructaunraalhlyas sb ieesnd iscda.Whra dtei nso nte edietsdh e
eqtuiaoenx pregsesoimneogtf dr eyfo rmatIisnotne,.ta hdeeq uatoifeo qnusi ­
libirusmu ffitcode e tertmihnseeae ftoyfa rchaentsdh, se t rucetnnugiereairls
reminodfhe ids pdruitnmyae,m etlocy o nstarup clta usanidsb alfateci tsory
staotfee q uriiulmio bnw hicthob saeh idseg sni.
Theen geiednro ense esdo mettiobm ere esm dienodft h .iHi sst hinkmianyg
be contdiionbeycd o npcteosf c onvenetliaosntailct hatthi esnoh orety
so
alwayso fat whlaeir imett aioonfhs i csa ltciuo.lEn alsastthiecod royei dsne ed
geneer paaots silbee quriiluismbtt aefo ra s truc,tb uuriteti so nloyn oef a n
infinniutmeebr fo ra nsyt rucwthuiircsehs taaltliiync deermitntaeHi.dd einn
elastthiecoan rdyin , c ompuptaecrk aogre sfie nlietmeane anltsy b ssaeeodn
elatshteiocar riyed, e oafcs o mpatoifbd iliermtfoayt i.Tho ene nngeieifosrr ced
tos uppilnrmyfoa tni,foo re xam,pa lobeutth ceo nidoinatstt haeub tmeonft s
an acrhb,e foarnee ltaiansca lycsani smb aed teow okra tal l.
Nowa,s niostin e Chd atpe2r,t h een ngeiedro enso atc tukanloltwyh e
condnisat tti hoe aebn,utn tsomdro ehsek nowwh etthhesert rucwtaufosrr ec ed
tgoetdhuerri cnotgnru sctsioot nh,ai ts istt erveeisnnts heaedbs enocfle o ad.
He wislttl,aefo rt hpeu rpowseo rkogifh n icso mputer tphtrahtose gt rramu,c ­
turiiesn itsitarfrleels,yeas n-tdh attha eub tmtesan rrei g(iotdrh tahte hya vae
certeailna rsetsipeco) bn;us t thaessseui moapnortsfeu nk nowvna dliitwyhi,c h
cann ervhteelheassva me a rkeeffedco tnt hree spurlotdsub cyte hcdeo mtpeur.
Thea naloyfas ricsbh yeps l atshteiocsr hyot whsat th esiarfed toyen osit n
factd epenodnt hper ecciosen diattti hoaenub st mte,snn oorn w hetthheer
arcwheersbe u iolritg intaofil tpl eyer cftwliyt thhinoa seb uetnmtThsed. e signer
doenso nte eidn formaatboiuotn tgheeosmee tirmipcetalrin feo;sch eh aasn
alternmaettihvooefand al ys,wi hsiicshal wa,yb syt hteh eoroefpm lsa sticity,
saefA.n tdh maett hcoanbd ea ppdl iwasee tlolt hier aostn o t hmeas onry arch.
1
Them iddle-trhuilred
1476W ililaEmd wdasra,m aosnc,o ntrtaobc utiefoldrd£ 050a b irdgoev er
In
thTea ffa tP ontypHirsai ttdedm.pt tofus l fitlhc iosn tirlalcutss otmroeaft t hee
diffiiceusl fattceht ahdtee signer aorfc .hm eassonry
Thfier bsirtd gweao sft hreeo rfo usrp anasn,sd t ofoord twoa nytdew aor s
monhtsO.n e l(etaa)ts t ohpfei ewraissnt hreie vra,nadfl oobdor ughtb itrdhgee
dow,pn ersumaabsrl eyas oufl ts couforu nodfa .tWt iiholenl Esidawmda swr,h o
wasr equirheidcs o nbtytr oap crto viadb eir dgteh awto ulsdt anfdo serv en
yeatrhsed,ne nni tneedt o stphranei rvw eitahs i gnlaer c(hoa f sopfans ome­
thionvge 4r2m )W.h etnh is aarmlcosht c owmatpsle te,h tei mbceerni tnegr
copllsea,de itbhceearu tseh wee igohftt hm ea sownartsyo gor e,oa rbt ceauas e
floodw aasg ain thoefu ncfoaruesels oeaedni ng.
The tbhridig,roe df1 574w,a osfl ighmtaesro bnurioylns t t rocnegnetr.e ring
The arcrhin wga cso mplienSt eepdt eanmdbt ehrce e nterreinmegod vw;o rk
contionnbu uieldd uipnt ghs ep andwraellanl dsfil lingt hhea uncthope rso vide
threo ad.Ww haiytlhewi oskr w agso ionn,g Nino vbeemtrh,e caorplcslheba dy
thcer obwienn fogr cuepdw dasrT.h ewraes qnuoe nso tfif oailuoreft haebu t­
menotfts h aer ,co hro fo verresssitonfgt hmea so;nt rhayer wcaha sp paroefn tly
thwer osnhagep t oc ariryto sw wne i.g ht
William Edwardsh awedavi rnindgeo nftt hlceyo plslaean,d whaaeslb e to
modfy ithdee soifghi nsfo urtahn fidn ablir d,gw ehicshilt ls tanThdesl .o aadt
thcer owwanis n cerd,ean adst hat haatu ntclhhieegh st benyte hpdeor visioofn
larcgynelid ricoaplen ng,i(s F.i1 g1..)T hree sualrtcsihtn rugc itvsue rrseyl eenrd,
havinga thickonnelasyobs u7 t6o m0fm a tt hcer owna1n vde rlyi tmtolraeet
thhea un,cw hheestrhee icsu atw atyop rovitdhceey i lndroipceansli(. nT ghe
fill
parawpalelmtsa ke etlheievo aontf btirhdegi enF i.g1 1.a ppearm amsosriev e
thani ti sin r ealIitmt ayy. )wb eeil mla gitnhteta dhm ea rgionfs ayfo eftt his
slensdterurc tiussr meal,a l nidti pse hraspn oc auosefs urpritshete hi trhda t
arccho lseldad puricnogn sitornu.c t
'aMrgionfsa fet'iy sal ootsee r;tm hmee aniinnntgde eidn ptrheevi ous
sentemnacybe e c laerb,u nto p recniusmreei cwale igchanbt e a ttatcoht ehde
stateasm iestnant td sI.tf h teh ibrirdd gei nddiecdeo dl laasdp ecssreei d,b by a
10 TheMi ddle-ThRirudl e [Ch.
majodri slaoitcowni thaonuiytn iotviearls torfte hsmesa itne,tgr h ieiawntlo uld
seetmh aatn ye steiom fat thberid ge''asesft wyi'nl oldt e penlde a(nsaottt
markeodnlt yhs)et rengtmha toe.fRr aittahhleterh ,e soafaf ne tayr ch could
persh aebpxep resssoemde how oifni tstshpe aermt;sh m ea ttebre o noef
will
geomeantdr yno,oft t h "ets reasnssdert sa "i nosf a tmhoedoersrytn r ouefcs t.u r
Fig.1 .W1il liamE dwasrfo'du rtbhr idagtPe o ntyp.r idd
Asw ills e,be ena geoampepctrhrito coata hslet uodfayr chhaser se spectable
hsitcoaripler cedentsp.u rIptot sehi bisoos fo tt koh e ilb dou nt hopsree ctesd,e n
usingw henreec esrseacrteyen cth noifaq nuaesilssany ,d t oat temtpoet s tablish
at heortyh meoa fs onarrycr he lyingo ngl eaormgeeTtlhryeay s.s utmipons
necesfosrath reay n asilsy bes taitned du ceo uer.s simptleer, tm hse
will In
arcshtesu dairoeefdm odtes siszoet h,aa tsi t touu,rntt sh eirnseo q uesotfi on
crushoinfgt hmea tiea;rl aanr cohfan yr easbolsneta o,n eabslsewedim th or
withmooutrta cra,an c cceopmtfo rttahbielm yp osedF ulrotathdheserw.r,i e l l
ben od iscusstihodene sooifftg hnae ub tmeonftt hsae r ;ci ht bet aktehna t
will
theasrese u fficisetnrttoolnr yges s,tbi unto nte ceislwsayir tahbs olruitgei dity,
anyi mpotsehdrut .ss
Thei nvgeasttiiicoson n ce,tr hneewndi,tt hha er ciht sWhealft: tihbse e ts
sheao pfa rcthoc arrgyi vleona? Hd oswt hiscohku ltdha er crnhigb eW?h at
laodcsa ang ivmeend iberviacdlag r?er y
DEFINITIONS
A masoanrrcyih sc onstructteedm puopfroalseanwry o rokrc, e nt.eTh riisn g
centeirstai rdniigot nalolfty i emrban,d p rovimsuisbotemn a de,b y means of
1] Definitions 11
wedgoerss o msei midleavrit core e,m otvhfeeal se worokn cteha er hchasb een
compdl.e te
The arcrhig ni tswehliffoc,hrms thbeai scs trucctoumrpalo noeftn hte
bird,gi ecso pmoseodfw edgep-evsdouh saisr,o(s Fi1g2..)T .h veou sswoiliblre s
vercya recfuullftyo a rl arsgpeaa-nr cahnas ds ebmlweidht mian imuomfm or;t ar
smaelral rcmhaeyus s set ownheisac rhme o rreo ugchu,lwt yi tthh icmkoterarr
jointtosc atfoertr h ier reguolfca orintsiiteor.snu tcIhtne cPaosnet ydop,fr id
thveo ussaorvieer rtsyh i(nF. i1 g3)a,n thde yh ardnleyet dob ew edgep-esdh a
toa chitehgveee n ctrvulateu orfet haer crnihg .
ROADWAY
CROWN
KEYSTONE
SPRINGING
-f
SKEWBACK
SPAN
Fig.12 . Thep arotfas m asnorbyr idge.
Fig1.3. Voussanodi prarsa paett Pont(ypphroitdodg rbayTp ehdRed u ddock,
repruodcebdyp ermisosfCi aomnb riUdngiev erPsrietsys ).
12 TheMi ddleir-dRTh ule lCh.
Byc ont,tr hauess tuvalo usasrocbihridr g hea s afo rrmieondfrg e latively
thiscotkne sF;i. 1g 4.s hoCwlsa Croell ebgired, gd eseigdin n1e 63T8hk.ee ystone
haass peccoinaslct truiosgnniifiacla ;nic itets h lea sstto pnlea ,ca enddw,h en the
arcichso mp,lt ehteisert eh eapn o slistioybf i sttrhiek icne.gThn etk eeryoisnent g
isot fe,nb ut anlowstae, ym phasivizusealdlb yyt hdese igrbn ceeauosfte h is
consitornufualcn tcotn;ii nfa cti tsst rucatcutriiansolo nd iefrfefrnomt t hoatf
anoyf t hoet hveoru rss,soujsitas a ina ni rcohnai inns o edriefffrnomt an y
link
othlienrkTh .el inikns cthhaeti rna ntts emnisailootnnh gce h a;ti hnveo ussoirs
in aarntc hr ancsommiptr ersosuitnhodaen r cThhi.ns aive analogayr chb etween
ancdh ai,wn himcahy s eetmr ivisae-elllviyfd netw,i blelfo untdob eo fm ajor
imptoarn.c e
Fig1.. 4 ClarBer iCd,oCg laelmebgreiT dhgoem;Ga rsu mobl,d1 683-40N.o tteh e
saga tt hcreo wno ft hmea isnp a.n
Onc,te h,et nhaer chhasb eecno mtpel,de a stbaemr atd temor a eym ove
thcee enrti.Ang t lsoemaes tto hffe i mllus tb ep lacoevdet rhe etx raodfto hse
arcihnt hree goifo nat bhuet m(eannitdns t eprineairlnos r)d,e srt atboti hlei ze
arcrnhig. H owevtehlrea, r pgaerrtt htoeof tw aeli gohfamt as onry alriceh
will
int hinso n-strfilulcan,td ui rtisa elq uailmlpyo rttoda encte tnhtaerr ec hes
bfeortehw ee igimhpots eodnt hfesal ewomrakk tehsdi isfif cu.El qtuirliiubm
oft he maaryct hh ebned eltieac,na cda rmeu sbtet akteonp resseorvmee
a
symemtranytd o b laance loatdhse n a.ssThc pert ohisrbsdrid gaet Pontypridd
waslao dde tomou caht the anhdai unnscuhfefisac tit ehcneort wnl.yC lare
Collbergie,dF gi.eg1 4.,w ase videbnuitliltnyan unablancweadya ,n tdh e