The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I (1914)

352 Pages·1984·81.203 MB·English

by  Peter Young

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THE MARSHALL CAVENDISH
ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
WORLD
VOLUME ONE
1914
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THE MARSHALL CAVENDISH
ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
WORLD
Editor-in-Chief
Brigadier Peter Young
Editorial Board
Lt.-Col. A. J. Barker; Dr. John Bradley
Professor John Erickson; Lt.-Cdr. Peter Kemp
John Keegan; Kenneth Macksey; S. L. Mayer
Lt.-Col. Alan Sheppard; Norman Stone
Revision Editor
Mark Dartford
Archbishop Mitty High School
Media Center
5000 Mitty Way
San Jose, CA 95129
MARSHALL CAVENDISH
NEW YORK, LONDON, TORONTO
Editorial Staff
Editor Brigadier Peter Young Reference Edition Published 1984
Deputy Editor Kenneth Macksey Published by Marshall Cavendish Corporation
147 West Merrick Road
Freeport, Long Island
Co-ordinating Panel Lt.-Col. A. J. Barker N.Y. 11520
Dr. John Bradley
Prof. John Erickson Printed and Bound in Italy by L.E.G.O. S.p.a. Vicenza.
Lt.-Cdr. Peter Kemp
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or
John Keegan
utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical,
S. L. Mayer including photocopying, recording, or by an information storage and
Lt.-Col. Alan Sheppard retrieval system, without permission from the copyright holders.
Norman Stone
©MarshallCavendish Limited 1984
© B.P.C. Publishing 1970nowa DivisionofMacdonaldandCompany
Military Consultants Capt. Sir Basil Liddell-Hart (Publishers)Limited/B.P.C.C.
Barrie Pitt
Executive Editor Patrick Scrivenor
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Assistant Editors Chris Chant Main entry under title:
Carolyn Rutherford
Bruce French The Marshall Cavendish encyclopedia ofWorld War One.
Rose Thomson
Bibliography:
Margaret Burnley
Includes index.
1. World War, 1914-1918—Chronology. I. Marshall
Design Consultants Peter Dunbar Associates Cavendish Corporation.
D522.5.M39 1984 940.3 83-20879
Art Director Liam Butler ISBN 0-86307-181-3 (set)
86307 182 1 vol
Art Editor Brigit Webb British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
The Marshall Cavendish illustrated encyclopedia of
Cartographers Gatrell
World War One.
&
Dunbar, Harison Rees 1. World War, 1914-1918
Alan Robertson I. Young, Peter, 1915- II. Pitt, Barrie
III. Dartford, Mark
Technical Artist John Batchelor 940.3 D521
ISBN 0-86307-181-3 (set)
Picture Director Robert Hunt 86307 182 1 vol
New
Edition Staff
Revision Editor Mark Dartford
Editorial Consultants Randal Gray
David Rosser-Owen
Project Executive Robert Paulley
Designer Trevor Vertigan
Indexers F & K Gill
Production Manager Dennis Hovell
Production Assistant Richard Churchill
23483
Foreword
World War I began with a minor assassination in the remote corner of a now forgotten
European empire. Yet it was to become the first truly global war, embroiling nearly 30
countries across 5 continents. As the tide swelled and nation upon nation rallied its forces,
much of the world still belonged in the nineteenth century: cavalry officers rode to war on
horseback, wearing gaudy uniforms and carrying flashing sabres at their sides. Some even took
their servants and households. Military convention had changed little since the days of
Wellington and Napoleon. World War 1 changed all that.
The 'Balkan squabble' soon engulfed Europe as the surface tensions broke and the armies
marched. Four weary years later, when in 1918 the exhausted combatants from around the
world finally laid down their arms, an estimated 13 million soldiers were dead or missing: with
them vanished almost an entire generation. Uncounted civilians were dead or homeless. The
map ofEurope was redrawn as disappeared countries were replaced by new ones that rose from
the ashes of the old. Almost overnight, several empires that had taken centuries to build either
disintegrated or were shaken to their foundations. An obscure workers movement bubbled up
in the cauldron of war as revolution swept through Russia, abruptly ending 300years ofTsarist
rule and bringing Communism in its wake. In Germany, an undefeated army and a starving
population seethed with bitterness and resentment. In the chaos that resulted, the evil spark of
National Socialism flickered and grew brighter. For the United States, involvement in the
conflict had profound consequences. Hitherto an emerging industrial nation with a tradition
of isolationism and abstention from foreign entanglements, the U.S. was transformed by the
experience into a dominant world power. At the peace negotiations in Paris, many of the
people looked to President Woodrow Wilson as the "maker of peace", the embodiment of a
democratic idealism they would have as their own. The very face of war itself was changed, in
many ways beyond recognition. The airplane, for instance, was no longer an airborne miracle
of wood, wire and cloth, but a technically sophisticated instrument of terror and death: by the
end of the war, a four-engine bomber was capable of carrying 1000 pounds of high explosive
from England to Germany's capital, Berlin. The supremely destructive machinegun held the
footsoldier to ransom and spelt extinction for the cavalry. Other machines of war appeared for
the first time; the tank and the s—ubmarine brought new perils to land and sea. And the horror of
gas unfolded a new dimension the age of chemical warfare had begun. The home fronts saw
changes, too. By 1918, women from many different social backgrounds were holding jobs in
factories, the public services and on the land. Many were also in uniform: activities that would
have been condemned as most improper before the war. Thousands of Americans, many of
whom had never even ventured beyond their state lines or seen the sea, encountered new
countries and cultures for the first time. But the cost had been high, and as the world settled
down to an uneasy peace, many felt that an era had irretrievably ended in 1914. When the death
toll was finally weighed against Allied 'victory', many also came to believe with a sincerity that
must seem naive today that no more could wars be fought and won. Thus the conflict became
known as 'The War to end War'. Yet it was in the chaotic aftermath of World War I that the
seeds were being sown for a second, even wider-reaching global conflagration.
In the Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I, I have found a
A
remarkably thorough and detailed account ofthis earth-shattering conflict. well-researched,
painstakingly documented reference work ofthis kind will be an invaluable source for students
and researchers ofthis period. Yet this is not just a record of facts or an academic work without
significance beyond its subject matter; it is also the story of what happened to ordinary men
and women in extraordinary times. Tales of courage, endurance and suffering, many
recounted at first hand, enrich the pages of this set, bringing back to life those momentous
events that helped to shape our century. This, coupled with the many superb illustrations
throughout, will ensure that this unique and authoritative Encyclopedia will be welcomed by
teachers, scholars and librarians at all levels.
^-
1
CoxC**-
Professor Arthur S. Link is George H. Davis Professor of American History at Princeton
and Director and Editor of the Papers of Woodrow Wilson.
He was educated at the University of North Carolina and has taught History
at Princeton, Northwestern University and Oxford.
He has written acclaimed books on the Wilson era
and has twice won the Bancroft Prize for American History.
.
Reader's Introduction
This Introduction to The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I is
intended as a guide to enable the World War Ispecialist student or interested reader to make
fullest use of the broad range of information contained within the work, and so enhance its
value as a learning tool, especiallyfor newcomers to this complex anddetailedarea ofpopular
study.
Purpose
The primary motivation behind the collation of a work of this nature and extent on World
War has been threefold:
I
To offer a complete, comprehensive and objective reference source on a war which, seen with
the benefit of hindsight, has very probably had a more profound effect on the course of
twentieth-century history than any other single event of modern times, for if the events of
1914-1918 had been different, so almost certainly would those of 1939-1945.
To provide the student with a research facility of depth, authority and historical integrity
providing ample scope for deeper analysis and study than a simple narrative of facts.
To help the general reader to understand something of the experience of these momentous
years by way of a lively and compelling text, coupled with stimulating illustrative material.
Structure
Made up of 12 volumes total, the Encyclopedia is arranged as follows: Volume 1 has the
Foreword by Professor Link of Princeton and the Editor's Reader's Introduction, a list of
major editorial creators and a table of the Contents of the Set. There follows an outline of the
war written by the renowned British military specialist Captain Sir Basil Liddell-Hart,
introducing the origins, major events and overall concept of the war in a concise and clearly
A
written section invaluable to readers unfamiliar with the subject. brief diary of the war's
major events is included for quick date reference, with an additional specially edited
chronological table appearing in the contents list ofeach volume, to give an at-a-glance picture
of the sequence of events in each volume in relation to the time span covered. The narrative
then begins with an article on the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo in
Bosnia in June of 1914.
Volumes 2-11. Throughout the set, text entries (numbering over 540, average length
3000-5000 words) conclude with a brief biography ofthe author and, in most cases, a shortlist
ofsuggested further readings on the specific subject-matter ofthe entry compiled by the autho—r
to complement it. In some cases, articles are reprinted from personal accounts and diaries
often written during, or shortly after, the actual events (adding a sense of immediacy to the
narrative as a whole) and the sources are fully credited as appropriate at the end of each piece.
Also within the narrative framework of the Encyclopedia there are special feature articles
which focus on specialist topics: medals and decorations, songs and slang of the day, artists
and poets of World War I to name just some. These non-chronological subjects can be located
either from the Contents of the Set in Volume 1 or via the General Index in Volume 12.
Volume 12 (Index) contains a resume of the war by noted historian A. J. P. Taylor, which
reviews the consequences and outcome of the war to match the outline of the war in Volume 1
A
series of 'profit and loss' charts details overall cost of the war to opposing nations and is a
useful guide to the basic economics of World War I. There is also a subject chronology of the
A
war, tabulating events Front by Front. major part ofthis volume is given over to an extensive
and up-to-date World War I Bibliography, which fully lists by subject all primary source and
recently published or currently available English language titles in this field. The index itself
comprises a fully comprehensive and amalgamated General Index, followed by a separate
Classified Index which breaks down into sub-headings for easy reference. The index lists not
only all major entries in the text but also lists illustrations under a separate category.
Additionally included is a list of major battles, along with their starting dates, and a Glossary
of some of the terms which have become unfamiliar today.
A
complete list of contributors concludes the volume, and the set.
VI