THE MARKETING OF AGROCHEMICALS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT IN THE

122 Pages·2005·0.51 MB·English

THE MARKETING OF AGROCHEMICALS
AND THEIR IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT IN THE
GEZIRA SCHEME

BY
ABDALLA MOHAMMED EL MAGBOUL
B.Sc. (Hon.)
Agric. Econ.
May 1981
University of Khartoum

A thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Master of Science in Agricultural Economics

Supervisor
Prof. Babikir Idris Babikir
Department of Agricultural Economics
Faculty of Agriculture
University of Khartoum

March 2004
ﺔﺣوﺮﻃﻻا ﺔﺻﻼﺧ
ةدﺎﻳز ﻲﻓ ﺖﻣﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻲﻋارﺰﻟا جﺎﺘﻧﻹا تﻼﺧﺪﻣ ﻢها ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳوﺎﻤﻴﻜﻟا تاﺪﻴﺒﻤﻟاو ةﺪﻤﺳﻻا نإ
قﻮﻓ ﺪﺘﻤﻳو نادﻮﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎًﻤﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻊﻳرﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﺮﺜآا ﻦﻣ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻳ ىﺬﻟاو .ةﺮﻳﺰﺠﻟا عوﺮﺸﻤﺑ ﺎًﻴﺳأر جﺎﺘﻧﻹا
اﺬﻟ ﺔﻴﻋارﺰﻟا تﺎﻳوﺎﻤﻴﻜﻠﻟ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻤﻟاو ﺔﻔﺜﻜﻤﻟا تﺎﻣاﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﻠﻋ عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا اﺬه جرد ﺪﻗو .ةﺮﻴﺒآ ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ
ﻞآﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺗ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺖﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﻩﺬه ءاﺮﺟﻻ ﺎًﺣﺮﺴﻣ نﻮﻜﻴﻟ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ رﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻا ﻊﻗو
ﻲﻓ ﺊﻴﺒﻟا مﺎﻈﻨﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﻘﻳﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻻا ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗو ﺔﻴﻘﻳﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻒﺋﺎﻇﻮﻟا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻲﻓ تﺎهﻮﺸﺘﻟاو
.عوﺮﺸﻤﻟا
ﻷا ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻴﻟوﻻا تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ردﺎﺼﻣ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻪﺋﺎﻨﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﻩﺬﻬﻟ مﺎﻌﻟا رﺎﻃﻻا ﺪﻤﺘﻋا
تاﻮﻨﻘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻦﻴﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟاو ﻦﻴﻋراﺰﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ رﺪﻗ ﺮﺒآأ ﻊﻤﺠﻟ ﺖﻤﻤﺻ ﻲﺘﻟا تﺎﻨﻳﺎﻌﻤﻟاو نﺎﻴﺒﺘﺳ
ةرﻮﺸﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟا ردﺎﺼﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﻮﻧﺎﺜﻟا تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻮه ﻪﻣاﺪﺨﺘﺳأ ﻢﺗ ىﺬﻟا ﻰﻧﺎﺜﻟا عﻮﻨﻟاو .ﺔﻴﻘﻳﻮﺴﺘﻟا
ةدﺪﻌﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﺋ اﻮﺸﻌﻟا تﺎﻨﻴﻌﻟا ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا ﻊﻤﺟ مﺎﻈﻧ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺖﺠﻬﺘﻧا ﺎﻤآ ،ةرﻮﺸﻨﻤﻟا ﺮﻴﻏو
.تﺎﻘﺒﻄﻟا
ﻲﻋراﺰﻤﻟ ﻪﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻاو ﻪﻳدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺨﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﺼﺣﻻا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟا ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﺖﺤﺿو
ﻢﻟ تاﺰﻴﻤﻟا ﻩﺬه ﻦﻜﻟو ،ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻟﻮﻘﻌﻣ تﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣو ةﺪﻴﺟ ةﺮﺒﺧ ﻢﻬﻟ نأ ﻞﻗﺎﻨﻤﻟاو ةﺮﻳﺰﺠﻟﺎﺑﺮﻀﺨﻟا
.ةﺪﻤﺳﻻاو تاﺪﻴﺒﻤﻠﻟ ﻞﺜﻣﻻا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﻠﻋ ﺎًﺑﺎﺠﻳا ﺲﻜﻌﻨﺗ
ةﺪﻤﺳﻼﻟ ﻲﻠﻜﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻲﻓ راﺪﺤﻧﻻاو ﺔﻴﻨﻣﺰﻟا ﻞﺳﻼﺴﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺖﻣﺪﺨﺘﺳا
تﺮﻬﻇا .ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟاو ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺘﻟا تاﺮﻴﻐﺘﻤﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ ﺔﻗﻺﻌﻟا ﻢﻴﻴﻘﺗو ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻟا ﺔآﺮﺤﻟا ةﺮهﺎﻇ ﺔﺳاردو ،تاﺪﻴﺒﻤﻟاو
1.028ﺪﻤﺳﻷا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا دادﺰﻳ ةﺪﺣاو ةﺪﺣﻮﺑ ﻪﻋورﺰﻤﻟا ﺔﻌﻗﺮﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ تداز ﺎﻤﻠآ ﺔﻧا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟا ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ
تﺎﺣﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻠﻟ ىﺰﻌﻳ تاﺪﻴﺒﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﻤﻜﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ %45 نأو ةﺪﺣو
.ﺔﻋورﺰﻤﻟا
،ﻲﻠﻜﻟاو يﺮهﺎﻈﻟا ﺐﻠﻄﻟا ﻢﺠﺣ ﻦﻋ اًﺮﻴﺜآ ﻞﻘﻳ ةﺪﻤﺳﻸﻟ ﻲﻠﻜﻟا ضﺮﻌﻟا ﻢﺠﺣ نأ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺖﺘﺒﺛا
ﻰﺘﻟا تﺎﺒﻘﻌﻟا ﺮﺒآأ ﻦﻣ نأ .تﺎﻴﻤﻜﻟا ﻢﺼﺧو ىرﻮﻔﻟا ﻊﻓﺪﻟا ﻢﻈﻧ تﺎﻳدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺖﺒﺛا رﺎﻌﺳﻷا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ نأ ﺎﻤآ
تﺎﻴﻤﻜﻟﺎﺑ تاﺪﻴﺒﻤﻟاو ةﺪﻤﺳﻷا ﺪﺟاﻮﺗ مﺪﻋ ﺔﻴﻘﻳﻮﺴﺘﻟا تاﻮﻨﻘﻟا ﻰﻓ ﻦﻴﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟاو ﺮﻀﺨﻟا ﻰﻋراﺰﻣ ﻪﺟاﻮﺗ
ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻷﺎﺑ ﻢﻋﺪﻟا مﺎﻈﻧ ﻒﻌﺿو ﻞﻳﻮﻤﺘﻟا ردﺎﺼﻣ رﻮﺼﻗ ﻰﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻷﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﻰﻓو ﺔﺑﻮﻠﻄﻤﻟا
.تاﺪﻴﺒﻤﻟاو ةﺪﻤﺳﻷا قاﻮﺳا ﻰﻓ ﺔﻴﻘﻳﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻒﺋﺎﻇﻮﻟا ءاداو ةءﺎﻔآ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﻰﺘﻟا تﺎهﻮﺸﺘﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ ﻰﻟا
ﺮﻴﺜﻜﻟا ﻪﻨﻋ ﻢﺠﻧ ﺔﻴﻗاﻮﻟا قﺮﻄﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا مﺪﻋو تاﺪﻴﺒﻤﻟا لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳإ ةرﻮﻄﺨﺑ عراﺰﻤﻟا ﻰﻋو ﻒﻌﺿ نأ
.ناﻮﻴﺤﻟاو نﺎﺴﻧﻼﻟ ةﺎﻓﻮﻟا تﻻﺎﺣو ﻢﻤﺴﺘﻟا تﺎﺑﺎﺻإو ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻟا ﻞآﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ
قﻮﺴﻟا ﻲهو ،ﺔﻴﺴﺌﻳر مﺎﺴﻗا ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻲﻟا ﻢﺴﻘﻨﻳ تاﺪﻴﺒﻤﻟاو ةﺪﻤﺳﻻا قﻮﺳ نا ﻲﻟا ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺖﺼﻠﺧ
ﺮﻜﺘﺤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ةﺪﻤﺳﻻا قﻮﺳو ،اًﺮﻴﻐﺻ اءﺰﺟ ﺮﻴﺘﻌﻳ اﺬهو ﺎﻬﻧزاﻮﺗ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺐﻠﻄﻟاو ضﺮﻌﻟا يﻮﻗ ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا
ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻘﻟا ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا تاﺪﻴﺒﻤﻟا قﻮﺳ ﻲﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻻﺎﺑ ﻢهﺮﺒآا ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻳ اﺬهو ﻪﻃﺎﺸﻧ ﻞﺟ ﺔﻟوﺪﻟا تﺎﺴﺳﻮﻣ
يﺮﺒﻜﻟا ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا تﺎآﺮﺸﻟا ءﻼآوو ةدرﻮﻤﻟا تﺎآﺮﺸﻟا لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻧاﻮﻗ ﺮﺒﻋ ﻪﻤﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻲﻠﻋ تاﺪﻴﺒﻤﻠﻟ
قاﻮﺳﻻﺎﺑ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ ﻰﻠﺤﻤﻟا تاﺪﻴﺒﻤﻟاو ةﺪﻤﺳﻻا قﻮﺴﻟ اًﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﺎًﻤﺠﺣ ﻞﻜﺸﺗ ﺔﻌﻤﺘﺠﻣ قاﻮﺳﻻا ﻩﺬه ﻞآو
.ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟاو ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹا
ﻲﻘﻳﻮﺴﺗ ﺲﻠﺠﻣ مﺎﻴﻗ ﺮﺒﻋ ﻰﻟﺎﺤﻟا مﺎﻈﻨﻟا ﻰﻓ ﻞﻠﺨﻟا حﻼﺻﻹ ةدﺪﺤﻣ تﺎﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺖﺣﺮﺘﻗإ
.ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﻘﻳﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﻖﻓاﺮﻤﻟا ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗو قﻮﺴﻟا ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻳ
Chapter One
Introduction

1.1 What are the Agrochemicals?
Agrochemicals are synthetic elements; used to increase
agricultural production in both quantity and quality along different
stages of food production chain. Generally they are divided into two
major groups. Fertilizers and pesticides, and each group was
classified into subgroups according to their nature, purposes and use,
whether they are mixed or complex.
1.1.1 Fertilizers
Fertilizers provide plants with the food they need for their
growth and development. Their occurrence can be either naturally
inform of free nutrients or industrially manufactured product in form
of mixed or complex fertilizers, which contain more than one of the
primary plant nutrients produced by a process of chemical reaction.
1.1.1.1 Fertilizers classification
Plants require practically 92 natural elements for their
growth. But 16 out of these are the most important for good growth,
and 13 out of 16 are highly essential mineral nutrient elements,
which must be supplemented to the plant by mineral fertilizers.
Accordingly fertilizers can be classified as follows:
(cid:190) Primary Plant Nutrients
These are nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium, which are required
by plants in large amounts.
(cid:190) Secondary Nutrients
These are calcium, magnesium and sulphur, which are needed, in
smaller, but still appreciable quantities

(cid:190) Micro Nutrients
These are boron, chlorine, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum
and zinc
1.1.2 Pesticides
Pesticide is a poison used to kill a plant or animal which
some humans consider a pest. It is also used to prevent, control, and
destroy and to reduce the number of the pests.
1.1.2.1 Classification of Pesticides
Crop protection agents use different methods for classifying the
pesticides, but generally the following classification is the most
common:
(cid:190) Targeted pest whether it is insecticide, herbicide fungicide etc.
(cid:190) Effect of active ingredient on the pest that is wide spectrum
compounds, selective compounds… etc.
(cid:190) According to the residual period whether it is a long residual
effect or short period.
(cid:190) According to the effect on the pest physiology
(cid:190) According to chemical compounds whether it is organic or
inorganic
(cid:190) According to the speed of the poisoning whether it is fast or
slow
(cid:190) Degree of the toxicity on the pesticide users, high toxicity low
or non toxic etc
The physical and chemical properties of the compound processing
that is concentrated, emulsphier, dust, powder etc
1.2 Why we use agrochemicals?
1.2.1 Historical Background.
1.2.2 Agrochemicals have been put in use for a long time period
and developed according to the people need in the context of quality,
quantity and method of use. Pesticides have been used in china
before five thousand years. Since then their use increased gradually
till the end of the first millennium when inorganic pesticides became
widely used. At the end of the nineteenth (19th) century, organic
pesticides were discovered. The pesticides industry started during the
Second World War and production expanded during the sixties to
meet the requirements of the green revolution in the third world
countries. From that time till now there is a tremendous increase in
agrochemicals production coupled with advanced technology in
processing, manufacturing and usage
1.2.2 Rationalization of Fertilizers Use
World population will probably peak at some 8000 million
around 2030, when two out of every three people will live in towns
and cities. Rising income will create a disproportional higher
demand for food, meaning over the three next decades food
production will need to increase by about 60%. Nearly all of the
increase in production will have to come from developing countries
through the intensification of agriculture, that is more yields per unit
time and per unit area. L.O. Fresco FAO (2003).
Fertilizer is known to be a powerful input enhancing
production. Indeed, one third of the increase in cereal production
worldwide and 50% of the increase in India’s grain production has
been attributed to fertilizers.
FAO estimated that fertilizers are expected to contribute over 50% of
the vertical increase in food and agricultural production.
1.2.3 Economics of Pesticides Usage
Pesticides are playing an important role in reducing pre and
post harvest losses, which are estimated to be around 50% FAO
(1967), 14% out of these losses are due to insects, 14% due to store
pests, 12% due to plant disease and 10% due to weeds.
The annual global losses are estimated to be from 70 to 240
billon USD (considering only crops) and it was found that the cost of
one USD incurred in pest control could result in yield increases by
five USD, Yahia (1994).
Most of the studies held on the research and mass production
scale confirmed the fact that pests and diseases can reduce the yield
by 70% if they are not well controlled. It was found that 100
jassides/100 leaves in cotton crop can cause a reduction of 2-3 kantar
/feddan, 17 white fly per one cotton’s leaf can reduce the yield by
60% and the African Bollworm can cause a total loss of the whole
crop if not controlled.
1.3 Agrochemicals Outlook
1.3.1 International Market
In the recent years the international market reflected a
tremendous increase in the production, consumption and trading of
agrochemical, that is, the market reached the maturity stage.
Marketing activities in the global system vary from country to
another depending on political, social, economical natural and
technological factors, which resulted in integrated marketing system
contributing to a collective movement in the direction of sustainable
development
1.3.2 World Production
The main fertilizers raw materials are hydrocarbons and
ammonia feed stock (today mostly natural gas), phosphate rock,
sulphur and potassium salts. The total world production was found to
be 142 million MT in 2000/2001. China is a leading producing
country with 29.2 million MT. In 1996/97 developing countries all
share in world total was 43% with annual growth rate 4.5% while all
developed countries share was found to be 57% with annual growth
rate 2.3% for the same year, (FAO, 2001) Figure (1,1) shows total
world Fertilizer production.

Fig.1.1 World Fertilizer Production In Million MT

160
146 146 145 142
140
120
100
88 88 88 85
80
60
40 33 33 33 32
26 25 25 26
20
0
1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01
Nitrogen Phosphate(P205) Potash (N+P205+K20)
In case of pesticides there are now about 35 thousand pesticide
compounds made of 900 active ingredients. The present world
production of pesticides is about 2.6 million tones of active
ingredients.
1.3.3 World Consumption
From 1989 to 1993/94 world fertilizer consumption decreased
but started increasing in 1994/95 onwards. In 1996/97-world
fertilizer consumption continued to rise from 131.3 million tones to
135.1 million tones, an increase of 2.9%. Fertilizer consumption
increased in developed and developing countries by 1.9% and 3.6%
respectively for the same year. In 2000/2001 the total world fertilizer
consumption was 136.4 million tones, China was a leading fertilizer
consuming country 34.6 million MT followed by USA 18.5 million
MT, Ireland is the most intensive fertilizer using country in arable
land and permanent crops 594 kg/ha although the world average is
91 kg/ha. Cost Rica is most intensive fertilizer-using country in
arable land 884kg/ha compared with international average, 100kg/ha
(FAO, 2001). Meanwhile the average consumption of chemical
fertilizers in Africa is only 5kg/ha. Fig. 2 shows the total world
consumption

Fig. 1.2 Word Fertilizer Consumption In Million MT
160
140 137 138 141 136
120
100
81 83 85 82
80
60
40 33 33 33 33
23 22 22 22
20
0
1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01
Nitrogen Phosphate(P205) Potash (N+P205+K205)

Pesticides are a capital-intensive industry, used all over the
world. About 80% of the total world pesticide production is currently
used by developing countries. Africa consumes 5% of the total world
pesticide production, 3% out of these 5% consumed by South Africa,
1% consumed by North Africa and the remaining 1% consumed by
Africa south of Sahara.
1.3.4 World Trade
Most countries increasingly trade agrochemicals. Therefore
the international trade is an important part of the agrochemical
business. About 57 million tones of fertilizer were traded in 1996/97
for an estimated value of approximately US$ 14 billion. USA is the
largest fertilizer importing country in the world 14.02million MT,
while Canada is a leading fertilizer exporting country 10.07 million
MT. in 2000/01 the total world exports and imports of fertilizers
were found to be 60.2 million MT and 63.7 million MT respectively,
while total world supply was 136.4 million MT for the same year
(FAO, 2001).