The Maplin Electronic Circuits Handbook

289 Pages·1990·4.751 MB·English

by  Michael Tooley (Auth.)

MICHAEL TOOLEY
[ Si U T T E R W O R TH
H E I N E M A N N
Newnes
An imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd
Halley Court, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8EJ
PART OF REED INTERNATIONAL BOOKS
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First published as Electronic Circuits Handbook: Design, testing and
construction 1988
Reprinted 1988,1990
This revised edition first published 1990
© Michael H. Tooley 1988, 1990
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form
(including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not
transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written
permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the
Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 33-34 Alfred Place, London, England WOE 7DP.
Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this
publication should be addressed to the publishers
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Tooley, Michael H. (Michael Howard) 1946-
The Maplin electronic circuits handbook - rev. ed.
1. Electronic equipment. Circuits. Design
I. Title II. Tooley, Michael H. Electronic circuits
handbook
621.3815
ISBN 0 7506 0027 6
Phototypesetting by Thomson Press (India) Ltd, New Delhi
Printed in Scotland by Thomson Litho, East Kilbride
Foreword
For many years Maplin Electronics have been able to offer top-quality
electronic components to the electronics enthusiast and professional
engineer alike; every one of the eight-thousand plus stock items are
detailed in the ever enlarging Maplin Buyers Guide to Electronic
Components. This annual publication is synonymous with a wealth of
information on individual items; providing explanations, specifications,
advice, formulae, as well as fulfilling the role of a catalogue. However,
there is a limit to the amount of background information that can be
published in this way, simply due to the space available.
Electronics - The Maplin Magazine helps to close the information gap
and encompasses a wide range of topical areas; presenting designs for
easy-to-build projects using the latest and most innovative electronic
devices, in-depth technical feature articles on electronics technology
and techniques, and other related interest areas.
This leads on to Maplin's latest publishing venture, The Maplin
Electronic Circuits Handbook, which presents information in a way that
cannot be achieved in a magazine alone. Written specially for Maplin by
Mike Tooley, an expert in this field, this book is certain not to gather
dust on the shelf! Its place is firmly on the workbench.
In this authoritative volume you will find a wealth of information;
data, explanations, formulae, practical guidance, theory and practice in
the design, testing and construction of electronic circuits. This
handbook provides both background information and teaching, as well
as being a reference book - an ideal combination for the beginner who
wants to get started, the student studying electronics, the enthusiast who
wants to learn more and the engineer who needs a concise reference for
general electronics practice. It is intended that other companion books,
devoted to particular topic areas, will be published too.
Robert Ball, AMIPRE
Technical Author, Maplin Electronics pic
Introduction
Welcome to the world of electronic circuit design! Whether you are an
electronic engineer, technician, student, or just an enthusiast working from
home, this book contains something of interest to you. This book aims
to explode two popular misconceptions concerning the design of electronic
circuits: that only those with many years of experience should undertake
circuit design and that the process relies on an understanding of advanced
mathematics. Provided one is not too ambitious, neither of these popularly
held beliefs is true.
Specifically, this book aims to provide the reader with a unique collection
of practical working circuits together with supporting information so that
circuits can be produced in the shortest possible time and without recourse
to theoretical texts.
All circuits described have been thoroughly tested and, as far as possible,
a range of commonly available low-cost components has been adopted.
The simplest and most cost-effective solution being adopted in each case.
Furthermore, information has been included so that the circuits can
readily be modified and extended by readers to meet their own individual
needs. Related circuits have been grouped together and cross-referenced
within the text (and also in the index) so that readers are aware of which
circuits can be readily connected together to form more complex systems.
As far as possible, a common range of supply voltages, signal levels and
impedances has been adopted.
As a bonus, five of the most popular Maplin projects have been
included. These not only serve to illustrate the techniques described but
also build into items which are useful in their own right. The only basic
item of test equipment not described, and considered essential, is a
multirange meter. However, such an instrument can be acquired from
Maplin as quite modest cost.
As stated previously, this book differs from the vast majority of electronic
textbooks in that the principles of electronics have been kept to a bare
minimum. It would, however, be foolish to suggest that electronic circuit
design can be accomplished without recourse to any theory or simple
mathematics. This book assumes that the reader has at least an elementary
understanding of electrical principles and, in particular, is familiar with
common electrical units and quantities. Provided the reader has this
knowledge and can perform simple arithmetic calculations, there should
2 INTRODUCTION
be no "difficulty in following the mathematics presented here.
The book is organized into eleven chapters, each chapter devoted to a
different topic. These chapters have been arranged in a logical sequence;
each one building upon its predecessor. Despite this, the book has not
been designed to be read from 'cover to cover'; rather, the aim has been
that of presenting related information in as concise a manner as possible
and without duplication.
Design philosophy
Electronic circuit design should be a systematic process resulting from the
identification of a particular need. One should start by declaring one's
overall aims and, in a larger project involving several subsystems, it will
usually be necessary to define specific objectives and establish the sequence
in which they should be completed.
Draft specifications should be prepared at an early stage. These will be
instrumental in identifying relevant parameters as well as establishing a
target performance specification. It is, however, important to remember
that such specifications should remain flexible since, in practice, it may
not be feasible to meet them within the available budget. Conversely, with
advances in technology, specifications (particularly those relating to speed
of operation, power requirements, and physical size) may well be exceeded.
Even the most 'dyed-in-the-wool' designer should be prepared to
examine the widest possible range of solutions - not simply those drawn
from a 'standard library' of designs. Only then should circuitry and
component specifications be drawn up. With more complex projects, or
those involving new and untried devices, it will usually be necessary to
'breadboard' and test specific areas of uncertainty.
Prototype circuit layouts should not be produced until one is reasonably
confident that the finished design will satisfy the criteria laid down. To
do otherwise would be foolhardy and is likely to be counter-productive
in the long term.
Following construction, prototypes should be exhaustively tested
against the draft specifications and under a variety of conditions (e.g.
ambient temperature, supply voltage, etc.). Where necessary, modifications
should be incorporated but note that, provided one has reasonable
confidence in the design prior to prototyping, it should rarely be necessary
to rebuild a prototype from scratch.
Final acceptance of a particular design involves not only verifying that
the target specifications have been met but also that the originally declared
aims and objectives have been fulfilled. The procedure is more meaningful
if it is undertaken in conjunction with the end user.
An electronic circuit may be judged effective against a number of criteria.
Most important of these is the attainment of a standard of performance
which is consistent with current practice. Performance, however, can only
be objectively assessed using clearly defined parameters. These must be
defined or agreed at an early stage in the process.
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY 3
While bearing in mind the need to attain a set of specified standards,
designers should be constantly aware of the need to make their designs
as cost-effective as possible. Rarely can there be any justifications for
over-engineering a product (e.g. using components which are consistently
overrated). Commercial constraints will inevitably dictate that the overall
standard of engineering is merely sufficient to satisfy the basic design
criteria.
Other factors which designers must bear in mind involve tolerance of
a wide variation in component values, semiconductor characteristics
(particularly transistor current gain), supply voltage, and ambient tem-
perature. Designers should also ensure that their designs are only based
on readily available components. Devices should preferably be selected
from 'industry standard' ranges which have not only established a proven
track record but also are available from a number of sources. New devices
should not be adopted without prior evaluation nor should they find their
way into production equipment without firm evidence of continuing
availability.
Finally, a few words of advice and encouragement for the newcomer.
Your 'success rate' will certainly improve with practice so do not be too
disheartened if your first efforts do not match up fully to expectations.
Keep a record of everything that you do so that you can build up a library
of your own 'tried and tested' circuits. You will soon learn to recognize
the circuits that you can trust and those which have pitfalls for the unwary.
Last, but not least, do not be afraid to experiment - many hours of fun
can be had from trying out new ideas even if they do not all work as
planned.
Michael Tooley
1 Passive components
Complex electronic circuits may comprise many hundreds of individual
components. These components fall into various categories but a distinc-
tion is usually made between those components which do not in themselves
provide gain (such as resistors, capacitors and inductors) and those which
provide amplification or switching (such as transistors and integrated
circuits).
This section is devoted to common types of passive component and it
aims to provide the reader with sufficient information to make an informed
selection of passive components for use in the circuits which follow later.
Resistors
Resistors are essential to the functioning of almost every electronic circuit
and provide us with a means of controlling the current and/or voltage
present. Typical applications of resistors involve, among other things, the
provision of bias potentials and currents for transistor amplifiers, changing
an output current into a corresponding output voltage drop, and providing
a predetermined value of attenuation.
The type and construction of a resistor are largely instrumental in
determining its electrical characteristics. In any application we may be
concerned with the following:
(a) Resistance. The required value quoted in fi, kQ or MQ.
(b) Power rating. The maximum power dissipated by the resistor which
is give2n by:
P V= = R,
~ R '
(c) Tolerance (or accuracy). The maximum allowable deviation from the
marked value (quoted as a percentage).
(d) Temperature coefficient. The change in resistance (usually expressed in
parts per million, p.p.m.) per unit temperature change.
(e) Noise performance. The equivalent noise voltage generated by the
resistor when subjected to a given set of physical and electrical
conditions.
(f) Stability. The variation in resistance value (expressed as a percentage)
which occurs under specified conditions and over a given period of
time.
6 PASSIVE COMPONENTS
We shall now briefly examine each of the common types of resistor:
Carbon composition
Characteristics'. Low cost. Inferior tolerance, temperature
coefficient, and noise performance. Very poor
long-term stability.
Construction: Moulded carbon composition (carbon, filler
and resin binder) element.
Power ratings: 0.125 W, 1 W
Range of values: 2.2 Q to 1MQ.
Typical tolerance: ± 10% (±0.5Q for values less than 4.7 Q).
Ambient temperature range: -40°C to +105°C.
Temperature coefficient: + 1200p.p.m./°C.
Typical applications: General purpose resistor suitable for uncrit-
ical applications (e.g. large-signal amplifiers
and power supplies).
Notes: Carbon film types should be used in
preference.
Carbon film
Characteristics: Improved tolerance, noise performance and
stability compared with carbon composition
types.
Construction: Carbon film deposited on a ceramic former. A
groove is cut into the film in order to
determine the precise resistance before a
protective coating is employed.
Power ratings: 0.25 W, 0.5 W, lWand2W
Range of values: 10Q to 10 MQ.
Typical tolerance: ±5%
Ambient temperature range: -45°C to +125°C.
Temperature coefficient: -250p.p.m./°C.
Typical applications: General purpose applications including bias,
load, and pull-up resistors.
Notes: Wirewound types should be used at power
levels exceeding 2 W.
Metal film
Characteristics: Low temperature coefficient, close tolerance,
high stability.
Construction: Metal alloy film deposited on a ceramic
former and coated with cement.
Power ratings: 0.125 W, 0.25 W, 0.5 W.
Range of values: 10 Q to 1 MQ typical (resistance values as low
as 0.22 Q are also available).
Typical tolerance: ± 1%(± 10% for values below 1 Q).
Ambient temperature range: -55°C to +125°G
Temperature coefficient: + 50p.p.m./°C and + 100 p.p.m./°C.
RESISTORS 7
Typical applications: General purpose and low-noise circuitry
ideal for bias and load resistors in low-level
amplifier circuits.
Notes: Also available in leadless 'chip' encapsulation
for surface mounting.
Metal oxide
Characteristics: Very low noise, high stability and reliability.
Construction: Tin oxide film bonded to an alkali-free glass
former.
Power ratings: 0.5 W typical.
Range of values: 10 Q to 1MQ.
Typical tolerance: ±2%.
Ambient temperature range: -55°°C to +150°C.
Temperature coefficient: + 250p.p.m./°C
Typical applications: General purpose resistor ideally suited for use
in small-signal and low-noise amplifier
stages.
Notes: Metal film resistors generally offer signifi-
cantly lower temperature coefficient and
closer tolerance.
Aluminium clad wirewound
Characteristics: Very high dissipation.
Construction: Resistive element coated with a silicone com-
pound and bonded to an aluminium heatsink
case.
Power ratings: 25 W, 50 W (but see note 1).
Range of values: 0.1 Q to lkQ.
Typical tolerance:
Ambient temperature range: -55°°C to +200°G
Temperature coefficient: 50p.p.m./°C typical.
Maximum surface
temperature: 200 °G
Typical applications: Power supplies and high power loads.
Notes: 1 Power ratings usually assume the use of a
heatsink of 4.2 °C/W (or better). 25 W and
50 W types should thus be derated to
12 W and 20 W respectively when
mounted in free-air.
2 Aluminium clad wirewound types exhibit
both inductive and capacitive reactance
which will limit their performance at high
frequencies. Above 100 kHz, or so, special
high-dissipation carbon resistors will
normally be preferred.
Ceramic wirewound
Characteristics: High dissipation.
8 PASSIVE COMPONENTS
Construction: Resistive element wound on glass-fibre core
and protected by a ceramic body.
Power ratings: 4W,7W, 11 Wand 17 W.
Range of values: 0.47 Q to 22 kQ.
Typical tolerance:
Ambient temperature range: -55°°C to +200°C.
Maximum surface
temperature: 310 °C.
Typical applications: Power supplies.
Notes: In common with most wirewound types,
these resistors exhibit self-inductance which
will limit their performance at high
frequencies.
Silicon and vitreous enamel wirewound
Characteristics: High dissipation.
Construction: Resistive element wound on ceramic core and
coated with silicon or vitreous enamel.
Power ratings: 2.5 W typical.
Range of values: o.i n to 22 ka
Typical tolerance:
Ambient temperature range: -55°°C to +200°C.
Maximum surface
temperature: 350 °C.
Typical applications: Power supplies, power amplifiers and drivers.
Notes: The insulation resistance of the vitreous
enamel coating falls with increasing tempera-
ture. If the resistor is likely to be operated
near the maximum permitted dissipation, it
should be mounted on insulated stand-off
pillars and should not be in contact with any
conducting surface or any other component.
Variable resistors
Variable resistors are available in a variety of forms, the most popular of
which are the carbon track and wirewound potentiometers. Carbon types
are suitable for low power applications (generally less than 1 W) and are
available at relatively low cost with values which range from around 5 kQ
to 1 MQ. They do, however, suffer noise and track wear which may make
them unacceptable for critical applications (such as instrumentation,
low-noise amplifiers etc.)
Carbon potentiometers are available with linear and semilogarithmic
law tracks (the latter being preferred for such applications as volume
controls) and in rotary or linear (slider) formats. Wirewound potentio-
meters are generally only available with linear law tracks, power ratings
up to 3 W, and values which range from 10 Q to 100 kQ.
In addition, ganged controls are available in which several carbon