The Many Faces of Depression in Children and Adolescents (Review of Psychiatry)

207 Pages·2002·1.06 MB·English

by  David Shaffer

The Many Faces of
Depression in Children
and Adolescents
Review of Psychiatry Series
John M. Oldham, M.D., M.S.
Michelle B. Riba, M.D., M.S.
Series Editors
The Many Faces of
Depression in Children
and Adolescents
EDITED BY
David Shaffer, F.R.C.P.(Lond),
F.R.C.Psych.(Lond)
Bruce D. Waslick, M.D.
No. 2
Washington, DC
London, England
Note: The authors have worked to ensure that all information in this book
concerning drug dosages, schedules, and routes of administration is accurate as
of the time of publication and consistent with standards set by the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration and the general medical community. As medical research
and practice advance, however, therapeutic standards may change. For this
reason and because human and mechanical errors sometimes occur, we
recommend that readers follow the advice of a physician who is directly involved
in their care or the care of a member of their family. A product’s current package
insert should be consulted for full prescribing and safety information.
Books published by American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., represent the views
and opinions of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the
policies and opinions of APPI or the American Psychiatric Association.
Copyright © 2002 American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
07 06 05 04 03 02 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Manufactured in the United States of America on acid-free paper
American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
1400 K Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20005
www.appi.org
The correct citation for this book is
Shaffer D, Waslick BD (editors): The Many Faces of Depression in Children and
Adolescents (Review of Psychiatry Series, Volume 21, Number 2; Oldham JM and
Riba MB, series editors). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2002
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The many faces of depression in children and adolescents / edited by David
Shaffer, Bruce D. Waslick.
p. ; cm. — (Review of psychiatry ; v. 21, no. 2)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58562-071-8 (alk. paper)
1. Depression in children. 2. Depression in adolescents. 3. Children
Mental health. 4. Teenagers—Mental health. I. Shaffer, David. II. Waslick,
Bruce D. 1960– III. Review of psychiatry series ; v. 21, no. 2.
[DNLM: 1. Depressive Disorder—therapy—Adolescence. 2. Depressive
Disorder—therapy—Child. 3. Antidepressive Agents—therapeutic use.
4. Depressive Disorder—drug therapy—Adolescence. 5. Depressive Disorder—
drug therapy—Child. 6. Psychotherapy—methods—Adolescence.
7. Psychotherapy—methods—Child. 8. Suicide, Attempted—Adolescence.
9. Suicide, Attempted—Child. WM 171 M2945 2002]
RJ506.D4 M28 2002
618.92′8527—dc21
2001056748
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP record is available from the British Library.
Contents
Contributors ix
Introduction to the Review of Psychiatry Series xi
John M. Oldham, M.D., M.S.
Michelle B. Riba, M.D., M.S., Series Editors
Chapter 1
Depression in Children and Adolescents:
An Overview 1
Bruce D. Waslick, M.D.
Rachel Kandel, B.A.
Aphrodite Kakouros, B.S.
Clinical Description 2
Diagnosis 6
Epidemiology 17
Etiology 19
Natural History and Clinical Course 26
References 29
Chapter 2
Psychotherapy for Depression and
Suicidal Behavior in Children and Adolescents 37
Laura Mufson, Ph.D.
Drew M. Velting, Ph.D.
Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Depressed
Children and Adolescents 38
Psychotherapeutic Treatments for
Suicidal Children and Adolescents 56
Implications for Future Research on Psychotherapy
for Depressed and Suicidal Youth 63
References 64
Chapter 3
Pharmacotherapy for Depression in
Children and Adolescents 73
Boris Birmaher, M.D.
David Brent, M.D.
Acute Phase Treatment 74
Continuation Therapy 86
Maintenance Therapy 88
Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder 91
Need for Further Research 96
References 97
Chapter 4
Bipolar Disorder in Children and
Adolescents: A Critical Review 105
Gabrielle A. Carlson, M.D.
Definitional Problems 105
Epidemiology 106
Comorbidity 108
Obstetrical Complications 109
Neuroimaging Studies 110
Phenomenology and Differential Diagnosis 110
Family Studies 112
Assessment 113
Treatment of Bipolar Disorder 118
Follow-Up 119
Summary 120
References 121
Chapter 5
Suicide and SuicidalBehavior in
Children and Adolescents 129
David Shaffer, F.R.C.P.(Lond), F.R.C.Psych.(Lond)
Ted Greenberg, M.P.H.
Epidemiology 130
Clinical Manifestations 137
Underlying Etiological Risk Factors 144
Assessment and Treatment 149
Prevention 153
Conclusion 158
References 159
Index 179
This page intentionally left blank
Contributors
Boris Birmaher, M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, West-
ern Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
David Brent, M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Epidemiology, University of
Pittsburgh Medical Center, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Gabrielle A. Carlson, M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics and Director, Child and Adoles-
cent Psychiatry, State University of New York—Stony Brook, Stony
Brook, New York
Ted Greenberg, M.P.H.
Research Associate, Columbia University, New York, New York
Aphrodite Kakouros, B.S.
Research Assistant, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York,
New York
Rachel Kandel, B.A.
Research Assistant, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York,
New York
Laura Mufson, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology in Psychiatry, College of
Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
John M. Oldham, M.D., M.S.
Dollard Professor and Acting Chairman, Department of Psychiatry,
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York,
New York
Michelle B. Riba, M.D., M.S.
Associate Chair for Education and Academic Affairs, Department of Psy-
chiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Contributors ix