The Man Who Divided India: An Insight Into Jinnah's Leadership and Its Aftermath [With a New Chapter on Musharraf's Leadership]

326 Pages·2004·11.94 MB·English

by  Rafiq Zakaria

THE
WHO
DIVIDED
INDIA
insigihnttJ oi nnashl 'e adership
An
andi tasf termath
Witha newc haptoenr
Musharradf'os- or�ldeiaed ership
RAFIQ ZAKARIA
PopulP(J!r akashPavntL .t d.­
301Ma,h alaxCmih ambers
.
·
22B,h ulabhDaei� aRioad·,M umba4i0 0026.
© RafiqZ akaria
FirPsutb lis2he0d0 1
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SeconRde priFnetb rua2r0y0 2
PapeBra ckE diti2o0n0 4
ReprintDeedc emb2er0 10
ReprinJtueld2y 0 11
ISBN9 78-81-7991-145-7
(3893)
PRINTEDI NI NDIA
By RamaP rinter
4743/An2s3a,rRio a��D aryGaa nj
New Delhi1-10002
andP ublisbhyHe ards hBa hatkal
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30M1a,h alaxCmhia mbers
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Aboutth Aeu thor
Dr.Ra fiqZ akariha as ahd aitdsi nsghuecida riene rfi aesl ds
varaisle adew, d ucajtuoironsnam,lp, io liatnIidsc lsa mics .s tudie
He aiC sh anceglollmoder d'asol fit shBteo bmaUyn ievrsity
and"Pwhi.tdDhi stifnorcmtL ioonnd Uonnie vrys.Hi etw as
caltlote hdBe a fror mL incoIlnnFn'.rs oh mi sst uddeanyhtse ,
waasc tiintv hef eer edosmt rubgogtlaehth, o maen adb road.
Aftaes ruc cesusfll egcaalr heees rre veadsa c abimnienti ster
inM aharafsohfirtf rtaey eenaI rns1 .9 7h8e,b ecadmeep uty
leaodfet rhr eu lCionngg srPsea ritnPy a rliaHmehe anhste .l d
imopratnats gsnimenitnsc lutdhiaontfg PrMiimnseit er's
SpeciEanlv otyot hMeu slwiomr ilnd1 98H4e.h atsh irce
represIenndatiteta dh U en itNeadt iionn1s 9,61 59,9 a0n d
1996.
Dr.Zaikasas rcihaoo lfia nrt ernraetpiuHotenhe aa:ls
authmoqrertdeh afinf tbeeono iknsc,l uAdiS ntguo dNfye r hu.
Hirseo jintdoeS ra lmRauns hecnltiieMt;ul headm amnatddh e
Qurpaunib,sl hbeyPd e ngIunitne rnhaatbsie ocnoaawm loe r ld
THEMA N WHOD IVIDIENDD IA
VI
clasHsioist ch.be oro dkeswa iltI hn dpioaln iatnidc hsti hset ory
antdh jeu risporfuI dselHnaecmh e.aa sl asuot horneodv etlwso
-onhei stortihcoeat lhp eoarilin cdtTa wlo.o fh ibso oPksr,i ce
ofP artaintGdi aonnda hntidh Bera ekp-o uIfdn irae,c eived
ravree viHeiwmsso .n umewnotraDkli sryc oovfG eodha s
brouhgihmt htihhgeels atu rforeml so vetrhw eo rld.
all
Ane mineednutic oant,ih seht afsou ndeadd onz e
educatiiniostntuatloi fo nhsi lgerhaneirin ngM umbai and
AuranagdHa.be h·a csh aisreevdei rmaplo rGtoavnetr nment
ofI ndcioam mitatnehdea bsse eanm emboefrt hNea tional
Jurfyot rh Aem bedkAawra radn odf t hNea tiIonntaelg ration
CounHceih la.bs e epnas sioniantveolliyvn t ehpder omiootn
·
of Hindu-Muasnhlclai dsme luinvpiertreiyesgi dotr unse morial
lectautvr aersi uonuissv ietries.
Dedicated·
to
them emory of
MaulAabnuaIl <al aAmz ad
trihiesbd e tsokt e ethpeM uslli_ns
who
ofu ndivIinddeida
GuotfJ i nncalhu'tsc ohredste opr r event
in
partbiutiftoia nl,e d.
I
Doy ou reImh eamtbyteoeruyd o, cu u otffm yt �oguIep .i cked
upm yp eyno,su e vemryhe adn dw.a ntteomd o vfoerw adr,y otf
l
cuotffm yl eIgt sr.it eod touv,rea rnny do iun jumrybe ad.c I.k
.
calulpeodn towy aokuye o uup a te vedrya nsgeirg nadli.d You
nohte emdyc a.lI.lw . a rnyeodtu h tahtce wT o-Nna'tth ieo"o ry
wadse atht-oakm neeailnnlgf udlgi,n ifileifdfeor ;as kietI t. o ld
yotuh tahtpe i lulaprowsnh iycohu lweearnweio nduig ln eavbilty
crumTbola elt.lh yiostu u rnad eedfae a..r.T mies peadlo ng.
Andn ow hyaovduei scotvheartse odt- lhceaeadn l csho ofyr our
faithha vseey to aud rtifto, kbiec akreoduby n fadt. e. .
-Ane xtfrroamch tia sd drteots hFseri dacnyog rteigaoa]tnma a
MajsiDde,l shooina, ft epra rnt.it io

Preface
Ito mlydw iftehmaytn exbto owko ubledo nM ohammed
AlJii nntahhQe,u iadi--aAmzo r" GretaL eaedro"f
.
.
thMeu sloimfus n diidveIdn dIis aa.Ii p dl atnou nearth
the tarbuohtuihtps r ocllaoivmfeoeI rds laanmhd i ss-o claled
conrcne focro -hriesl iiginto hnseiu sbtticsnoe nnt.
Fatmwaas n oitmp rsesde.S hseia d",H aveynou' t
alrewardiyte tneonua gbho huitmin youpru blished works?"
I·s aiwdha t I had wriftortmae n gesnoe rfaalr was
polivtiiecwaplto hibinostk o;w oulcdo ennctroanht oew a nd
whyh es uoghttod ivHiidned usM uasnladin mbdsr ouagbhotu t
thdei sviioonf InTdhieda ii.vd mea yn ohta vbeee no fh is .
.
makiithtlagadh; i tsoraincpdao ll ibtaicckagrlob uuinttd could
cearitnhlayvb ee eanv oihdaeJddi nnnaoht beaedna msaon t
aboiutWt.a s h ein fcat.,-- a-sh ifslo lowhearvhsea iled
him -
at ruMeu slai md,e fentdhfeeiar t thoh,sfe a vioIunrd ian
ef
MusilmsF?o treh p asfftit yye aarnsdm orhee,h abse en
presennototen dlt yoP akisbtuattno Mi uss liemvse rywhere
,
X THE MAN WHO DIVIDEIDN DIA
asP ropMhuehta mmardef'alloslo wwehro t reafdiaetudhl fly
thIeas mlipca tahn bdr ougglhottr oIy s laanmpd r oesrpittoy
the Muosftl hisemu sb tcionneIn tw.at nogt ea ttt hter uotfh
thcilsa im.
thiynoksu h oulledaJ vien naalhof nroe while,"
"I a
Fatmmau se"dy,oh ua vbea dgehriemed n oguhH.e w as a
vitfarolci enu ndiidveIdn diinta h eea rflroyt ioefts h lea st
ceunrtbyu hte h aadli mitaendsd p ecgiofiaEclv .e nstisn ce
thehna vseor apicdhlayn tghegede opolpiitcitocuftar hslei
regioni nm tahnrayet s pheecatnhisds T wo-Nattihoeno ry
·
havbeec omseo emwhaitr n�lteoavdyam,no tr e afstote hre
creaotfiB oagnnld aesIhd .i"s ag"rTeheiadwst:h ere you are
wronSgol. o nagsP akisftloalnot whsTe w o-Nattihoe,no ry
J innahhsi t ahnidn kwiinlbgle ditsurbficanotgri nt he
a
subnctoinIewtni tcl.ol n ttionc uaeu' stee nasniedov net nh reat
top eaictneh weh oolfeS ouAtshi Iaa ,se"sr t"ePda.tk aihnsa s
sof awra getdh rweaer asg ianIsntd tioaa n nlea(xs hmoinr
thapta sEivse.an f tseufrfre indge faefattde erf eiahtt a,ns·o t
givuepnt hat patcho;r natorinyti · snt ohwre esorttoi ng
terroarnids mmu orfidn enro p�eernstio ntn hsset aotJfea mmu
anJd( ashmaicrh iitetoovs be j ievceIt,a "ru ged.
It heorrerefe mai·oncnevdci entdh aart e tsrpoeocft
Jinaahl'esa diepar nsidht astf ermiaset shes ntiinoa rld teor
undertsthraean mdi fincsoa fht iiposo lintoiotcn slf yoI rn dia
buatl sot hfoeon rc e vair\budrn aintMteu dsl cimomm un.i ty
Hed iivdetdh Ien diMausnil msi nttoh r-eeP akistani
MuslitnIsn,di Mauns lainmBdsa nglaMduesslhwiihm osn ow
·.
havneoc onnecwittiohon nae n othHeehr a.ds e rsotyaeldl
thtei w·ehsi hcahod n cken tihte tmo geAtnhedar lt.lh hiesd id
int hnea moef I slHaimls.ei a fnadc ti·va irotefii enismense
imoptranicneu n dtearnsditnhgge r owiunnrge isntt eh
sbucnotinent.
\
PREFACE
xi
No one coafnc ourse bJlianmnea ahl onfeo rt he
animostihtayet x istbeedt weetnh eH induasn dt heM uslims
beforpea rtitbiuotwn a sd.i visiooftn h ec ounttrhye o nly
solutiNoon ?o ther Muslleaidme br eforhei mh ade ver
suggesstuecdha disastrroeumse dWyh.y didh eg ot ot his
extenWta?s i tt her esuolfta deep-rooctoendv ictoinoh ni s
parotr w asi tb ecauosfea c ertaviid!nnc tiven�ehsiscb hl inded
himt ot hec onsequenocfte hse t erriablltee rnahteis vo e
doggedpluyr sueIdn?t h ee venionfgh ilis few hent ransoffe r
powefrr omt hBer ittiost hh Ien dians bienceavmiet able,Jinnah
turnheidws r atohn his Hicnodmup atriinot thseC ongresosn
-thes puriogurso untdhsa-tth eH induwse rteh er eaeln emioefs
theM uslimHse. workuepda religifornuezsy a-mongh is
communiwtayr nitnhge mt haatf ttehrBe r itlisehft th,e wyo uld
ber educte�db einsgl avoefst heH induHso.� farw ash e
righitnr esorttions gu cha diabolgiacmaelt hautl timately
resulitnet dh ed isintegorfat thieoc no untwrhye reev ercyi ty,
towna ndv illawgaesi nhabibtyem de mberosf b otht he
communithieei sg;n ortehdef actth ehya d livteodg eth_ebry,
andl argienp, e acaen dh armonfyo art housayneda rBsy. forcing
a divisiJoinn,n anho to nlysp lit the oMfuS soliumtsAh s ia
inttoh repea rtbsu,tm adet heml oseal,o nwgi tthh eiurn ity,
theisre curaistw ye llT.he yf ountdh emselovuetso fp lace
everywhaenrdea th omen owhere.
Fatmdai dn otp ursuteh e matter bfuutIr c tahmeetr o
thec onclustihoantt h ep resegnetn eratoifMo uns lims must
bem adea waroef h owt hefiorr efatihnet rhsen, a meo ft heir
cherisrheeldi gwieorne,w ronglleydt .ob eliebvyJe i nnathh at
partitailoonnw eo ulbde .t hep anacoefaa ltlh eiirl lwsh ich
wouldr idb otht hec ommunitoifet sh ep sychot-hsaihtsa s
pereptuatehdo stilibteitewsee tnh emI. a m p_articularly
concern�ebdo utth em illioofnM su slimwsh oh aveb eenl eft