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The Mamluk Sultanate: A History PDF

378 Pages·2022·9.345 MB·English
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The Mamluk Sultanate TheMamlukSultanateruledEgypt,Syria,andtheArabianhinterlandalong theRedSea.LastingfromthedepositionoftheAyyubiddynasty(c.1250)to theOttomanconquestofEgyptin1517,thisregimeofslavesoldiersincorp orated many of the political structures and cultural traditions of its Fatimid andAyyubidpredecessors.Yet,itssystemofgovernanceandcentralization ofauthorityrepresentedradicaldeparturesfromthehierarchiesofpowerthat predated it. Providing a rich and comprehensive survey of events from the Sultanate’s founding to the Ottoman occupation, this interdisciplinary book explorestheSultanate’sidentityandheritageaftertheMongolconquests,the expedienceofconspiratorialpolitics,andtheclosesymbiosisofthemilitary eliteandcivilbureaucracy.CarlF.Petryalsoconsidersthestatecraft,foreign policy,economy,andculturallegacyoftheSultanate,anditsinteractionwith politiesthroughoutthecentralIslamicworldandbeyond.Indoingso,Petry reveals how the Mamluk Sultanate can be regarded as a significant experi mentinthehistoryofstatebuildingwithinthepremodernIslamicworld. carlf.petryistheHamadIbnKhalifaAlThaniProfessorofMiddleEast StudiesandProfessorofHistoryatNorthwesternUniversity.Heistheauthor of The Civilian Elite of Cairo in the Later Middle Ages (1982), Twilight of Majesty: TheReignsof alAshraf Qaytbay andQansuh alGhawriin Egypt (1993), Protectors or Praetorians? The Last Mamluk Sultans and Egypt's Waning as a Great Power (1994), and The Criminal Underworld in a Medieval Islamic Society: Narratives from Cairo and Damascus under the Mamluks (2012), and is the editor of The Cambridge History of Egypt: Islamic Egypt, 640 1517 (1998). His research has been supported by the J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, the Institute for Advanced Study, the American Research Center in Egypt, and the American Council of LearnedSocieties. The Mamluk Sultanate A History Carl F. Petry NorthwesternUniversity UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314 321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi 110025,India 103PenangRoad,#0506/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108471046 DOI:10.1017/9781108557382 ©CarlF.Petry2022 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2022 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Names:Petry,CarlF.,1943 author. Title:TheMamlukSultanate:ahistory/CarlF.Petry,Northwestern University,Illinois. Description:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversity Press,2022.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2021050093(print)|LCCN2021050094(ebook)| ISBN9781108471046(hardback)|ISBN9781108456999(paperback)| ISBN9781108557382(epub) Subjects:LCSH:Mamelukes History.|Egypt History 12501517.|IslamicEmpire. Classification:LCCDT96.P482022(print)|LCCDT96(ebook)|DDC962/.02 dc23/ eng/20220107 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021050093 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021050094 ISBN9781108471046Hardback ISBN9781108456999Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthirdpartyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. To Bruce D. Craig Steadfast Khushdash and Advocate for Mamluk Studies Contents List of Figures page ix List of Maps xi Introduction 1 1 Synopsis ofEvents 5 TheMamlukInstitution 5 AyyubidOrigins(521/1127 647/1249) 7 FromJuntatoSultanate:ATumultuousDecade(647/1249 658/1260) 8 TheReignofalZahirBaybarsalBunduqdari(658/1260 676/1277) 10 TheQalawunidSuccessionandQuasiDynasty(676/1277 709/1310) 12 TheThirdReignofalNasirMuhammadibnQalawun(709/1310 741/1341) 17 TheQalawunidLineage:FigureheadsandPowerBrokers(741/1341 784/1382) 20 AlZahirBarquqandEstablishmentofthe“Circassian”Regime (784/1382 801/1399) 23 TheReignsofFarajandShaykh:Rivalry,Invasion,Reconsolidation (801/1399 825/1422) 27 TheReignofalAshrafBarsbay(825/1422 841/1438) 35 FromJaqmaqtoQayitbay:UpholdingtheStatusQuo (842/1438 872/1468) 40 TheReignsofalAshrafQayitbayandSuccessors(872/1468 906/1501) 44 TheReignsofQansawhalGhawri,alAshrafTumanBay,andtheOttoman Conquest(906/1501 923/1517) 47 2 Ethos ofthe “Slave-Soldiers” Regime 53 CadetsinTraining:InculcatingaRulingClass 57 Organization,Ranks,andTitles 64 OfficesandConditionsofService 69 Legacy,“Conspiracy,”orBoth? 73 3 The MamlukSultanate from aGlobal Perspective 80 Statecraft 83 TheSyrianLittoral:SuzeraintyversusAutonomy 84 AlHijaz:TheHasanidSharifatebetweenMamlukAmirs andClanRivals 91 TheEastAnatolianMarches:MamlukSuzerainty,LocalFerment 96 ChallengerstoMamlukSuzeraintyfromIran 100 TheOttomans:ContestingtheStatusQuo 107 vii viii Contents TheEuropeans:Transit,Commerce,Profit,andPiracy 110 AfricabeyondtheSultanate:Takrur,Abyssinia,andtheMaghrib 117 Retrospect 128 4 VocationalClasses:Bureaucrats, Magistrates, Scholastics,Clerics 129 TheBureaucracy 129 TheCivilJudiciary 135 ScholasticPractice 143 CustodiansofReligion 147 SufiMystics 152 5 The Political Economy: Contextsof Innovation 154 AgricultureandHusbandry 155 AdministrationandTaxation 158 FiscalDilemmas,CounteractiveRemedies 165 InterregionalCommerce 172 TheEuropeanPresence:CompetitionandCooption 176 TheDomesticEconomy 178 PrivatizedAssets,ClandestineRevenues 185 AgentsofProcurement 194 PrivatizationofCharitableTrusts 196 Addendum:Currency 200 6 CulturalLegacy: Patronage, Audience,Genres,Historiography 203 PatronageandAuthorship 203 ChangeinLiteraryCultureandGrowthofAudiences 213 Poetry:FormalCanons,PopularModes 216 Prose:TheChanceryOrbit,Popularization,andAlfLaylawaLayla 220 TheGrowthofHistoriography 223 ConcludingThoughts 240 7 The Rural Environment, Gendered Issues, Minority Communities, Sufi Practice 243 TheRuralEnvironment 243 GenderedIssues 249 InfractionsLinkedtoGender 257 CommunalStatusofMinorities:ChristiansandJews 259 ReligiousDiversityandSufiPractice 269 Reflections 279 Notes 283 Bibliography 301 Index 347 Figures 1.1 Bridge with lion blazons built by Sultan Baybars page 13 1.2 SultanQalawun hospital site 15 1.3 Battle in Wadi al-Khazindar 17 1.4 Mosque ofSultan al-Nasir Hasan ibnQalawun 22 1.5 Funerary hospice and mausoleum built for Sultan al-Zahir Barquq by his son, al-Nasir Faraj 29 1.6 Interior ofsouth dome in funerary hospice/mausoleum built for Sultan al-Zahir Barquq 30 1.7 Soldierin pursuit 32 1.8 Mosque ofSultan al-MuʾayyadShaykh 34 1.9 Fountain(Sabīl)endowed by Sultan al-AshrafQayitbay inJerusalem 46 1.10 Bab Zuwayla on south wall ofmedieval Cairo 51 2.1 Heraldic lion blazon of Sultanal-Zahir Baybars 56 2.2 Rider unseated from galloping horse 61 2.3 Riders in a team game cantering around the Maydan Pool 62 2.4 Mamlukand Bedouin lithograph 66 2.5 Helmet,ca. 1500 25 71 3.1 Citadelat Aleppo 86 3.2 Fortressof Sultan Qayitbay atentry toAlexandria Harbor 114 3.3 The maincourtyard inAl-Azhar Mosque 120 3.4 View of Bab al-Nasr 122 4.1 Facade of themausoleum of Sultan Qalawun 146 4.2 Qurʾan manuscriptfolio 150 5.1 Catch basin irrigationfarmingin Edfu, UpperEgypt 155 5.2 Fayyum oasis atthe western desert rim 156 5.3 Norias andaqueduct on theOrontes River, Hama 157 5.4 Hillside plowing inLebanon 158 5.5 Bab al-Badistan, entry gate tomarketdistrict, former Fatimid quarter inCairo 179 ix x ListofFigures 5.6 Scales with pulley and counterweight, from ms. eighth/ fourteenth c. 181 6.1 Sultan Qalawunmausoleum interior 205 6.2 Minbar inhospice (khānqāh)of Sultan Baybars II al-Jashankir 206 6.3 Sultan Qansawh al-Ghawri Complex (al-Ghūriyya) 207 6.4 Mosque Lamp ofAmir Qawsun al-Nasiri, ca. 730 35/1329 35 208 6.5 Citadel Mosqueof Sultanal-Nasir Muhammad ibnQalawun 209 6.6 Mausoleum of Sultanal-Ashraf Qayitbay incemeteryeast of formerFatimid District 210 7.1 Water wheels near Fayyum oasis dam 247 7.2 Mosque of Ahmad al-Badawi inTantaduringhis birthday (mawlid)celebrations, center of Ahmadiyya Badawiyya Sufi Order inEgypt 273

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