Table Of Content

THE MAKING OF MODERN TIBET Revised Edition A. Tom Grunfeld An East Gate Book R O Routledge U TLE DG Taylor & Francis Group E LONDON AND NEW YORK An East Gate Book First published 1996 by M.E. Sharpe Published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0Xl4 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint oft he Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1996 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. Photographs by A. Tom Grunfe[(/ unless otherwise noted. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grunfeld, A. Tom. The making of modem Tibet I A. Tom Grunfeld. - Rev. ed. p. cm. "An East gate book." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56324-713-5 (hardcover: alk. paper). - ISBN 1-56324-714-3 (pbk.: alk. paper) I. Tibet (China)--History-1951- I. Title. DS786.G76 1996 951 '.505-dc20 96-11504 CIP ISBN 13: 9781563247149(pbk) ISBN 13: 9781563247132(hbk) THE MAKING OF MODERN T I B E T This page intentionally left blank To: My Mother My Father In Memoriam, Shandor Amir This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface to Second Edition ix Acknowledgments xi Frequently Cited Periodicals xiii Maps xv-xvi Photographs follow page 130 Introduction 3 I. Tibet as It Used to Be 7 2. The Early History 34 3. Early Foreign Contacts 48 4. The Modem Era 70 5. Foreign Intrigues: I 82 6. The 1950s: The Honeymoon 107 7. The 1950s: Revolt 131 8. Foreign Intrigues: II 151 9. Tibet After 1959 166 10. The Tibetan Diaspora 190 11. The Current Situation 212 12. The Last Decade: 1985-1995 224 Appendix A: The Population of Tibet 249 Appendix B: Independence 254 Notes 265 Bibliography 309 Index 339 Preface to Second Edition I completed the research and writing for this book sometime late in 1985, and it was published early in 1987. Much has changed since then, and much, unfortu nately, has not. Tibet has changed considerably. All ethnic minorities now make up nearly 9 percent of China's population. Like the rest of China, Tibet has experienced a return of a market economy, and, coupled with the continuing financial invest ment by the government in Beijing, economic development is in evidence almost everywhere. Along with a higher material standard of living, especially in the cities, has come a huge influx of ethnic Chinese, particularly in Lhasa, resulting in greater ethnic tensions. Greater openness has also meant the appearance of tens of thousands of foreign visitors each year. Less restrictions have also al lowed for more public demonstrations of Tibetan nationalism followed, inevita bly, by harsh responses from the authorities. There is now a very different look and feel to Tibet from a decade ago. A small number of scholars are now permitted to conduct research in Tibet, albeit with considerable constraints. Compared to a decade ago, there are sub stantially more published sources in Tibetan, Chinese, and English, although there are few actual government documents and these are limited to texts that demonstrate some historic Sino-Tibetan relationship. 1 Also, in recent years the subject of Tibet has become a worldwide phenome non, thanks to a concerted campaign on the part of the Dalai Lama's administra tion to garner support for its cause. This campaign has resulted in an outpouring of published materials in a host of languages and has awakened the international media to the issue of Tibet and its relations with China. While this campaign has generated considerable heat and an army of supporters for the Dalai Lama, it has generated very little light on the subject of Tibet's history because its intent is to ix