The Longman Companion to European Nationalism, 1789-1920

351 Pages·1993·12.379 MB·English

by  Raymond Pearson

The Longman Companion to
European Nationalism 1789-1920
Longman Companions to History
General Editors: Chris Cook andJohn Stevenson
Now available
THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO NAPOLEONIC EUROPE
Clive Emsley
THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO EUROPEAN NATIONALISM,
1789-1920
Raymond Pearson
THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO THE MIDDLE EAST SINCE 1914
Ritchie Oven dale
THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO BRITAIN IN THE ERA OF THE
TWO WORLD WARS, 1914-45
Andrew Thorpe
THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO COLD WAR AND DETENTE,
1914-91
John W. Young
The Longman Companion to
European Nationalism
1789-1920
Raymond Pearson
~l Routledge
~ ~ Taylor & Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 1994 Longman Group Limited
Published 2014 by Routledge
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Copyright © 1994, Taylor & Francis.
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ISBN13: 978-0-582-07228-2 (pbk)
British Library Cataloguing-ill-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is
available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publications Data
Pearson, Raymond.
The Longman companion to European nationalism, 1789-1920 / Raymond
Pearson.
p. em. - (Longman companions to history)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-582-07229-8. - ISBN 0-582-07228-X (pbk.)
I. Europe-Politics and government-1789-1900. 2. Europe
-Politics and government-187l-1918. 3. Nationalism-Europe-
-History-19th century. 4. Nationalism-Europe-History-20th
century. I. Longman (Firm) II. Title. III. Series.
D359.7.P43 1993
940-dc20 92-46026
CIP
Set by 7LL in 9V2/ 11 pt New Baskerville
Contents
List of Maps x
Preface xi
Acknowledgements XllJ
Section I: International chronicle 1
l. Military 3
2. Diplomatic 19
Section II: Historical atlas 35
l. Europe in the late eighteenth century 36
2. Europe at the height of Napoleon's power 38
3. Europe in 1815 40
4. The Unification ofItaly, 1848-1870 42
5. The Unification of Germany, 1818-1871 44
6. Europe in 1871 46
7. The Habsburg Empire, 1867-1918 (political) 48
8. The Habsburg Empire, 1867-1918 (ethnic) 50
9. The decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1815-1912 52
10. The growth of Balkan independence, 1822-1913 54
11. Russian territorial losses, 1917-1918 56
12. Europe's frontiers, 1919-1937 57
Section III: Geopolitical gazetteer 59
1. Old States: Denmark 61
France 61
Habsburg Empire 61
Monaco 62
Netherlands 62
Ottoman Empire 63
Portugal 63
Russian Empire 64
San Marino 64
Spain 64
Sweden 65
v
Contents
Switzerland 65
United Kingdom 65
2. New States: Albania 66
Belgium 66
Bulgaria 67
Germany 67
Greece 68
Italy 69
Liechtenstein 70
Luxembourg 70
Montenegro 70
Norway 71
Rumania 71
Serbia 71
3. Ex-States: Batavian Republic 73
Bavaria 74
Cisalpine Republic 74
Cispadane Republic 74
Confederation of the Rhine 74
Congress Poland 75
Cracow 75
Danubian Principalities 75
Georgia 75
German Confederation 76
Helvetic Republic 76
Holy Roman Empire 76
Illyrian Republic 76
Italy, Republic and Kingdom 77
Lemanic Republic 77
Ligurian Republic 77
Lombardic Republic 77
Netherlands, United Kingdom of 77
North German Confederation 77
Papal States 78
Parthenopean Republic 78
Piedmont-Sardinia 78
Poland 78
Posen, Grand Duchy of 79
Prussia 79
Roman Republic 80
Two Sicilies, Kingdom of 80
Venetian Republic 80
Warsaw, Grand Duchy of 80
4. Sub-States: Alsace-Lorraine 81
Andorra 81
Armenia 81
VI
Contents
Austria/ Cisleithania 81
Azerbaidzhan 82
Be lorussia/ Be larus 82
Bessarabia 82
Bohemia 82
Bosnia-Herzegovina 83
Brittany /Breiz 83
Bukovina 83
Catalonia/Catalunya 84
Corsica 84
Crete 84
Croatia 84
Cyprus 85
Dobrudja 85
Estonia 85
Euzkadi 85
Finland 86
Gibraltar 86
Hungary/ Transleithania 86
Iceland 87
Ireland 87
Karelia 87
Kosovo 88
Latvia 88
Lithuania 88
Macedonia 88
Malta 89
Moldavia 89
Moravia 89
Novi Bazar 89
Pomerania 90
Rumelia 90
Ruthenia 90
Savoy 90
Schleswig-Holstein 91
Scotland 91
Slovakia 92
Slovenia 92
Transylvania 92
Ukraine 93
Ulster 93
Vistula Provinces 93
Wales 93
Wallachia 94
vii
Contents
Section IV: National chronologies 95
l. The Albanians 97
2. The Armenians 98
3. The Austrians 99
4. The Azerbaidzhanis/A zeris 106
5. The Basques 107
6. The Belgians 107
7. The Belorussians 110
8. The Bretons 110
9. The Bulgarians 111
10. The Catalans 114
II. The Croats 115
12. The Czechs 117
13. The Danes 119
14. The Dutch 122
15. The English 124
16. The Estonians 129
17. The Finns 130
18. The French 131
19. The Georgians 140
20. The Germans 141
2l. The Greeks/Hellenes 155
22. The Gypsies/Roma 160
23. The Hungarians/Magyars 161
24. The Icelanders 164
25. The Irish 165
26. The Italians 171
27. The Jews 180
28. The Latvians/Letts 182
29. The Lithuanians 183
30. The Montenegrins 184
3l. The Norwegians 186
32. The Poles 187
33. The Portuguese 191
34. The Rumanians 194
35. The Russians 197
36. The Ruthenians 207
37. The Scots 208
38. The Serbs 209
39. The Slovaks 213
40. The Slovenes 214
4I. The Spanish 215
42. The Swedes 220
43. The Swiss 222
44. The Turks 223
viii
Contents
45. The Ukrainians 232
46. The Welsh 233
Section V: Statistical tables 235
1. Comparative populations of European states and nations,
1800-1920 237
2. Most-populated European states, 1800, 1850, 1900 & 1920 238
3. League table of most-populated European states, 1800-1920 238
4. Ethnic composition of Austria/Cisleithania, 1880 & 1910 239
5. Ethnic composition of Hungary/ Transleithania, 1890 &
1910 239
6. Ethnic composition of Austria-Hungary, 1910 239
7. Religious affiliation in Austria-Hungary, 1910 240
8. Ethnic composition of the Russian Empire, 1897 240
9. Comparative populations ofleading European cities,
1800-1900 240
10. Most-populated European cities, 1800, 1850 & 1900 241
11. League table of most-populated European cities,
1800-1900 242
12. European state production of coal, steel and oil, 1900 242
13. Top coal-producing European states, 1900 242
14. Top steel-producing European states, 1900 243
15. Top oil-producing European states, 1900 243
16. League table of European coal, steel and oil producing
states, 1900 243
17. Emigration from Europe by state, 1860s, 1880s & 1900s 243
18. Top emigrant-despatching European states, 1860s 244
19. Top emigrant-despatching European states, 1880s 244
20. Top emigrant-despatching European states, 1900s 244
21. League table of emigrant-despatching European states,
1850-1920 245
22. Human losses in principal European wars, 1850-1920 245
23. League table of human losses in war by European states,
1850-1920 246
24. European states' relative human losses in war, 1850-1920 246
Section VI: Nationalist biographies 247
Section VII: Political glossary 275
Section VIII: Select bibliography 309
1. Analytical 311
2. General 312
3. National 315
Index 329
ix