The living marine resources of Somalia

420 Pages·1996·19.8 MB·English

by  Sommer, Corinna

FAOSPECIESIDENTIFICATIONFIELDGUIDEFORFISHERYPURPOSES
THELIVINGMARINERESOURCES
OFSOMALIA
aFnodod
OArgrgiacnuilztautriaon
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FAOSPECIESIDENTIFICATIONFIELDGUIDEFORFISHERYPURPOSES
THELIVINGMARINERESOURCES
OFSOMALIA
by
CorinnaSommer
MarineResourcesService
FisheryResourcesDivision
FAOFisheriesDepartment
Rome.Italy
WolfgangSchneider
ZoologyDepartmenI
HessischesLandesmuseum
Darmstadt.Germany
Jean-MaurlcePoutiere
LaboratoiredeBiologiedesInvertebr^sMarinesetMalacologie
MuseumNationald'HistoireNaturelle
Paris.France
FOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONS
Rome,1996
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Thedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthis
II tphueblpiacrattoifontdhoenoFtoiomdplayntdheAegxrpirceusltsuiroenoOfragnaynoipziatniioonnwohfattshoeevUneirtoend
I’ aNraetiaoonrsofcoitnscaeurthnoirnigtitehse,olregcaolncsteartnuisngoftahenydecloiumnittrayt,iotneorrfiittosryf,rocnittiyeorrs
ortx5undaries.
M-43
ISBN92-5-103742-6
Allrightsresenred.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedIna
retrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechani-
cal,photocopyingorotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthecopyrightowner.
Applicationsforsuchpermission,withastatementofthepurposeandextentofthe
reproduction,shouldbeaddressedtotheDirector,PublicationsDivision,Foodand
AgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,VialedelleTermediCaracalla,
00100Rome,Italy.
©FAO1996
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PREPARATIONOFTHISDOCUMENT
ThisfieldguidewaspreparedunderthedirectionoftheSpeciesIdentificationandDataProgrammeofthe
MarineResourcesService,FisheryResourcesDivision,FisheriesDepartment,FoodandAgriculuture
OrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),Rome,Italy.PreparationwassupportedbyUNDP,projectcode
SOM/86/036(responsibleProjectOperationOfficer,R.Ziesler).
tDPhauerrtiIsnngsotfaittushtueervoWfeeysMtacerruirinnseeIRnodefistaehnaerONccoherawinne,gBieaarnngdertnehsetehaRerencdeheSvdeesafsoeralrdee"tDwareillFleRdiIniDvneTfsoJtrOimgFaattNieoAdnNboSuntESNmo"amrawilhniieacfhbaiuesncadalimrseeuctreevvdeidyfesrnotom.f
Somaliaareverylimited.Furthermore,duetotheparticularphysicalandgeologicalconditions,thefindings
fromtheRedSeaandKenyacannotbeconfidentlyextrapolatedtoSomalia.
mItawrkaestsn.otThpeorsesfibolreeftohristhgeuiaduethiosrscotmopitlraevdelenttoirSeolmyaflrioamatnhdeslaitmepralteuref.ishBaisnitchereffieelrdenocrestowveisrietltohcealFfAisOh
StwrmoepoaceucyeclonimdtoeplcaisycpluppIerurdbeeainlcntciiiosaSfmhtoiepecmadlataeliFnitoyAane.OacSdhThSdeehpiceteekitlcoisainsueatftsloharCoinraFndfistosaterhhlmxeeoarprgtyeeuifceoPotsnuretr(uhptsFahoetAisrsOmesgsaFumini-asydhWyeeenrfsseiihtnewoeds.urrSlneydcnIboonredpdisvsaiinsweiOwlSlecedrebiaeaenssdiaN(sFotci.eosnhv1ti2ean5rtg)ie.vdAerIflteirwsaotamo5sf1S)sno,opmteaacnpliodiesassmiotabhrnlaedet
TechnicalEditors:K.E.Carpenter,C.SommerandN.DeAngelis,FAO,Rome.
Illustrators(formaterialpresentedhereforthefirsttime):E.D'AntoniandP.Lastrico,FAO,Rome.
Pagecompositionandindexing:C.Sommer,FAO,Rome.
Scanningoffigures:G.Sciarappa-Demuro,FAO,Rome.
SFoAmOmesrp,ecCi.e;sScidhennetiidfiecratWi.o;nPfoiuetlidergsuiJd.e-M.forfisherypurposes.Theliving
marineresourcesofSomalia.
Rome,FAO.1996.376p.,32colourplates
SUMMARY
Thisfieldguidecoversthemajorresourcegroupslikelytobeencounteredinthe
fisheriesofSomalia.Thisincludesshrimps,lobsters,bivalves,gastropods,
cephalopods,sharks,batoidfishes,bonyfishes,andseaturtles.Eachresource
gperrotuipneinstitnotrtohdautcegdrobuypaagnednearnalilsleucsttiraotnedongutiedcehntiocaolrtdeerrsmsaannddfmameialsieusreofmntthse
girnoculpud.esThseciemnotirfeicinmopmoerntcalntatusrpee,cieFsAOarenatrmeeastedininEnaglissuhbsaenqduenFtrengucihde(wtehraet
atrvaatiiloanbsl.e)m,alxoicamlunmasmiezse,uasneddniontSeosmoanlif,isdhieargienso,sthiacbifteaatt,uarensd,boinoleogoyr.mTohreegiuliludse-
isfullyindexedandalistoffurtherliteratureisappended.
This Ono
IV
TableofContents
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
SHRIMPSANDPRAWNS
TFOHNIOAITERMSANDMEASUREMENTS s
OUIDETOORDERSANDFAMILIES 6
PpUpmonifi;^p Q
Hippolytidae 10
Pnndnlir1;^p 11
Soipnorpridap 12
Ari<^tnpif1np ia
Ppn^^pidap 14
Scrgestidae 20
LOBSTERS ?1
TFCHNICAITFRMSANDMFASDRFMFNTS
GUIDETOFAMIIIFS 77
Nephropidae 23
Paliniiniian 24
Scyllaridae 28
RIVAIVFS 32
TFOHNir.AITERMSANDMEASUREMENTS :k7
GUIDETOFAMIIIFS
Ptpriiii;^p
Pectinidae
Gryphaeidae 36
0<;trpiri;^p 37
Triflarniriap 36
r;A^TRnpnn<; 3fl
TFOHNIOAITERMSANDMEASUREMENTS 3S
GUIDETOFAMILIES 40
TSriorcohmibdiadeae ,.., . . _44J1
Mnnr.iciaf! -42
Tufbinellidae ^ -42
CEPHALQPQDS 43
TFCHNICAITFRMSANDMFASURFMFNTSANDr.UIDFTOORDERS 43
Sepiidae 45
LOonlyicqhionitdeauethidno .... . 4580
Ommaslrephidae 50
TOhcytsOaDnoodtieduatehidae ^ , 5512
Aroonautidae 55
SHTnAEiRiCKiHSnNEiTrnALORTDEER.RM-SS-aAnNdDMfaFmiAiSIiIfsRFMFNTS .. 555667
Rhinrnrtnntiriap 61
Steaostomalidue 61
Ginolvmostomatidae 61
oopyrigntedmaterial
Odonlaspkildae 62
lamnidaa ..-. 62
Alopiidae 63
Scyliorhinidae 64
Proscvlliidae 66
Triakidae 66
Hemloaleidae 67
Carchaminidae 67
Sphymidae 74
Soualidae 75
BATOIDFISHES 76
TECHNICALTERMSANDMEASUREMENTS 76
GUIDETOORDERSANDFAMILIES .77
Pristidae 80
Tofpedinldae 81
Rhinobatidae 81
Dasyalididae 83
Gymnuridae 86
Myliobatididae 86
Mobulidae 87
BONYFISHES B9
TECHNICALTERMSANDMEASUREMENTS B9
GUIDETOORDERSANDFAMILIES 91
Elopidae 133
Meoalopidae 133
AlbuHdaa 1S4
Muraenktee 135
Ophichthidae 140
Conqridae 141
Muraenesocidae 141
Clupeidae 142
Engraulididae 149
Chirocentridae 152
Chanidae 152
Ariidae 153
Plotosidae 153
Chlorophthalmidae 154
Synodontidae 154
Macfoufidaa 15Z
Ophidiidae 157
Lophiidae 158
Atherinidaa 1S8
Belonidae 1S9
Hefniramphidae 161
Exocoetidaa 162
Berycklae 167
Holocantarldae 167
Zeidaa 173
Caproktee 174
Aulofitomidaa 125
Fiatulafihtefl i?s
Scoipaenldae Cop/fi^h?ij?material
Page
Triqlidae 178
Dactylopleridae 180
Plalycephalidae 181
Sprranidae IM
Teraponlidae 197
Kuhliidae 139
Priacanthidae 199
Silladinidae 202
Malacanihidae 209
Lactanidae 203
Pnmatnmidap 204
Rachycenlndae 204
Frheneifiap 204
CCaorravnpqhiadeaneida.e 220159
Menidae 220
Leiognalhidae 220
BLurlaimaindidaaee.. 222244
Caesionidae 234
Inhnlidap 237
(3prrpidap 23fl
SHpaaermiudlaiedae .... .... 224353
Lpthrinidae 249
Nemipterldae 254
Sniapnidap 25Z
Mullidae 25S
Kyphosidae 263
Drepanidae 264
Ephippidae 265
Monodactylidae 266
Scatophaqidae 267
Pomacanthidae 267
Penlacerolidae zm
Cirrhitidap 2Z0
Muqllldae 271
Polynemidae 274
Iahridap 225
Scarldae 209
Pinquipedidae 298
Callionymidae 299
Siqanidae 299
Acanthuridae 30J
Sphyraenidae 310
Gempylidae 312
Trirhiiiridap 314
Xiphiidae 315
Isliophoridae 315
SCecnotmrborliodpaheidae .... 332112
Nnmpidap 32J
Afiommatidae 322
Ml
PaattQdidaa 322
Parallchthvtdae 323
Bothidaa .. .. 323
PKnimnflfititlaB 325
SnbMdaa 32fi
Cynootosskiae 327
BalisHiteft 323
Mnnnr«nthifl«» 335
DinrinnKrina 337
Molidae 338
SEATURTLES 339
TECHCNhBIinCnAiiLrtTflEfRtMSANDMEASUREMENTS , 3343D9
Dermochelyidae 341
IMBLIOQRAPHV 342
INDEX ...343
LISTOFCOLOURPLATES 374
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ImroducCion 1
INTRODUCTION
Somaliahasamarinefaunathatisdifficultto literature.Becauseofthesehistoricalandgeo-
IndcihaanraOccteerainz,ebitescapuasrteicouflairtsopcoesaitnioognrainphtihce tghriasphgiuciadlefwacatsortsentthaetisvpee.cieslistneededtocompile
cboentdwieteionnsthaentdypiitcsalhitsrtoopriyc.alItfiasuinnaaoftreaansstietrionnAzfroincea Oceanography
ffaAdfmnuiIsnooorpenrurrtwomadaseeFbemdebpuldeorsrtitrilSrausphhttaiocdeeaiemhnntmcoelgeiasnircurc,plaezaPeonmeirlsolaedoiceatlnnrqtidaeeoeutiiebacsh,enssrtdyietsieniornofslutitirnvaifplstbhisitemuuaeheceretne.lwchayicdatiaroSehwcmnomsnAoiosooeutsuufrrrnnctcogasekdosfhtuhlemthioiaeatpedfnounrhsinfentSeelodRdhmwoeenneeeuwfmaNdeardossaoSsalrrtrlforletwiraSmsdphrboacneahi.remotldaoaealtirnsgnaedaeeduanvtdn,narenwioftttsdictlpihhaesoaisweedteatbchrraedshlaeeeis.rtels--en wawleein1tioabhxx3nrtoicht0eTSteucear0hothrthesehwmedkmeema12ieamsla0c0cntiueso00g,fwranas0rirstkie1detaihnmk5n,ttsnagthmeesnwsktane,imhttrfoaaead.rhforisleeucan6bIonlRstgG(oi0ahdeuaFnisreilsisttdlSgttflhf.yeomoHi,eoromian1f8sa)reIaft.0AlrnenuooeddindfliekaeaDanxmaatjtnat.i,inrervbedoOmeeoAnaulcupslRythnneeioiaiddrnva,ngsaaeghn3trilwA3norutysahno0hrinevirltwe0sa,drhy,reekcwoiarifomhanabvab,ireotettslerurhhteloietee.y-yfs
Fig.1MapofSomaliaandthecontinentalshelf
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licld(iuidcIQIhcl.ivinj!MarineResources»fSiimalia
Theydependnotonlyonthemaincurrentsystem coast(Fig.2band3).Duetothereversedcurrents,
intheIndianOcean,butalsoonseasonallychang- the"GreatWhirl"andtheupwellinginnorthSo-
ingmonsoonswinds. maliabreakdown.
TheSouthernEquatorialCurrenttraversesthe ThewatersintheGulfofAdenarealsoinflu-
TIandnizaanniOaceaanndamiolvyeeasr.noItrtehnwcaorudntfeorrsmitnhgetchoeasEtasotf esonocneddbryivtehseachsatnrgoinnggcwuirnrdesn.tTfhreomSoaubtohuwtesStocmootnr-a
ASformiaclainaCtohaisstcaulrrCeunrtrecnotm.eOsnunthdeereatsheteIrnnflcuoeanscteooff PIsalkainsdtsa,n.acTrhoissstcuhrerAernatbiinafnlSueenac,esinatlhseoditrheectwioanteorf
thechangingmonsoonwinds,whichcreateacom- massesintheGulfofAden.Themaincurrent
plicatedsystemofcurrents,countercurrents,and directionintheGulfofAdeniseastwardduringthis
whirls. timeoftheyear.However,alongthenortherncoast
mereaonsntFtsreaoronnomdndMirdarereriiccnvthfeiosorntcoteahsOlecottnhwogeabteEterhar,essttShAsoetfmrrasoiltncirgaolncnyCogaoisaSntso.tauatWlhniowtCrehutsrhta-- owGbfuaelrStfdow,meofaeflneAiddSaeboenycxoi(ntsFortiragst.haI2es)cal.osatunendrtsleayrnfcdluortwrhieenngmtatwihanattleafrnlsdowpisanstwoseistnthg-e
mftahasexteSisomtmuakmlnioowcfunr7rceunkrtnroe(tnFtsig.isnp2tae)he.ed,wotrhlidsacnudrreitnitscisaltlheed vaecrrFsoresdos.mthTOehcAetroabNbeoirratnhtoSeeaaMs.taracmnhodntisnhoteoontchuerdrrGeiunvltefssofawrAaedteernre.s-
tehaesBtyewetaarwr,edtehanen5Sd°omcaarneldait9Ce°usNr,raednwetipdleeenadvcielnosgctkho-enwictoshaeestct,iirtmcueurlnaosfr TtchoheuenntmoerartihncuSrcorumernartle.nitandicroeactsitonthiesreweesxtiwstasrda,nbeuatstawlaorndg
current,whichbringssomeofthewaterbackinthe Theseasonallyupwellingwaterinthenorthern
directionoftheSouthernEquatorialCurrent.From Somalibasinhasagreatimpactonthephysical
JunetoSeptember,theSomaliCurrentisstrongest waterconditionsnotonlyontheSomalicoast,but
aknndowcnreaastetsheo"nGrietastnWohritrhle.r"nThfilsanwkhiarlllaeragdesgtyorae iisntgheenewrhaolllyecnoolrdt,hehransAarahbiigahncSonecae.nUtprwaetilolninogfwnauttreir-
strongupwellingintheareaofRasHafun(Fig.3). entsandisundersaturatedwithoxygen.Thiscon-
sAflroFiwcrsaonmthCOeocatnsootrbatelhreCrtuloryrMewanarttc,ehr,antmhdoeveNevoemrnetthnuetaalslotyfmtrohenevesEroasosents dcbiilteoiso.onmspraonmdoitnefslupenhcyetsoptlhaenoktcocnurraenndcezoofopflisahnkstpoen-
thecurrentdirectionontheeastcoastofSomalia, DuringtheNortheastmonsoon,whentheup-
fcstoarrnomnirgn,egacbthehfeoarsSeofmaiatrltiausrCno4su°nwSteedsrutrwCiaunrrgrdeynaetan.rdsThliweshaevcenusrrittehniets wwoexalyrleminen.gr,brleeaskssnduotwrint,iotnheriwcaht,earnndeasratRuarsatHeadfuwnitihs
Fig.2Main
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