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Indiana University of Pennsylvania Knowledge Repository @ IUP Teses and Dissertations (All) 5-2011 Te People of Pandenarium: Te Living Landscape of a Freed African American Setlement Angela S. Jaillet Indiana University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: htp://knowledge.library.iup.edu/etd Recommended Citation Jaillet, Angela S., "Te People of Pandenarium: Te Living Landscape of a Freed African American Setlement" (2011).Teses and Dissertations (All). 1002. htp://knowledge.library.iup.edu/etd/1002 Tis Tesis is brought to you for free and open access by Knowledge Repository @ IUP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Teses and Dissertations (All) by an authorized administrator of Knowledge Repository @ IUP. For more information, please contact THE PEOPLE OF PANDENARIUM: THE LIVING LANDSCAPE OF A FREED AFRICAN AMERICAN SETTLEMENT A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Angela S. Jaillet Indiana University of Pennsylvania May 2011 Indiana University of Pennsylvania The School of Graduate Studies and Research Department of Anthropology We hereby approve the thesis of Angela Sue Jaillet Candidate for the degree of Master of Arts __________________________ _____________Signature on File_______________________ Benjamin Ford, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Advisor __________________________ _____________Signature on File_______________________ Beverly Chiarulli, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Anthropology __________________________ _____________Signature on File______________________ Xi Wang, Ph.D. Professor of History ACCEPTED ________________________ _____________________________________________________ Timothy P. Mack, Ph.D. Dean The School of Graduate Studies and Research ii ABSTRACT Title: The People of Pandenarium: The Living Landscape of a Freed African American Settlement Author: Angela S. Jaillet Thesis Committee Advisor: Benjamin Ford, PhD Thesis Committee Members: Beverly Chiarulli, PhD Xi Wang, PhD An antebellum freed African American settlement in northwestern Pennsylvania existed from 1854 into the postbellum period and the early twentieth century. At the time of its establishment, 63 manumitted African Americans traveled from a central Virginia plantation to start a new life. The site of Pandenarium, identified as site 36ME253 in the Pennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey (PASS) Files, persists in the historical and archaeological records, despite years of neglect and agricultural practices carried out at the site. While vestiges of the community remain, little was known about the people that once lived at Pandenarium, the abolitionists that built the settlement, and the wealthy planters that freed them. Historical archaeological investigations carried out at the site sought to understand the spatial layout of the site, the motivations of the parties involved in the establishment and development of Pandenarium, and the lives of the African American residents, pre- and post-Civil War. The research design was developed using practice theory, cultural landscape theory, and critical theory. The questions asked of the site, its spatial layout, and the historic records were ultimately used to elucidate the story of the men, women, and children living at Pandenarium. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the unending patience and willing assistance that were personified in my advisor, Dr. Ben Ford. His ability to field and answer my questions was invaluable, as was his advice in organizing and prioritizing the time and energy spent on this thesis. From fieldwork to proofreading, Dr. Ford’s assistance was invaluable. The education I have received from Indiana University of Pennsylvania’s Applied Archaeology program was vital to my growth as a professional archaeologist and I have Dr. Beverly Chiarulli, Dr. Sarah Neusius, and Dr. Phil Neusius to thank for their time and the experience they continue to share with their students. I would also like to thank Joe Baker, M.A. at the Cultural Resources Section at PennDOT. Joe’s continued guidance and friendship motivated me to be the best archaeologist and professional I could be. PennDOT’s Cultural Resource Professionals, Scott Schaffer, M.A. and Joe Verbka, M.A. were immensely helpful, letting me bounce questions off them and digging shovel test pits in a soggy horse pasture. I could not have asked for a more willing group of landowners to work with, Michael Heini, Sr. and Michael Heini, Jr. offered up their land, their backhoe skills, and their time answering questions and talking about the unique history of their land. Seth Byler and Mose Shetler provided me access to their land and dutifully listened to my exclamations over broken pottery. Local historian, Ruth Woods helped me understand the value of an interested community and what Pandenarium means to the present-day population through her stories and enthusiastic aid. I am forever indebted to the many men and women that volunteered their time, tramping through the fields and digging shovel test pits in the muggy August heat. First and foremost, Sean Martorelli and Mike Sprowles, thank you for all of the fieldwork and enthusiasm you iv brought to the site. Tristan Schaffer, Brian Jaillet, Sharon Stalker, Kyle Jaillet, Connie Leonard, and Bob Stalker donated their time to fieldwork at the site, proofreading, equipment, and were crucial in the project’s timely completion. I thank you all so much. Last but not by any means least, Rich Wentling inspired me to be a good person, a good leader, and a good archaeologist. Providing humor and manual labor in the field and editorial assistance at home, Rich was my go-to-guy. He let me bounce ideas, theories, and a master’s thesis off of him. Without his love and support, I could not have completed this thesis. This research was made possible, in part, through a grant from Indiana University of Pennsylvania’s School of Graduate Research. I would like to dedicate this thesis to my parents, Sharon Stalker and Brian Jaillet. My mother never knew what I would do and my father always knew I loved dirt. Thank you so much for the unfathomable love and support you have given me all my life. You are my heroes. v CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 1 Historical Fiction: Allen Residence, Albemarle County, Virginia…………………........... 1 Significance at Pandenarium: People and Potential Understanding……………………….. 3 Historical Archaeology and Its Development as a Sub-Disciplinary Study……………….. 4 The African Diaspora and Its Place in Historical Archaeology……..…………………….. 7 An Outline of Chapters……………………..……………………………………………… 8 CHAPTER 2: HISTORICAL NARRATIVE: PANDENARIUM IN CONTEXT..................... 9 African Americans in the Antebellum Period……………………………………………… 9 Resettlement of Freed African Americans in the United States…………………………… 10 The Organized Negro Communities Movement: An Experiment in Freed African American Communities……………………………………………………………. 12 Beyond the United States: Freed and Fugitive Slave Resettlement in the Americas and Africa…………………………………………………………………………………... 14 Colonization vs. Abolitionism……………………………………………………………... 15 Planning Pandenarium……………………………………………………………………... 20 History and Development of Pandenarium: Nineteenth Century - Early Twentieth Century…………………………………………………………………………………. 28 Collaboration amidst Contradiction: Differing Philosophies, Class, and Color at Pandenarium…………………………………………………………………………… 38 CHAPTER 3: PANDENARIUM IN THEORETICAL CONTEXT…………………………... 42 Historical Archaeology’s Perspective……………………………………………………… 42 Historical Archaeology and Theory……………………………………………………. 42 African Diaspora and Theory………………………………………………………….. 43 Pandenarium in Theoretical Context…………………………………………………......... 45 Practice Theory at Pandenarium……………………………………………………….. 46 Cultural Landscape Theory at Pandenarium…………………………………………… 50 Critical Archaeology at Pandenarium………………………………………………….. 53 Multi-Theoretical Approach at Pandenarium……………………………………………… 54 CHAPTER 4: ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT PANDENARIUM: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS……………………………………………………………………. 56 Theory, Method and Research Design: Fitting the Pieces Together…………………......... 56 Research Design…………………………………………………………………………….56 Question 1……………………………………………………………………………… 56 Question 2……………………………………………………………………………… 59 Question 3…………………………………………………………………………..….. 60 Question 4…………………………………….……………………………………….. 61 Methodology………………………………..……………………………………………… 63 Background Research……………….…………………………………………………. 63 Field Methods………………….………………………………………………………. 66 vi Laboratory Methods…….……………………………………………………………… 69 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT PANDENARIUM……………………………………………………………………………… 74 Cartographic Research: Results………..…………………………………………………... 74 Field Investigations: Results………………..……………………………………………… 83 Laboratory Analysis: Results…………………...………………………………………….. 87 Artifact Analyses: Categorization, Ceramics, Glass, and Distribution…………..…….. 87 Ground-Penetrating Radar: Results and Analysis……………………………………… 93 What Does It All Mean? …………………………………………………………………... 99 CHAPTER 6: INTERPRETING THE PAST FOR THE PRESENT: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING THE PEOPLE OF PANDENARIUM………………. 101 Framing Our Understanding of Pandenarium……………………………………………… 101 Designing Pandenarium: Southern Slave-owners, Northern Abolitionists, or Both? …...… 102 The Everetts and Their Role in Designing Pandenarium………………………………. 102 The Northern Abolitionists and Their Role in Designing Pandenarium……………..…107 The Layout of Mercer: The Template of a Northern Town……………………………. 109 The Layout of a Hadley: The Template of a Northern Rural Village………………..… 110 The Layout of Two Southern Slave Quarters: Belmont and Monticello’s Mulberry Row………………………………………………………………………………… 112 The Spatial Layout of Pandenarium: An Archaeologically and Historically Informed Perspective…………………………………………………………………………. 113 Comparison of Spatial Layouts: Mercer, Hadley, Belmont, Monticello, and Pandenarium…………………………………………………………………………… 115 Collaboration in the Construction of an Uncommon Endeavor……………………..….117 Renegotiating a Structured Landscape: The African American Community of Pandenarium…………………………………………………………………………… 118 Beyond the Landscape to the Living: The Lives of the African American Men, Women, and Children of Pandenarium……………………………………………………………..... 121 First Phase of Re-construction at Pandenarium: Shacks Along the Stream………….……. 121 First-Generation Freed Slaves: The John and Rosie Allen Family Residence…........... 122 Second-Generation Family Life: The Bob and Lizzie Allen Family Residence…….… 124 Domestic Life Amidst Turbulent Times: The Story of African Americans Living at Pandenarium…………………………………………………………………………… 127 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION: THE REALITY OF FREEDOM AT PANDENARIUM……. 129 Historical Fiction: Allen Residence, Mercer County, Pennsylvania…………………...….. 129 Synthesis of Archaeology at Pandenarium………………………………………...………. 131 The Importance of Pandenarium……………………………………………..……………. 132 Avenues for Future Research at Pandenarium…………………………………………...… 132 Unexplored Places……………………………………………………………….…….. 133 Unexplored Spaces……………………………………………………………………...134 vii Working with Pandenarium’s Descendant Community………………………….……. 134 In Closing: We’ve Only Just Begun…………………………………………..…………… 135 REFERENCES CITED………………………………………………………………………… 136 APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………………….... 149 Appendix A: Shovel Test Pit Form…………………………………………………………149 Appendix B: GPR Survey Transects………………………………………………………..150 Appendix C: Shovel Test Pit Survey Results……………………………………………… 152 Appendix D: Artifact Catalogue…………………………………………………………… 159 Appendix E: Mean Ceramic Dates………………………………………………………… 204 Appendix F: Glass Assemblage Dates……………………………………………………... 207 Appendix G: GPR Survey Results…………………………………………………………. 209 Appendix H: Manumitted Slaves from the Everett Estate, 1855…………………………... 219 Appendix I: Soils Map of Pandenarium, Site 36ME253…………………………………... 222 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: GPR Survey Data Collection Settings………………………………………………... 69 Table 2: LiDAR Polygon Identification Table………………………………………………… 79 Table 3: LiDAR Linear Feature Identification Table………………………………………….. 79 Table 4: Artifact Distribution of Midden Feature. Combined MNI Count of STPs B1, B1a, B1b, B1c, B1d and TU 1, S10 W11…………………………………………………………………. 90 Table 5: Artifact Distribution of Wall-Fall Feature. MNI Count of STP Z1………………….. 91 Table 6: Anomaly Identification, Location, and Ground-Truthing Methods………………….. 95 Table 7: Summary of Site Comparison. Qualitative Comparison……………………………... 116 ix