The Living House: An Anthropology of Architecture in South-East Asia

151 Pages·1990·50.852 MB·English

by  Roxana Waterson

THE
ous __
LIVIN!;�tt
JI
AnA ntrohploog;JI JJJIIJ/JIJJJIJl//1J/IJIlI1,IrI/Je lJi1 InSoJ u1It-IhEaSl Asi([
20033627N
I RoxaWnaat erson
F ,
- ,. I
l
j
'�,I
THE
II
I LIVING HOUSE
I AnA nthroopAfor lcohgiyit Sneo cuttuhrA-esE iaas t
RoxaWnaat erson
I
I
•
Illlll lllllllll1ll1lllll1l1ll1llll1l1l 1l ll1 1l1 l 11 1 1111
20033627N
.................... -
_.., ,..
.;t. ,• ;� '(.J-,1.4'.• ;'... • .� '• .l · j§:;y!;*�
•m�·
4!14!,*
Singapore
OxfUonridv ePrrseistsy
OxforNde wY ork
I
1990
!
I
- .,
Oxfor'edw Y orTko 111
Ve/IiiB ombayCo lu llnn drnK r,h i
Peta/JIanygol ngnpoHr en K o1T1ogy
nlroDabri e alnnm To' "
MelbournAe1 k1l nnd
Prceeaf naAdc knowledgements
anads socicno1mepad1 111I1
Berlilnb adn11
Oxfoirsadt radmea rokf OxfUonrflodr siPtryst
© OxfoUrndie rvsitPyr eP u.I .I1d .
PublsihedI nt iUrnei tteadst b y
OxofrdU nlveiyrtP re. I r•r•e wY ork
Alrli gr/ere tr l.ltd opa rto ft hlpu b/cia/t01m1a y rerpoducet/, grewou tof my arelrieeeasrrch n1o hae· dabnoo kb eh adla nnpedH.e re ntuhi ams �r t huebj etc
storipnad r etrisyesvta.e�l mr t ram1i1l .ll1 eda1n foyn 1o1rb ya nyme ans. T ara jopJeo fhi ghland tubu lawei. I nth e \\cal arelinyfc tcoiu toth o·ewh ok neh\er. a nid
elcttor1c1.m/ rclr11a/p1h.o1t oc/op yi.nr gecordoiront g,ln evl
oft wope riod offie ldworkw itht hTeor aa.jL tliiln psiringt oa n•on er vci�wiahger m atreialso r
withoutt iprroeri pe rmiiso onfO xforndi li't Pyrr e
m icara singlin te t inc hr L ofh ou foolwinlgh ert reas.l \ h ichw ereo fent undetraken
IB i0 195 94l X
\i thleibirn il abterlai nps h,ie m.I tee me.di nfac t. underm uh m ored ifficultc ondition thant ohe·p re­
Brishtl i.ibCroatrnyl o1g1Pu1u/ br/rlgne nDta/t a Im ibtlof ul lun derstndat hl rt ern i\lho ul av ailingto da.yA lthu ghI h avapepr aochedt hueb ejtc
Wateonr,R oxana oni dr aionto fh w plet rcedat ehire lrtainh ip from daiff reentb acgkruonda nd erpp tie, I h ope
Tilriev 1i011n1eg : a nr mthrogoypoof l acrltrecitur in 1th1E-a tsa i.A nd routghhh ouse .La cre bI am ec novcident aht taht hew ouldn ot iad pproveo fthe r eult l.s ohuld
l.E as&t So mlr-enAs lt.aV ernacuhol,a r
Ar1c//uctumfle atspeu rrsepetivce.s imiarl ppraoh m dea l oto fse ne a a\ a of lickoee x prpe i athlan kst o!SE Af operr misison
I.T itle andingo tehr dInonesianki nh pi yt rnes.T he tore rpoud eso meo fh eprho otgrahp erh.e
307.3'36
arh g rewfro m three.an dt hoen plrybol em ince lnr eea rcihgnt hei ultsrlatoinfosr t ehb ookf h aev
ISB0 -19-588914X-
knO\ing whetno t op!T hankt ot eh dranwo na iwed anrgeo fh it roicalm atra ilE.v rey
nhri tyE vaPnelsolw hipa nad·B irthi effohratb eenm aedt od eacorp rygihtb.ut i no me
LibroafCr oyr reg rCata/1og91-i1i-1Publrltaio1Da1t a
Wateonr,Rs oxan.a d mo utheat siaAnP elhlpio,1w w aasbl et o sesc opyrihgl-holdeprsr ouvnedt rbal. heWrever
Thlevi ingh ouse:a na m/oporlrogyo fa ricte/1c111irnSe ou t-hEastA sia/Roxana\ ae.tr0 1.1 ndt \o r, .I 9 5-p6u.r smuyiren segarc hesi n Ic ouldl h ae loa t riteodda t et he hoptograh·pb.u t
p. cm. th-tE aia [.a me,onr mousylg rtafelub otthote h th·ii otna ha,y so' ib lpe.
Incudlseb ibliogriaaclp efhrree11s.u
I B0- 19-588491-X ( ..) : n Funda ndt hB riitsh cad yf othrei ru - There raema nyi nvdiduialst ow homIO \ e my
l.D well-iln1dg1os1i1.ae2 .D well-iAnsgi au,t htten.r n and neruos upportw.hic hh asm aedt hist hank.Fs oremot a mongt heismth e l aPtref eo ri r
3. errc1r1nrla arrlieitctue-rlnondesi.a4 .V ernacualru rc/1itect11rt­
ible.h aTsnt tohe m lw aa la btloep end&l munLeda cwhh.og avmee ehnciuo argementa nd
A i.aS out/ter1ne5.a.l 1d1onesi-aocialli efa ncdus toms.
6.A s,iS aoutals1etrPn- ocialli afndec ust.o.m t,o m oot inpu sruito fdo mestairctce chtiruei n supportf ormt hcery b geinnnigo tfhp rojet l. mnet
I.T itel. umatar.i nM a- uJneJ9 6.[n deedm.yd e btt tohe m raerb ook, a nrdev iewed rpootni oft hmea ncuri tp.
GT35.9W38 1990 go bak ondt hissi,nl ceheya loss upportdem e thers whoha veg eneroul ysh aredt ehirc moments
39'.32 6'0 0959--dc02
9-35621 durimn gec ondpe riod offi edlwork nT ianaT oraja. andc riticim atva riou phase aretep ben Hugh­
IP Ja ow isthoex rp myt hantkot e h[ nt iteto uf fo n.e eoffreyB enjamin. Jame. FoxM.ar ilyn
utaht iant udi .i ngaporew.h iocffhreed me tartehrna,n dViv ienneW eeM.y h usban.Gd athr
ith op tilatyia Viasit ingFe lolwdu ring 9815-.6a nd heldon. tamuegt hhedti ff erenecb etweena g riedr
alowled met hue oeifts e xcellbrilayre.Wn htH teh eraen adjo it a nsdho wesdu rrispigfan ithin t heen rdeu lt
J nefitedp artcilualryfr om theha ncet ow orko na evenw heInf etl, ot ul dni evbeefir n is'h1ePrdaLs.it m
unipqhoutoegr ahpa rchlevo fou thEa- tA sania rchi­ anda ltleh taoffft h[esnt ittueo fSo utehat A sian
t tru.et hDoer othPeyle ri tl>ecltoni.h osueadtt he tudi haevb eeexntr meelyh elpufla nkdin d.a nd
Intit tuea st ehc oreo fthe outhAesiaans utlCt uarl Joarh anVda njaa oft hDee rptameton fo coloig,y
R arhcP rogramme(S EACURP).Ia mve yrg rtafeult o atoinalU niveri toyfS i gnapore.g ae in luaalbe
EA RPan dIt st heHonno rrya Diret oDra.t Luikm crtaerilaa istaFinanclyela.. cpeiald eobtfth anks
honKg at .f rot iho pportnuit.y goetso al lho tIdnnoesinaa cquaiwnhthoael npecde s
DorothyP lezer asw·a n mAeicrna architcet\ h o mein thfeelid ,e specimayTl olrajya nf ierndsan d
penmtu cohft eh 1960 ·tarvleinlgt hrobuogthh in formanst.
mailnadna nidla. n dou th-EatsA sia,fr om Laot
Prin/t1e1ld 1 19eab poyKr yo-dholrtl.g0 101P9r ingtI inndstureisPt .rI .I.d
Timor,r ecordindgom etsci arhctieturce.T ragically 1atinaolU nivteyor fSs iingapRoor eA W AETRSO
P11lbi/beiyd 0 KfoUrndvi restyiP rePsus.1 u,./.
Uni2t2l .b l/ \r1v1e4u ,S inga1p4o40r e hee ddi in19.72 .be fores hhead cah antcowe r itth Janu1a9r8y9
V
Contents
PrefaancAdec knowledgements V
Figures viii
ColoPulra tes xiv
Maps xiv
Introduction xv
IO rigins 1
2 PerceopfBt uiioFlnotsrI mn:d igenous
27
anCdo lonial
3T hIen terroefBl uaiFtloitro mns 43
4 TechnaonlSdoy gmyb olism 73
5 Cosmologies 91
6T hLei vHionugs e 115
7K insahni'dpH oSuosce ieties' 138
8 Sapcaen tdh Seh apoifSn ogc ial
Relations 167
9 Housoetfsh D ee ad 199
IOM igrations 229
449
Bibliography
259
Index
vii
FIG RES
focro wrciuer refonucnyad,tS hih- n ulr aet.I haPta nAes.a han. 49
Chai-iSnYh uannn ascneo.nd- fisrt 5 Iht ui nte h vei lloarBg oeWa a e,
centsucr.y 24 ged it riWcetsC,te ntFrlaolr es. 50
30E ngraivmeadgf ersot mh sei odfea VHIg ofB oloNnggaa,ddi atsi crt,
Figures brondzreufo mu nadtS h-iChhai-Shan. Wet entFrlaolr es. 50
Yunnasne.cd- ofinrtcs entBuCr.y 25 52V UlaogfRe o gLai,do i stSroiuctth,- east
31A y ams tohroeu osneK riiwina. Flr e, 1921. 51
TrobrIisalnadn ds. 25 53 I nterioro ft hceu hlotu asted urLiiao,,
32A no dl-fahsinoedT orahjoauew ith 1987. 51
crossfeodu-nldosagtt riuocnit nu re 54P aiorfa ncescturhlaotlu sTeask.p ala
SaredailsetT rainTcaot r,a 1j9a8,2 . villAalgo1er9..8 7. 52
25
1 Pie-bluislttr ucftruoarmfr e i eoznte h e houwshei ecchh otehfseo romfhs o uses 33A l anoeft ihtlgyp ackbeudiin lgsdi nt he 55I fuvgialol aatPug itea ,Bn anaue.
norstihod fte h fei grasltl oeftr hye ine at erInn donesia. 10 Chinqeusaer otfoe lrBd a tacv.i1a9,1 1.2 8 northLeurzno1 n9,6 8. 54
BorobtuedmuprCl een,tJ raavnlai .n th 15S outhA-sEiagasantb hloer cnosm.p iled 34K arBoa tvaikl loafBag tuek ara,n 56S toraangldei vsipnagic nae n I fugao
centAuD.r y 2 froamv arioefst oyu rces. 11 Sumatra. 30 pidlwee lling. 54
2 Builwdiitnehgx tengdaebddl eepsi cted 16G abolren amoefn' ttse mipnlS eosu't h- 35F a�aodfae no lTdo raojrai gin-house 57F raomfeag ranKaerdya,n g. 55
ona fr iefzreot mhs eo ustihod fte h fier st east CSeunltarwaels i. 12 belontgoain nogb flaem iinlt yh e 58D onghgoou shigehl.n adso fe astern
galloeftr hByeo robtuedmuprCl een,t ral 17 Onep roposed reocfto hnes truction villoafT gaem paSna,' ddains trict. Submaw.a �5
Javnai,n ctehn tAuD.r y 3 neolhiotuhesixcec avaatNt oendg 1983. 31 59H ousienTs a kpvaillal Aalgo1er9,,78 . 56
3 TypiMcianla ngkhaobuiasnuet he ChaSea ow.e stTehrani land. 36O rnactaerlvype adn eolfts hh eo use 60T obBaa tsaokbp ool aotLn u mbnaan
15
villoafKg aem pnaeiaP ra yakumbuh, 18D omneigsp' r oporseecdo nstorfu ction fa�aadtTe a mpa1n9,8 3. 31 Bolono.n t heea stsehrno orfLe a ke
WesStu mat1r9a8,6 . 4 thdee veloopfpm ieblnueti ladnitdnh ge 3 U7n w allpeadv idleipoinoc nta efr di eze TobSau,am tr.1a 986. 57
4 Nolebo rigin-ahtLo eurnsToea,sn a sadrdolfroeof m p rehipsitto ric frotmhn eo rstihod fet hVei stneum ple 61D etilao ft hfea �oafdt ehs eo bpool on.
58
ToraSjual,a w1e9s8i3,. 5 dwelliinJn agpsa n. atP rambaCneanntlJ,r a avnaint.h 62G igalnontgiohcu svei lloafLg oen g
16
5 Karcoh iehfo'uwssi et mhu ltiple 19P ictoufhr oeussi ensc iosnoe bdj ects centAuD.r y 33 awanignt hAep o-Karyeagnio ofn
decorgaatbil1ve9es3 .,6 5 ofb ronJzaep,a n. 16 38C oastlav illoaftg hYeea moifL anyii CentBroarln 1e9o0.0 . 60
6 Menh'osu isnte h Mei ddler eSgeipoink 20H aniclwamayo deolfhs o usaensd Islasnodu,t hTearinw an. 63' Head-ohrco reuemsoenia'lh aolfla
33
ofP apuNae wG uinea. 6 barfonusn,id nJ apanteosmoebf ts h e 39T radiRtiootnihanoleu sisente h e Bidalyounhg haotMu usneg Boa bi,
7M enc'esr emhoonuifrsaoelm K amari earMleyt AagleA D,3 0-0600. 17 villoafS gaen ggaBoaea1n.9, 8 7. 35 Sarawak. 60
int hPeu raria rdeoeafPl atpau eaw 21T hmea ibnu ilodfti hnIegs S eh rine, 40V illoafSg aen gDloioian Yt a mdena 64P ortoifaoB ni dalyounhg house,
Guinea. 6 Japan. 17 IslaTnadn,i mbar. 36 Sarawakt,h cewo imtmhur noaolm
8 Decorfaat�eoadfda m e e nh'osu isne 22R ubboiftn hgte y mpaonfuaDm o ng 41C onicalo fCh uomubvsiie ls.l age projecting. 61
MelekPeailoIaksu,l aMnidcsr,o nesia. Sobnr ondzreuf mr oYmu nnan. 18 ManggaWreasFitl. o .r e 6 B5o hnar commuantKi otnSy o house
37
froamw atercboyAl .oK urra mer. 23H ousreesp resoenDn otnSegod dn r ums. 42O noef t hheug em ulti-hfoaumsoiefls y Tui,K ont(uhmi gholfSa onudtsh
19
190-810. 7 24F orkweodo daennc efisgtuoirrne Manggarai. 37 Viet),n1 a9m64. 62
9 Menh'osu isnte h vei lloafAg tei liu, ah ouisnet hvei lloafB gaeh od,a rara 43M angghaoruaosifce i rcpullaanr, 66C ommunhiotuyos fte h Eed d(eo r
YapI slaMnidc,r onesia. 7 CentNriaals . 19 Pongvkiolrl 1a9g6e5.. 39 RhadaetB) u oKnr aBma,nM eT huot
10F isherhmuawtni 'tbshM ffalo-headed 2 L5o ccahli setfasn bdeifonargfo e r ked 44M entawsatiaanndbsie nftgoh reei r (higholfSa onudVtsih e tnam), 19663 4.
gabdleec ornaetaiBroa nl iLgaek,e offersitnaigkn te h vei lolfaBg oWeaa e. longhouse. 41 67 Inteorfti hoEerd dceo mmunhoiutsye
TobSau,m atra. 8 agdei stWreisFctlt o,r es. 20 45L ewohoarliag ino-nvt ihsleollp easog fe atB uoKnr a1m9,6 .4 63
11G able-ifintn hfoiera mlo faw ater 2 6c oAl leocfst tirounc sthuorweisn g thHee avpoel cnaonrot,h Leemrbna, t a 68C ommunhiotuyos fte h Ber oouf
serpoenan B tu ginheosunese ea r sadrdoloeaf nsgd a bhloer ndsra,w bny 1987. 44 Cambodia. 64
TeteSaijdie,n SroeunStguh,l awesi, Vroklage. 21 46M iniaturoeffe mhaolauencs eetssos ir n 69P ubmleiect pilnagoc faeB ontoc
1965. 9 27C eremolnaiuanlco hfain negwb oat aK edan'goevlsidel lage'. 45 villnaogret,hL eurznoPh ni,l iep,sp in
12H exaghoonuatslye p iocfta hGlea lela amontghY ea moifL anIysiliao ffnt dh,e 47 V illageo fLt aemambi p nla ep, uW est 1968. 65
regioofHn a lmaihnet rhMaeo luccas.9 southceoransT ta iowfa n. 22 CentSrualla wesi. 47 70M inangkcaobuanhuco iulas te
13H orn-srhiadpdgeeedc oraotnai ons 28T hlea unccheirnegm fooanr y Yami 48V illtaegmepo lfLe e mbongPpoasnog i. SingkWaersaStku ,m at1r9a6,5 . 66
houisnTe a nimbar. 10 boat. 23 distEraisCctetn ,tS rualla wce1.s8 i59., 4 71O saoflA iwa 'vaijl lNaogreNt,ih a s. 68
14T htea rlolpo efa okfa F ijcihaine f's 29B ronzec odnrvuemir ntatec odo ntainer 49B attaekm pwlieti hts st ocksaadcerde d 72T erminoafats itoonn e-dragging
viii ix
l'IGR ES FIGR E
procebsesfoitrohenbe a olfe aliifv ea rawaanBkdr itoirsthh 1121i awsa rriinfo ers dtrievses . 111 1 [ hno ueo ft hKea yacnh ief
Bawi:imataluo viialsl.a ge,6 8o uthB m e. 85 113M entalwoanig hBouulsMaeok,n ga. Kw in[gr aunngd ceorn struction.
73F ormoarla ttoarkyip nlagac tae 3 H mua dfer olemav eosft hleo ntar 1965. 117 pht g rapbhyeJ de aDne mmeonffiic,i al
distriobfsu atciroipnfi iigcnsfri oanlt palomn,t hbee aocfRh a ijIusal and 114M odoefc onstroufac M tailohanoy u se1.1 9 pht ograopfth heeir e uwenhuis
of btaholefBe a womataluo. 69 na r vu1,9 78. 115B inmdaut odgeas irgenp,r estehnet ing expediint1 i9o0n0..
86 148
7 T4h e asspermibelseotdfe sses 94 ·:iplaln meald e of leKaovke.s . Keng eigchatr dpionianoltn ts h,e owfaa ll 132M odoefalK enylaohn ghsohuoswei.n g
Bawi:imataluo. 70 La, 1 968. Tobhao use. threa eidc entproarltw ihoentr hee
87 120
75A no pen-waleldb uilidnwi hnigmc ehn 95T hfieg uorfte h aen daa'r oar' maiden', 116T obhao use-pdaeisni.tg inn g chi'easfp artwmoeunbltedl ocated1.4 9
120
gathteoer aa tn ddr ipnaklw mi niena. buialrto utnhcdee ntraolfa n poiblllea r 117o rthTehrahnio uebs-uiledxipnegr t 133 ectoifto hnfre o nwta lolfa c hief's
villiansg oeu thJearnm dena. Tanimbarh oue ,K alimbvuialnlSgaa gree.a le, 'exortchieesa irnitgnha r' i tual apartimnaeK naty alno nghouse.
Islands. 70 TanTao ra1j9a8,2 . perforpmreitdoo tr h 'ep lanotfi ng photogrbayTp ihleloden hm ias
89
76H illvtiolplo afBg eet simisaraca. 96P unasnh elitnte hrBeso rnjeuon gle.9 2 thheo upsoes ts'. 123 expedtiott hiAeopo n-K aynai n1 932.1 49
Madagascar. 74 97E ight-mpootipinafti enodtn te hde 118Y amhio upsoes t. 1241 34C arvbeeda imnst hgea llbeerfyto hree
77S kilmfourtli asnipdne gg goifjn ogi nts walolfa T obBaa thaoku s1e9,8 6. 95 119T hree nowTnoerda ja oroifg in-houscehi efs'a partimnaeK naty an
ofaT obBaa tgarka naatSr iym anindo. 98C ourtoyfaaB radl ihnoeusasete onong1a9n8.3 . longhouse. 150
128
SamoIssilraL nadkT,eo bSau.m atra. Batuvainl lGaigaen.ly oaork.ni ornht.g 120T obcal aonr i-hgouisnaetS imanindo. 135D ootroK ayaonrK enycahhi ef's
198.6 74 1988. 98 SamoIssilraL nadkT.eo bSau.m atra. quarters. 150
78H ouusned ceorn strautc tion 99T all-pcelaahknoe ued sa nsdt one 1986. 133 136T heen tratnoacc euh lotu isnet he
PrpaadaeTnhga,i l1a9n76d. . 75 gravients hW ee sStu mbanveislelo afg e 121S tognaet eiwnat yhh ei geha rwtahl l Ngadreag ioofW ne sCte ntFrlaolr es,
79C ross-osfae ncI tsinhoeongu se, TaruLnogdl.ii s t1r98i7 c.t . surrouSnidmianngvi inldloa ge, c.1927. 151
100
northLeurznoP nhi,l ippines. 79 100S ketpclhao nfB awomatvlaiallgueo. SamoIsslainrd,L aekT ob1a9,8 .6 l 341 73 K arBoa thaoku isnte hvei lloafg e
80L ongitsuedcittnihaorlno auT gohb a Soutiha s. 122T obcah iehofu'issnte h vei lloafg e Ling1g9a8,6 . 152
102
house. 76 101 Lookdionwgtn h iem premsasiinv e LumbnaanB oloonnt, h eea st osfh ore P8 Detlao ifc arvointn hgre i nbge aomf
135
81A no utstanbdeianugotlilhyfdo u ulas te stroefBe atw i:imatfraolmtu hoce h ief's LakTeo b1a9,8 6. thKea rhoo ussheo winnF igu1r3e7 . 153
LimKaa uimn t hMei nangkabau hous1e9,8 6. 123T oajrap riestst om gaakotefh feerr ings 139I nteorfti hosera mKea rhoo uaste
103
highlWaensdStsu ,m at1r9a8,6 . 77 102V iedwo wans troefBe atw omataluo, foarno rigina-chcoiudseen tally Ling1g9a8,6 . 154
82D etoafti hlwe o odcaornvt ihgneag leb ­ 1986. destrboyfy ieirdnte h vei lloafg e 140O noef t hoel dseusrtv i'vgirnega t
104
enodft hheo uasteL imKaau m, 103F incealryvd eedto afaih lu gheo rizontal ButtaMnagl,i mbdoinsgtT raincat , housients h'Me i nangkhaibgahul ands,
Minangk1a9b8a6u.. 77 sto'nsee wahti'sc tha nbdesfot rhee Tora1j98a 2,. 136 atBa libimng,n ofatr fr omB ukittinggi,
83M inangkhaobuaastuSe e remban, chief'ast B haoowmuastlueoa. 124B uffalo atthaocrhtneosdt h freo nt 1986. 154
105
egeSreim biMlaalna,y1 s9i6a9,. 78 140 Thceo unhcoiulos fBe a womataluo, posotfas no lodr igino-nhM oouusnet 141g aj'ug rheoautso ec'c upbiyae nd
84F ramsitnrgu cotfauT roer ahjoau se. 79 1986. SeseTaannT,ao raja, 1983. extenfadmeidgl ryo uwpi,ta hp latform
106 141
8 L5o ngitsuedcitonifaaoK l na rhoo use. 79 105T hceh iehfo'uasst Be a wi:imataluo. 125A 'cohroeu soero' r igino-fahk oiuns e ont hset aiarnwwdao yo dsetna tues
170
86T ranspaoh rotuiasnteBg u lukumba. 106 Instihdceeh 'iseh fousBea,w omataluo. groiuntp h Eem av illoafAg teAu b en, inf ront. 155
180
SouStuhl awesi. 80 107C arvpeadno enlt hlee wfatlo lft he CentTriamlo r. 1431 42A toihn ounseea Kre fameWneasnto .
8 C7h iehfo'usas teH ilin.aS woaultoh fronrto oomft hceh iehofu'e ,s 126T halno nghaotSu esgeBu u muk. Timo1r9.6 5.
158
Nais1.9 86. Bl Bawomat1a9l8.u6 o, 109 Saraw1a9k6,8 . 145 143A tocnoim munhiotuyns eea r
88H ouasteB awodesoi:irltNohi, a s, 108A carveebdo wnayl pla nientl h freo nt 127I nteorfai nTo hr alno nghouse. NangaK efameWneasnTtoi .m o1r9.6 5. 159
1986. 81 rooomft hceh iheofu'sse . Baran, Rejang River1,45 S1a4r4Aa twoahnkoi.u is1nte9 h 6he8i r.le lg ioofn
89U ndercrooftf hhteo uastBea wi:id.e si:ilo Bawomat1a9l8u6o., 128T oroogrha onu osfaeM arannaoob le SoaW'ees,Tt i mo1r9,8 7.
109 160
Nortiha 1s9.8 6. 82 109 Exquicsairtvecealdpy i otfta hclee ntral famaitlM ya siMui,n dasnoauot,h ern 145F ramewoofar nAk t ohnoiu sSeo,a 'e,
90I nteorfail oarrB guegh iosu astSe o raja pililnta hrfe r ornotoo mft hceh ief's Philippines. 1968. 146 WesTti mo1r9,8 7. 160
MannagTaetee,Sa ojuiSt.uh l awesi. housBea.w omat1a9l8u6o.. 129D etoafti hlme a gnificceanrtvflelyda red 146T animvbialrlo afSg aen gDloi!a.t
110 162
1965. 83 110A walpla noenlt hrei gohftt h fer ont beam-oetfnh dMesa ranhaoou 1s9e6.8 .1 46 147 Ani mprefslsiiogvfshe tt o sntee ps
91' SmoktihnMego squietnogersa'v.i ng rooomft hceh iehfo'uss e, 130A s plebnudiilded riencgbt yte hde leadtiotn hgve i lloafSg aen gDloiia.t
froIms abBeilrlda' s oafhc ecro unt Bawomat1a9l8u6o.. 110 villoafLg oenrNgsa wainngt hAep o­ TanimbIasrl ands. 163
84
travientl hMsea lPaeyn inisn1u 87l 9a. 111C arvoifanm go nkteayk ifnrugi t. Kayarne giofoC ne ntrala saB orneo 148T oraojrai ginU-lhuosudasilesu,t rict,
92' TowonfK enowRietj,aR nigv 1e8r'4,9 , posithiiogonhnet dhw ea lolft hree ar lodghionugfs oetr h mee mbeorfts h e TanTao ra1j9a7,7 . 165
engrafrvoimn gH eLnirnRygo thT'hse roo1m9.8 6. Ill ieuwenehxupiesdo if1t 9i0o0n. I 74 149D iagorfaa nmA tohnoiu se. 172
X xi
FIGURES FIGR E
150F lopolrao nfa nA tohnoiue . l3 7 b ulidnMe arlsi mbdoinsgt rict. Tana ah ouaslet Taarn,i mbar. 225 l ) rlin-ghousea tK atMaa.l imbong
151S ectoifao nEn m ah ouse. 176 Tora1j9a7.9 . 206 192A no utstanbdeianugtaltliayfrc u alr ved dit rtlT. a na T1o9r8a3j.a , 236
152 Flopolrao nfa nE mah ouse. l 7 177 1H oue -hapsetdo onses uaarti es inh ardwforoodtm.hi es loafLn edt i. 1 7I Iu e -hapteodm abtS angl,k a
153 T heKa mthhioeunsgafie n,ee x ample SawangMainn,aa h,ao rtShu lawesi. South-Mwoelsutc cas. 226 amoi rIla nd,L akTeoa b.1 98.6 243
ofaN orTthhah io usbeu.ii lnCt hi ang 1986. 207 193K arBoa tparki edsatnecsiesnts r ance 19F oromfsh ouasnetd o mebc heoa ch
Maiin t hmei d-ninceetneteunrtyh. 1 80 172R emkaarbhloesue -sheadpg raavte tos ummothnse p iorfti htaesn cesto2r2s7. othaetSr a ngSkaalm,oI sslainr.dL ake
154P roafinlfldeo oprl aonfa ortThh ai Balowheisltie,or rnt iha s. 208 194M inangkmaabdaruao srIa shl amic Tob1a9.8 6. 244
house. 181 173H oue-s hpaemda usoloeftu hmeg aju schopohlo.t ogrbayJp ehaDened m meni 199E labocroantcetr oemtabetS angkal.
155 Achenehsoeu isnte h vei lloafLg aem ofS ouKtahl imn,aT netnagirang aroutnhdte u ronft hcee ntury. 233 SamioIr sa lnd.L akTeo b1a9,8 6. 245
Teuno.r tShu mat1r9a6.5 . 184 villKaogeer,Ro ievn1e 9r3,7 . 208 195T hMei nangkraobypaaaull oacfe 200T obcal amno numeenrte.cb tyte hde
156F armehoru'issne t radisttiyolnea l 174A Ngapjaui ndteipnigch toiunsigen s Pagarruryeucnergne,tb luayif ltate r dec endaonfRat jasN amoTrtiiap
atJ epaorntha e.n orth ocfCo eansttr al thlea nodft hdee afdi,lw liethedhir l oom firaen ndo wa m useum. 235 ManurautLn ugm bGaann jiann1 9g8 3.2 46
Jav1a9.6 6. 186 valuasbulcaehsgs o nagnsjd a rs. 208
157 Balirniebcsaeer i nnt hvei lloafg e 175G ravienfs r oonftt h heo usTeasr.u ng
CelGuika.n dyiasrt 1r9i8c8t.. 188 villWaegsSetu, m b1a9.8 7. 210
158H ouisneB odvaiil lSaagve1u.9. 8 7. 190 176C hrisgtriaavBnea sw.o devsiollloa ge,
159T h'em aolroe p'e sne ctoifao n ortNhi a1s9 86. 210
Savunheosuesc el.av ni lloafg e 177H ouse-sthoamapbtTe adn gBgaat u,
amatSae,bd ai st1r98i7 c.t . l9 0 neaBrali g,Te obpah.o togrbayp hed
160B el(uT etum)a tKh eowuaCsree,n tral Bartilnte ht1et9 20s. 211
Timo1r9,6 5. 194 178H ouse-sthoamapbtLe udm ban
161F incealryv deodop ra newlistb hr easts SilaTmobbia.. 212
inr elfireoafmB , e l(uT ethuomu)as te 179C oncrteotmnebe aBarl ,iT goeba,
KewaCre,n tral1 9T6i5m.o r. 194 photpohgerbdayB artcl.e1t9t2.0 . 213
162T woB elhuo udsoeo crasr vweidt h 180V illpalgaoezfW a o gBoa rNug.a da.
femalfei guarnegdse omemtortiicf s.1 95 West CFelnotr1re9as6ls.5 h. o wai ng
163F unegrraolu antBd o rTia'n,Tao raja, rowo fo fferpionsagtn smd i niea tur
witsht ansdtionengre esc atse d houses. 214
memortioda elc eaarseids tocrats. 181P alaocfte hf eo rmrearjo afs
1977. 200 SimaluantPg eumna tPaunrgob na .
164K ayaonrK enymaahu soleums, thneo rthsehroonrfL e a kTeo b1a9,8 6.2 15
photogrbayJp ehaDened m meinnti h e 182Un dcerroofftt h rea jpaa'lsa ce,
Apo-Karyeagnoi foC ne ntBroarln eo, PematPaunrgb1 a9,8 6. 216
1900. 200 183D etoafti hlre a jpaa'lsaP ceem.a tang
165S almoanugs olaetSu emk aopnat nh e Purb1a9,8 6. 216
RejaRnigv Searr,a w1a9k6,8 . 200 184I nteorfti horera jpaa'lsaP ceem,a tang
166S almoanugs olneeuaRmru maLha seh. Purb1a9,8 6. 218
Kejam,aS naraw1a9k6,8 . 201 185T hce ounhcoiul(s bea aldaaaitt )
167I babnu rbiuaatln ads tahnudn wgi th PematPaunrgb1 a9,8 6. 219
baskmeatdsfoe.r t hGea waAin ttuh.e 186I nteorfti hobera laadiaP te,m atang
grefaets ttioev natle rttehda eiand . 201 Purb1a9,8 6. 220
168G ravceuistn taco l aitLff e rnToa,n a 187 C alernc daarvuepdot nh cee ntprialll ar
Torawjiatt,hh eriorcb ka lcofinlileesd oft hbea laadiaP te,m atang Purba,
witehffi gioefts hd ee a1d9.7 7. 203 1986. 221
169C leanaingndig v nienwcg l otthote hse 188K arBoa thaeka d-ehi ontu hv ei llage
effigoifte hasen cesattaoc resr emony ofL ing1g9a8,6 .
222
helfdot rh dee aidnM alimbdoinsgt rict.1 89P aiwnaonb leomuatnsh iihdsoe u se.2 23
TanTao ra1j9a7,9 . 204 190A ncesatlrtiaanalr T animbar ho2u2s4e .
170G ravceuistn etgog -shgarpaendi te 191E xquicsairtveeldy ancestor figure from
xH xiii
ColPoluart es Introduction
Between2 58pa an2gd5e 9s.
Ml11111iu1n vHosI lon tj utshtpe r voiiosno fs ebtler WoroknI J amairchei ecttuer,e specuicaphlr loyj ect
lr0t1h1e·1l emebunttth sec. r ena otfia ocaila nd orr eseaanrpdcar hci ctlaa pplitcoan etwid osegnin a
1B ughiosu wsiet cha rvgeadb le-ofnti hnei al1s4 T obBaa tvaikl loafTg oel pSianmgo.Is silra nd.
\1 1i1l1-.i pca cep-aac weh icbohht mirrr a nd thofsued ebd� rt hAeg aK hanh,a vlieke wie e x­
isloafKn adl naeoa Bro nerSaotueSt,uh l awesi,L ake 1T9ob8a6..
111mt1h,l,o drsvl ide owfi tcr eatorsa nidn abhitant': pandtehuden d ert andoiffnu gn ctaieotsenhtica,al n,d
1987. 15P aintointn hgwesa lolfa no lTdo bhao uaste
I bhoak si a sn at tpettm kIc losaettl hsyeoc iaanld ociala speocfbtu Usdi ng tradiitnit ohrnee gion
2 Ricbea rinnt hSea sak ovfSi aldlseao,gu et hern Lumban Binaga villaogne show spirit figures
,mll i·5e pe cotfsin digenouasrch itetcueri no ne mentiaobnoeFvdre o.tm i mteot imteh,ees tudexi­e
Lombo,k1 987. horsek.b1 a9c86.
1,1rtplacroutftl hawero r dl.S outht- sEiawas�. e tenidn tSoo utht-A Esaic aounn iter likMea laysia
3 KarBoa thaoku astLe ingvgial l1a9g8e6,. 161,7 P icteuxreecsub tyae l do cali nta hret ist
11•1mto1cunr amfe hna vper oceddus omoetfh em osta nlddn oniea.sw hihcahv lea rMgues lpoipuml taion
4 Carvaendpd a inrtiendg -:obfaeK aamrc hoi fes' 1940descr oamtae noyft he houses at
,·,� ·tanrndbl aeautrifu lw oodenb uldiignsa nywhebruett eh ria rchitaercneto uItsr leiacsmi no irigna nd
houastLe i ngvgial l1a9g8e6,. Sibadoinht uhenea stsehronor fLe a kTeo ba.
Iltlhw ' r id. thdeit incbtuiivletdr aiditniong oft hmea nn on­
5 StroefHe itl isimvaieltlSaaonguoeNt ,ih a s, 18S tosnaer copohfRa agjnuaasB i a tSui dabautt ar
\IL , iirtecctubar l tdui ebsa vdew elontt he Musml igrouipnshi atbitnhgre e gihoanvr ee mained
1986. TomoSka,m oIssilraL nadkT,eo b1a9.8 6.
1110n1t1aunlmd t hJer m a:li its o nlreylat ivley e­r ouitd tbeie rs coSpoem.we o rwkhsih ch ave cao vered
6 Detoafti hlfae c;a doeft hceh ihefo'uss e, 19M ausolaetTu oml pSianmgo,Is silraL nadk.e ll'tlh1altv lr na,u clara crhitetcureh ac omteob e morgel ofibealld -sausGc uhi doPnrii'msiA tricvhei ­
BawomatSaoluuNtoih,a 1 s9,8 6. Tobsau,r moubnyat neo dl der stone urn
,k w· ads w ortfha dym irtiaoann sdt uYdeyt. ao nltyec 1(u1r9e7 o8r)D uly'sT heH ousoefM ankind
7 Hugflei gohfst t osnteel pesa dtiotn hgve i llageb eneathm awybh eis cehep na inctoendc rete
11f1r1ta i oftn h weor ld'sp pulaitonl iivnbeu i dilgns (199)-7haved onoei nl imistpeaadcn ead.r iena ny
ofH ilimaeStoaunNtiihha 1as9.,8 6. figuroefcs l aann ces1t9o8r6s.,
,1 twhh i,clhhr tie c·ot r p lanhnaevrhesa adny hting cae i ntetnodb eepd r imavriUsyu al preos entations,
8 Carvsetdos neeaa ttt hhee aodft hset efleipg ht2 0M inangkhaobuaisunte h vei lloafKg aem pai,
10d o1 .Amonagr citch t Bse.rn aRrudd of(1s 96k4.y thawti thtihnet mh Seo uth-AEsairsaetng ihoans
ofs tewphsi lceha udpfrs o mO rahtiotl hie neaPray akum,bW uehsStu mat1r9a8,6 .
1797)h ab eefno retmi n p rootminga na esthertekc eiovnelcd�u rr storreya tment.g rAelatth ough
villoafBg aew omatSaoluuNtoih.a 1 s9,8 6. 21M inangkhaobuaosuwe n erreslo antx h efirro nt
l()iparnt>o i tf he p owr fuolfnt,' o rangic'q ualtii.e stempalnemdso numtsei nnsto ne,s ucahsC ambodia's
9 Sumbancelsaheno uastPe r aGio lWie.ts
stepisnt hceo oolft haeft ernaotKo anm pai,
t,iint genituya ntdh aepp rroiaptenes o fw hahteh as AngkWoarot r J avBao'r obhuadvuaert .t rmauccthe d
Sumb1a9,8 7.
neaPra yakumWbeusShtu, m at1r9a8,6 .
.,tpl dubb:.,aerdct ehctuierw ithaorcuhittec t· I.n th e attenatmioonnbg o tihn digeannodWu est ern
10N obolrei gina-tLeh rnoouT,sa en Tao raja, 2129G 8u3e.sg tast hteodr a nactae f unebreafolar e
11T oraojrai gina-tTh ooK'ua sleuM kaut aallo. Torahjoaub suei ilntt h nee wt wo-storey style, li,t�L ,e ntyye arr os ,in diug aernc hitheacvteus rcehasros. tl hree markraibvclehyrn acturlaadri otfi on
becotmhseeu bcjto[ a g rowliintge rbaybt othua rre­ outh-AEsaihsaat vb ee eunn deesdeylnr evgleIctt ed.
neaKre s·uu,n dceorn striun1c 9t8 i3o.n 1982.
·hitte acndan throolpogit sI.ti� noitcabele.h ow-i thester adiwthiiocfonhrsm t hseu bjmeacttt er of
12C laorni g-hionusients h Sea vuneseo fv il2l3aN egwel byu iTlotr aojrai ginw-ihtmohou dseer n
•vetrh.ath ets weo rkasl.t horaungginhgf aoru tsitdhebi o ok, whtiosch how wah iactma sbn el eafrronmt
Na matSae,bd ai st1r98i7 c.t , concbruentgea alloown g1s9i8d3e.,
thneo mralc onfoifn ees taercrnhi tceturahislto ry. theamb otuhtseo c ailw orlodfths er ic rea.t o'r
13B eehiveA-tsohhnaoipu eisdnte h meo untain2 4A newh ousient, r adisttiyoulnnead,le r
havtee ntdoced o ncenotnpra arittcaeurr el igonso ft he Fotrh aen throptohlseot guoidfisy nt abh.ie dts pace.
distorfSi ocatW' ees,Tt i mor, 1987. constrautCc utpiaoMkni, n angk1a9b8a7u..
w rid-nameyl. fiArac.I ndia.a ndt hMei ddElaes ti.tc so tnr cuitona ndda iule .yc apnr ovai' dweai yn '
PauOll icvouedlrs tlialmle inn1t 9 7t1h eex traotroda i w­holceu ltaunrdie t idsea s.A nthropologists'
naryn egloetfch steu bjienAc ftr isctaund( ifweohsri chat tenitnot ot hsiusb jtehcotui.gct ha bne tr acbeadc k
hebl ames.i nth eni neteethnc enttuhrceyo .n cdeen ­tot hvee rbye ginonfti hndegic s i plhiannseo .nt eh e
sioonfW estoebsrnerv esra nidn t heea rtlwye ntileetbshes e inn termTihtetwreaenas tp r.mo isingb egin­
centtuhrueynp .op ularitya monagnth rolopgiost f ninwgi tthh peu blician1t 8i1oo nfL ewHiesn ry
studoif·e matse rlic aultbuurbtey 'n )o wa w ealotfh M orgaHno'u saen dH oeu Lifoeft hAem erican
Maps
newr ee arhcahhs e pledt oi mprothveeit autoin Al,orain goivnaeenlswd .i e -drangaitntge tmoap nta ­
(Olivre 19781-:1 2A)lt.lh ea meh.i lattw ei -d lyeh oufsoer inmt se mrso fk insshtirpu catnudr es
rnagings uery �. i11T9hHseo: u ascer tofs, e Wsoorcloidra gla niMzoartgipaoanni .an tipscu rteo fIn dian
l.S outhA-sEiabaso tw iDnigs triobfEu tthinGoirnco u.p sxx (1978)s trilalim saenspy e rtiannde-ansyt eutn­ Io ghouosreg aniaznadit ticsoo nn com·ictoamn­t
2.L imoiftt hsAe u stroLnaensgiuaang e Family1.3 answeqrueeds taibooniusnt d eingoausr chit.e cmtuunrieis nmlv iing'w.h emreem besrhsa rfeodoa dn d
xiv X
11,TOR I 1 I,I C J TR DU 10'11
reo urcaensdf reoeffleyrh eods pittoastr lnaigetr.ys ( meoi1g 0 .G ib1b9 7 ,L imL9 87a.n Jdu ma i 1rlo ro d eigni omethuinnqiugey l tob e tatin h.o wvere.a rrea reentlireyyl s ystemWahtaitc .
Heh imsveilefwt ehwdeo raksi ntrtiotn hsdeeiv clep ­ 1 ). I1 111hce<.m Io demmov ement.b uttb ree madroesk extai nt ilutesa 'micorcom 'h arse cyeb neteln
mento hfi s tchoenocreitrnehisnen a gt uortfeh ·g ene ·s ne ofh ue ymbolreivsaleernd b yt hese , ri lm1lLl nlat thceeoe xjt enocfae tl eatswtvo e ryc riti lla naeldyb yE lenli nr elattoti hoseny rnbol­
(oILrne ageo rganizaantdti hsoetn a)go fe'cu sl utral ulnd t b viewae dm ething trxoardi­ llt'lfl ' lt1 l fm eaniinntg hw orlfWd e sterimn o ft hhe u saem ontgh e1La tuulo fS outh-central
evolutthiroonwu'hg ihmc ahn khianpdda ssHeehd a.d naro ru niqtuoeo u th-EastA ia.I nhabpiatceed m hi•·t t .uT rh ee parattonbe twene designerasn d Seraimnt, h Meo lu.cE clale exnp reeso mes supi­
origiinnatleilntytdof e odr fmi vfaot lhu omhfie m uch arne v enre uttrhaealyr:a e l clu ltcunorstracultio ns u 'rL ·\hh ih s<l evpeedlh ericesel arltay f enaotucrieoo wnfh abtes eae t hoev rley-coherenta nalbyys es
lonwgeorrA kn.ci eSnotci e(t17y87) w.h osinefl uncee ofo nkei nodra notAhneybr u.ild inigna, n cyul true. 111fh•s ietIib ablelco nsdiering.H owevtebre.s eo mew ritoefhr osu asnevd i lllayaoLgtte i ne astern
onE ngaenlMdsa rixws e klnlo wAnf.tt ehrih so.w evemru.s itn evictaarbsrloyym yem bollioca Odn.eh as hr ·fn trssohu m ldmb ee noutgoebt abhtl biep oinItnd ons iHae.q utei otnha es sumptthitaohthne o use
inertetsi nh ouasnesd tet elmentf orampsp etaohr ase onltyor eaLdeC orbufosrie exrapl,me. t od iscao ver ti1 \1 ann evae urm eb uifolrtmt ob ef roefeym - soemhow hapsr imianpc ryo viwdhiaFntog r (t1 h9 81:
beelingh tu nttihlde e veloopfsmr tecunutrtla smi in whoelw orvliwde embodiinte hdseu p posleyd trisct 1Im, a ni.nw gh ethLen'r m oderinn·dtr iual o- 23)i.nt hceo ntoefSx utm bhaa.ts e rm·eacod m pre­
thle% Osa n1d9 70st imulaan teewsd p aotfae n a­funticoalnismo fth eM odeMronv eme'mnatch iens 1ItI• r' trandailnt'oi,n -indounsetsr.i al hensviepr eesntation of orudniverersallfy o ramnsd
lysoefts h lea yooufst p aicnet eromfsi d niegonus folriin gv'.o nltyovi weh idse sifgopnrus b slpiactc oe s Int hW terwn r ltdb,he o uiseis n vewsittehdr elatoirtoh natits t 'h,up sr estehnoetb es r vera with
cosmolaongdsi yemsb oieldasi.Tc h eor iing oft hisrea dt hem essatgheesy caobnotpuaotil ni rtleiac­al ever itba sp owerafsiu .Dtl h seu pepdol yc odweh ihcahos n ltyob ec racinko erdd teoer x plicate
appromaucsbhtet rancoetdnl y to oF renthcehroet i­ tioWnhsa.l eert h e xpeansiveesnso fo meo fh is r• mout d , lisecoe itiesst udiedb ya nthropolosgoicsrieltaatsolin. int heenitirrt yE.eln lp refteovr i ew
ciasnusc.ah sD urkhaenidMm a usbsu.tt o D utchv isitohnaeust h,or taiiranim ofL eC orbuspioelri'tsi cs Cn hao nlyt ore flecto nt hceno naotitono ft he theu c1ulhuo Ltassbe u ton eof m anys ybmolic
writoenIr n odnessioacni eAtnei aleyrsb .us te inmal i asw eldolc umteedn ash isa utocprerasoloallc 1'l1l1<; ohr 'h ome'.w itahlt lh aiittm plabioeutts h e doamnisw hicehr vdei ffermebnloitc p uyrpoisne s
artiwcalsve a nO ssenbru'gJga'sevM naa'naicp- al: bheaviour.7 Thel oweblorc sk ofB rita'inne'ws �lructruc tfhf aem ily,t os eteb .iI na ne arlier diffweornrteck o,n teTxhtheso .ut sbeu dsr aiwtsis m agery
OrigoifPn r aii tmiCvlaesi fisctaoin Sys(t1e9m)1i'n,8 barbairms'{ whitcobh ef. ira r.e repsnteedo nlafy r ag­ R, p rtg ut este nibeck.w hoo be rve'Hdo:m e­froomt hyemrb omliiccr oc(thoesv mi lltahbgeoe yd),
whicht haeu trha onalytshineeted r erlaitonso fJa a­ mentaadroyp toifto henoe JemeoofLt eCs o rbusier's rh• rv w orcda rne dumcye cpaotmiortst ot ea[rns .b'e twewehni chehr ietsa c notinuali nterapnlda y.
nesvei llaargreasin ngp eadt toeffr onwusir t ach e ntrvails wihoinwc ehr feo utnobd ee c oniocmlaylp rfotaible) m ·rai.h goeosnt .he a l-limportantid eao fh ome withwihni cpahtri culars eotfssy mbolicop postiions
ficfotmhm unHiept oyi.n otuettdh l ei angekb etween unquestionabmlesy a gcteoot n hutee a riasnb eodu t 1111 1erse/nJtiropen t hiem agoefa free-stamt1adyai pnpget aocr o ntrabdo itchtHe eret .aa ckaesas n
theasrer angeamntednh Hteis n dcuom sologiaclc on­thseoc ilad istriobfpu otewirao.nn td h aeut horityo f boeu. p rdrab ly urroubnydt erdea ensgd r aHses .e xamtphels ey mboolpipco sbiettiwo'emnae len'a nd
ceptoitfoh wneo rld. aarroruatnnhfodgeu e crdra dnail plantnoedr esc piedpolee 'l itfylee.- U sers thneo ne 1dtdhsl incrleeati velfye Awm eriaccautanlysll ive'fe mae',lw hicih a lgined,i nt hceo ntoefxu ta ulu
poinwtista h c entfriafplto hi tnhtce.e ntbreei nlge f ounda w ayt or espioofnn dlt.yh rovunagdhalz ­i nh ou Hkteh .ia nmd sotft heaml msoov heo usevi algell ayowuitta.hc ontbreatswtce eennt (three
regarasds eudp etroit ohpree ripahnebdra yl ancaitnni .s cucesfusllryeu ltiintn hgsue b sqeuentd emoB­ ·vr y[ i earwsh.ai trs e presieinsnft ae'cdnt ao r tel a men'sr ithuoaulsa en)pd e rip(hweormyeg na'rsd ens
thceo mbipnoewdoe frte hf ousru bordpioni.a•nt tet ioonfm anoyft hesster ucRtauo rpeoswr.ht o,h as n d•b uat y mbl ('R apopo1r9t6 193:28 T)h.heo usea.n mde nsutatroinh us)t.w hiilnte e romfhs o ulsaey ­
Siilmaryl,p roto-starpupcrtouawrceahrlpeeiu ssur te madmea jcoorn ttriioobnvuset r p ea sttw odc eadeL lh•n. a sh ep utisti ,is no mes eent heex repsiosno f outt hsea moep opsoint sieetmo b ee xpsreeid n a
bya n umboefor t hwerri tseurcashsv. a Wno udienn tote hu nderstoafmne dnainigni gnb uiflotrm ma,k es .1'i1c1lle ni ronmreenflte'cs,to icindiegoalo lg iaensd contrsatb etweeaesnat n dw e.s( tonro rtha-neda t
hiasn aloyefsa isstI enrnd onseosctiiiae'enAs t.lhoguh thpeer intenotbseartiovnt hamte anirenie gds n oitn ,icnl hfoJ ivTihnpego .t iednaeot 'f b onerd·ou btlse suoth-wet )O.ns tainlolt lheevvrei ll,lt ahgeem selves
to
thwio rwka g eneralilgyn obryBe rdi tainsthh­ rotphoingisnp eboupptle eow:pa lnett h eeinrv ironment ·olu redt hiem prioenso fm anEyu ropoebarsvnees r mayb ec ontrwaisttehea dco ht haesr'm al'ea nd
logiishtta sid.t i sn flueinnFc rea nacsLe e,v i-Stmreaaucnse sr ttahiinnE gvsei.nn a rictehtc-desgindee n­ ofi ndiug dewnel nlgsii nS outhtA- siEaa,a si dtid 'fema'al saew ayo fg iveixnpgr etsots hieominyr t hic
(196a3c)k nowlienhd igisem dp orptaapnoetnrt he vironmuesnetwrsis.lt lrt yop erslizoent aheoiwrn •'Iwe hereT.h dej scorbdeatnwtceheee enix rp ectaotrhii otosnr ilrc ealati(oEnl1sl9he68in:2 p 4) P.e rsonally,
anaylssio fs ettlpeamtetnet'r DnDosu l.aO rganitrzerit­oire bye ndowtihnegwm i tshy mbomleiact 1- ·1t1h1oedb e rvreeadlit yp roviadswe ess ,h aslelae , Id on otth itnhkEa leltn' sa naild yiff resv ermya rked­
atiEoxntis? i'nw. h ihcehp aitdr iebt uott hweo rokf ings-thoesm eaniwnhgi ch Racphoacprtoaerrti zes numrbo fc luteots h dei stifnnucctitoinavsne d ign i­ly iiten se nlifarlotsmh oaftP or(t1h9 8411:)w .h o
JP..B .d eJ ossdeeJl oinnSg i.n"tc heet nh,eh raebs e ena sb yn atulraet aenndta ssociartaitohtneharal n. laln cet hhoeof uisnet h piasro ftt hweo r9l d. alor ecogtnhishezi tiefngs,c ontextuocfs1 ylm ­nature
as logwr owitnah n thropaonlaolgoyifscs eapsal t imaaln if'feusnttciloly.n'F aotrh aerch tietcw hope rcieevs The eh,t hue insa, microreceflcoitsnmig.n i tsb oliisnhm i dses rcitpioonft hSeu mbhao uasned
organi(zCautninoinn1 g9h6Oa4rm.t 1i9z6 9. Dohuigwslo arasks a s ttemaento fh iosw np ersonaanldi ty lauyt s.t rucantduo rrnea,m enttahtceino copnet o f villBaugEtle l.'e sdn icu ssiono fs omoethe ras pec,t s
1972B,o urd1i9e7uT3 a, mbi1a9h7 3H.u mphreayes thetthpierc o,c beyws hsi ucshe atrtem ptt oi mpeo anid eanla utraaln sdco ialor der.H oue sa ndse ttlseu­cah t her itiumaplo rtoafthn ech eo usei-nbgu ild
197S4.,H ugh-J1o9n8et5so.n amaef ewR)a.t hetrh eoiwrnm enaingsm ayb ev iewweidtd hi sdiafi n, mena lwaoyff etrh emes ealsa sufeulm eanosf prceossi tsaeroleeff s, p eicnitaealrn eIdss hta rlelt urn
morree cenntelway n,dd etaSioulthe-Eda tsA siann ootu rtighth ostTihlicisatl nye .ta oda n· orvdeseig­n dinugch i nfromation.T houignhn os enesxe­ tot heamg aliant er.
ethnogrhaapvhbeie egsug nr eattoil nyc ero euar ifoifgs 'p acienas na ttetmoep xtc ltuhdpeeo i bility culi vteoS outhA-sEiatash.tai ssp oefca tr chitectTuher e imoatfgh ehero yua ss'ebo ko'i uss eadg abiyn
cf
knowlendogoten ,lo yft hpeo weorft hheo eua s us'e ardaptations.I nR apoport's view (1982: i2h 2i)g:ehl albyrot aedi nm ansyoc ieotfti herises g iaosn B.o urdiinhe iausn aloyfts hiBese rbheoru( se1 973.
symbboulot,if t s viitnka iln ssrhtoirlpue c ottfuh re'e s Ih aslholw .10S chuNlotred h(o17l91t:4 32w)r.i tL1n97g 7 )L.L kSehc ulteo rdhtohlotu.ing m hu cmho re
regi(oBna rr1a9u7d9F .o r1t9h8 1C.l amaangdi rTheen tmiordee rn mioanvr ecmheincttaeb nce/j t euaersne ont hAet oonfTi i moerx.p retshrseee lsa tiboen­schoimpp lilcaantgeudBa ogudeeriu. d rawa ttenttoi on
ana ttoanuce kr· m eaninagts-totanohc rekmn enatosn.
198I2z.i kaonwSdio trze n1s9e8Mn2c ,K in1n9o8n3 . t.vteheheno uasnetd h weo rilnld i tetrr amrsy: 'tThhmeea nnienwr h iicnhh absiptaeacdne ad,b oavlel
'what'in donts welalni'dhntin ggasam bobs·i tnh gea rdaesn .
anTdr au1b9e8 6V)e.rr ye cently tahtle atr e appears houasnetd h [ecm omuanlm eetinga rhfeoo turhs ee t]h heo usmea,ys eravsae n e mbiomdeonftc ultural
weltlh pear so coeifncs opsor rtaitnhgee slee miennttthose
tob ea g rowmionmgnet umi ns tudoifie nsd igeneonuvsi ronment. Aton-ilakcing sac raishp etd oesb-oao inkw hichm es agients h aeb seonfacl ei tetrrdaaitiroynM .o re
architewcittsuhor meiesn ,t erneestwwi onrgko sn thoer doefhr i wso rilrsde corTdheeadyr. te h ree fl- thatbnis h.o wevBeoru.r dcioenuc'iestsr odne mno-
South-AEsaiseatm ergfirnogam r hictetcs too Actuiaitlns lo yot b vithoatut haerch itect's fdoers ire tiona nedm bodiomfhe inhstin k intg.'S'u chr epresterna-stoemm ee hcanismw heresbuyce hn comdeesd-
xvi xvU
INTRODIICTIO I' TRODCTLIOJ
sagmeisg bhest a tiodb ea bsorabniednd t ernbayl tiezmerpda rryi tsutarlu catnuedrv eebsno. a Itnis s.l and I.! thoIhu agvhbe e en utnoaav boulisedi t nhwgeo r·tdr -adi h.D utu nhdF renacnht hrophoalvoaegp ipsatrpsea nitdl y
indivigdruoawluispni gnt hseo ci'eTth"yeb. o ok"u th-tEA as ioat,h oebrj escutcashs t extainlde s 11 1I nt hblo oikit.sn oitn tetnodi emdp loym ethriinlgygi dmoraet tetncota ih oo tnh tehrat nhB er ihat nit Jiroepsotlaobg­ical
frowmh itchhce h illderaetrnhn e iro tfvh iweso irolndj ewelclomemroyn lyt otb hehelo ounsghe e iarsl ooms. 1h11 11 1agnlodnn gnl oyuw n dtehrr freoampt r ocoemfso sdeesr nlihizm ­eanttn ct ipmaeti eodi tohtreh re amse. v idebnytc hfaeecd t
,1 1U1k1 oatlhlae p re eolfcs u ltbuurifoelr.tm i ss ubjteoc tt hJaP.t.B .d eJ oe ldienJ onhgaa dl repardeys e(niEtnne gdla i sh)
irse awdi tthhb eo diyna, n tdh rotuhgeh movempernotvsic doimnpgl emefniteoalfrds ysy mbolainsdm
,u llncuhoaunsag need v oluotvietorien m. a lthoruagtohef s urvoefLy e vi-SLterS atursuc E1·l1se1 mreerdsie lt aPa airreeinsnt e
anddi splawcheimmceahnk tteseh s pace wwhiitchhpi enr foard myinnagrm oi(lcfe eo xra mpalsoe b,j eocft s h 1d1i1ffa11en trd•h eiresev idfeontrchc eoe n sildeae nrtaiboqfu i1t95y 2 a.m erteh ryeeeaa rf ittefsria rpspte airnPa rnecnwech he.r eas
theayr een acatsem du cahs t heayr mea dbey i t'e xh angiena) r titciunslgoa criealla tioRnescheinpt s. rtti Snuot -hEatsA siaarnc hitfeocr.tSm uosrmae l attott reemapitttt o otkw enyteyafo rras n E nghlt irsanstloba etp iuobnl iisnh ed
(Bour1d9i7e97u0: S) p.e akoiftn hdgei viosfsi poanc weo rbkysG i itntge(r1 97a9n)dR odg(e1r9s8 h5a)v e lh, ubtj fw h•a thtep eopilnevsot lhveemdsm eelavbney· s t radBir-itain.
int eromfts h sey mboolfgi esnmdi enBr e rbseorc iedtoyn.me u cthod eepoeunur nd ertsainngdo fh owt ex­ 111I1m 1a dI nt hceo nclcuhdaipntge r. 7. eeR. W aldTehnOe.p e n EHsasn0ad1yL:1s eC orb(u19 s7i7e)r.
I rhI nfluoefHni cnecd ous moliodgeiianIcs na dlo naensdi a.8 .T heym bolim of' hompee·r hraepasc ihtme ods vti vid
heg oeosnt os ugg(e17s97t 9: 2 )h owc omplitchaet teidal nejdse welfluenrcwyti itohtnih nes soec iaentdi es.
lht rI ncorpionrtaaolt rieoexanitd isyn cgo smoliostg rieeast.ee xdp srieoi nnasn umboefHr o llyfiwlmoosod ft h poes t-eWraar.
interabcettiwoebneo na syy mbolainsdhm o uset hbioso ikis ns omwea ycso mplemteont thaeirityr s: iofru l•il nCy h ap5t.e r 9.S eCeh ap2tfo erar n e xploorftai hstd iioffne roefin dceea s.
symbomlaiybs em: aimtsog ivase i miclrasorc-slultuyr lav ieowft he role Papebrysv aOns senbruvgaWgnoe und.ae nnod.t hDeurt ch I0 .S eef.oe rx amGprliea.(u 9 l6Ie5 B )o.u rd(1i 9e7u3O )r.t iz
ofh ousiensS outh-AEsaisaptna tteorfsn osc ial hntlr.;h avbeee nr epriinEn ntgeltdir slaathnio sni nPE .d. e J os eli(n1 969a)nS.d.H ugh-(J1 o95n )ef sod ri scuosfts hiheoo nusas se
Altlh sey mbomlaincila ptiunoso fb odeyx perisetnacret.io nrgg anization. Ij ongt'rusc At11111m/lr ir1toi1pNr oeeltr ollg1asye(m 1 l977). microicnAo f·rmNi ocrata.hn Sdo uAtmhe reitcca..
witdhi splacweimtehani tmnsy thicsatlrluyc tsupraecde .
Ib egbiynt rytiont gr atcheoer g iinso fr ecurring
e.gt.hm eo vemeonfgt osi innga ndc omionugtt .e ntdo
elemeofna trhscie tcutarls tyalnegd.o o nt oe xamine
impeot hien tegorfta htbeio odsnyp awciet cho smic space
thte echnolaongdci omc oallo gciocnasli derations
byg raspiintn egr omfts h sea mceo nce(patnnsda turaatl ly
thper iocfge r elaatx iintl yo gtihcre)e latiboentswheiepbn e hitnhde Ims .h aelxla miidneeaa nsbd e laibeofust
manan dt hnea turala nwdto hrcelo dm plemeanntda rbiutiy ldwhiinhcga srr ee garadspe odw ersfauclro.er d .
oppossteadat nedas c tiooftn hste w os exients h devi iiosn aliTvhe'e.h ouaslesm'ou,,sb ter egaarsdc eodn sisting
ofs exuwaolra kn tdh see xudailv iosfwi oornak n.hd e nicne nomte reolfapy h yssitrccuatlu, br ueotft hger ooufp
thweo rokfb ioloagnisdco iacalrl e produFcoterix oanm.p lpe.e owphloae r ietm se mbeIdr esv.oo ntceeh apttote hre
thoep posibteitownem eonv emeonutt watrodwsa rtdhse
idetah akti nsshyispti enSm osu thtA- sE-iawa hich
fieolrtd hsme a rkteotw.a trhdpe r oducatnicdoi nr culation
havfer equpeunztzlalyne tdh ropobleocgaoiufss tes
ofg oodasn.md o vemiennwta rtdosw,at rhdaesc u cmulation
their afapiplautrrofee icn tot m forwtiatbhclioynn ­
ancdo nsumpotfti hpoern o duocfwt osr cko.r resspmyo­nds
ventiaonntahlr opocaltoeggi-occraanil be estter be
bolictaotl hloeyp posibteitownet ehnem ale bodsye.l f­
underwshteotnohd e hiovsui seewa estd hr ee faolc us
encloasneddd i rectedt htoeou wtasrwidodsre la dn,dt he
femabloedr ye.s embtlhdiean rgdk a.m hpo usfeuo.lf fol o d. oft heasrer angeImg oeo nntt oes x.a mhionwes ocial
uteinia ndc hildwrheinci.hes ntearneldde bfytt hsea me reladteifotinhnsuee s eosfs pawciet thhihneo usaen.d
inevistoaibollpeyed n ing. howr ulaebso supta icnte u ronb liingdei vtioad cuta ls
outth erseel aitnit ohneosiw rnm ovemeEnvtetsnh. e
Jushto wd iffepraetnttoe frg nesn der symbolism.
deamdu shta vthee rid welltihnfegr se:q uweintchy
antdh eiimrp licfaottrhis eot nyoslrf e e labteitownese n
whitcohm ebcsh o shhoaeup,ssa en tdh eel aborateness
thsee xmeasyb, ei nt hceu ltoufSr oetus-hE astA sia
ofm ortuary( orfiittneuvnao llssve icnogn dary treat­
wibllet hteh eomfea lacthearp yteeBtro :u rdieu's
menotft hbeo noefls o ndge aadn ce)sp troorv uisd e
approtaotc hahen aloyfts hiuess oefs paicasec hal­
witihm poritnasnitig nhttthosie n digaenncoeusst or­
lengoinneHg.i a sn aloyfss yimsb oolpipco siitni ons
focusreedl iogfSi oountsh A-sEiaAasf .ti ncaoln sider­
Berbseocri iebsta ys isctarlulcyt iunsr tayblluiehts,e t
atiios\n h ee ffeocftr apsiodc cihaaln ognet he
critsitcriuzcetsu fraailltiuoisr nmed' ishc oawst uec h
architetcrta�drioatflip orness enSto-udtahy- East
systaermrese allelnayedr. u seadn.pd e rpetbuya ted
Asisaonc ieatnitdeh qseu. e sttihorinassi fsoetrsh e
thpee opthleem seBlovuersdh.ii emusp eolsft ual ates
survoifiv nadli gaerncohuist foercmt.su ral
dialercetliactailbo entswhheaiebpnia t, tt hseo cially
strucetnuvriedr onamnedwn hta.ht e t ermtsh e
'hab-itthuacsto' l leocfst cihoenmo efps e rception,
I.N oo nken ohwoswm andyw elltihneagrriseen t hweo rld.
attitaundbdee sh.a vwihoiucsrhh .a ptehcseo gnitive
thouOglhi( 1v 9e8r77 )o: ff earnes s tiomefia gttohe rn inheu ndred
worolfid n divaicdtuioanarls s o ciaentldye nodrsd emri lloiwfo hnip.cr ho blaebslsy5 p tehcrae hnna tv e bbueielnt with
toe xperience. anpyr soifsoelno aro ffiincvioallv Theosmeae cnttu.da elsliybg yn ed
Int hceh aptthefarots l lIso hwas,lh loh wo wh ouseasr chirteepcrtaes stetiniltnlp i reorp olrp teicroe nn':tm iwgehltl
bea no v-eestrime'.a t
mayb ev iewaespd a rotfa ' soeftb 'u iflotrw mhsi ch
2.S eefo.re xampRlued.o f(9s 6kI4y 1. 9 77P)r.a( s 9eI6r 8 ).
mayi ncdel unau mboefro thsetrr ucstuucrahes s
Raprot(pl9o6.91982)d.0avn1eirl9(6919.7119.7519.87)for
granartioemsbh.se .a d-hopuusbelbsiu.ci ldisnmogeg se.n earpaplr otaotc hhseet uodfay r chitecture.
xviii xix