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The Lion and the Star: Gentile-Jewish Relations in Three Hessian Towns, 1919-1945 PDF

303 Pages·1998·6.35 MB·English
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The Lion and the Star This page intentionally left blank The Lion and the Star Gentile-] ewish Relations in Three Hessian Communities, 1919-1945 Jonathan C. Friedman THJE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Publication of this volume was made possible in part by grants from the Lucius N. Littauer Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Copyright © 1998 by Th e University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, Th e Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved. Editorial and Sales Offi ces: Th e University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 www.kentuckypress.com Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-8131-2043-0 (cloth: alk. paper) Th is book is printed on acid-free paper meeting the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence in Paper for Printed Library Materials. Manufactured in the United States of America. Member of the Association of American University Presses To my parents Saul and Nancy and to my siblings Molly and Jason This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Tables iv List of Maps VII Preface x Introduction 1 1. Jewish Emancipation to 1919 15 2. Demography and Socioeconomic Structure 2 5 3. The Liberal-Jewish Model: Under Attack from Within 47 4. Gesellschaftvs. Gemeinschaft: Gentile-Jewish Relations before 1933 63 5. Jew-Hatred or "ArbeitundBrot!" Antisemitism and the Electoral Rise of the Nazis 103 6. Close to the Edge: Relations during the Early Years of the Third Reich 12 5 7. Relations during the "Final Solution" 153 Epilogue 181 Conclusion 185 Notes 187 Bibliography 271 Index 285 Tables 1. Religious Affiliation in Germany in 192 5 2 7 2. German Jewish Population, 1910-1933 28 3. Jewish Population in Frankfurt, Giessen, and Geisenheim, 1910-1933 29 4. Foreign-Born Jews in Germany, 1890-1935 31 5. Gentile and Jewish Population in Germany by Size of Community in 1933 33 6. Gentile and Jewish Population in Hessen-Nassau by Size of Community in 1933 33 7. Gentile and Jewish Population in Hessen by Size of Community in 1933 34 8. Jewish Residence in Selected German Cities in 1933 34 9. Occupational Structure of Jews and the General Population in Germany in 1907 and 1933 39 10. Occupational Structure of Jews and the General Population of Hessen and Hessen-Nassau during the Weimar Republic 39 11. Occupational Structure of Jews in Frankfurt, Giessen, and Geisenheim During the Weimar Republic 40 12. Comparison of Jewish and Gentile Social Status in Germany and Frankfurt During the Weimar Republic 41 13. Jewish Associations in Frankfurt in the 1920s 55 14. Attendance by Religion in Frankfurt City High Schools for Boys in 1928 73 15. Attendance by Religion in Frankfurt City High Schools for Girls in 1928 74 16. Attendance by Religion in Frankfurt City Middle and Elementary Schools and Schools for Children with Disabilities in 1928 74 17. Attendance by Religion in Private Schools in Frankfurt in 1928 7 5 18. Attendance by Religion at Giessen Schools 79 19. Attendance at Giessen's Oberrealschule, 1914-193 7, by Confession 80 20. Intermarriage Rates for Jews in Frankfurt, Giessen, Geisenheim, Darmstadt, and Mainz During the Weimar Period 92 21. Entries to and Withdrawals from the Jewish Community (IG) of Frankfurt, 1919 to 1932-33 96 22. Entries to and Withdrawals from the Evangelical Churches in the Frankfurt Metropolitan Area, 1919-1928 97 2 3. Entries to and Withdrawals from the Evangelical Church in Giessen, 1919-193 2 98 24. National Elections in Germany in 1919, 1920, and 1924 109 25. Results of the National Elections of 1928, 1930, 1932, and 1933 118 26. Jews Deported from Frankfurt from 1941 to 1944 174 Maps 1. Hessen in Relation to All of Germany 3 2. Hessen, 1918-1945 4 3. Distribution of Jews in Frankfurt in 1925 by Percentage of Jewish Population 35 4. Location of Jewish Households in Giessen by Percentage of Jewish Population According to 1932, 1933, and 1935 Tax Lists 36 5. Location of Jewish Households in Geisenheim by Percentage of Jewish Population During the Weimar Period 37

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