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The Link Between Obesity and Cancer PDF

302 Pages·2022·21.018 MB·English
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The Link Between Obesity and Cancer This page intentionally left blank The Link Between Obesity and Cancer Edited by Raman Mehrzad Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationabout thePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyright ClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/ permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenour understanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecome necessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusing anyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationor methodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomthey haveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeany liabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceor otherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthe materialherein. ISBN978-0-323-90965-5 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:StacyMasucci AcquisitionsEditor:KatieChan EditorialProjectManager:TracyI.Tufaga ProductionProjectManager:KiruthikaGovindaraju CoverDesigner:MathewLimbert TypesetbySTRAIVE,India Dedication Tomygrandfather,ManouchehrShahriari,whopassedawayfromcancer,adiseasewherethe survivalratehastodayimprovedsignificantlyduetoscience.Thankyouforstillwatchingover usinspirit.Iloveyou,grandpa. This page intentionally left blank Contents Contributors xiii 1. Introduction: The obesity pandemic 1 Raman Mehrzad 1. Overview and definition of obesity 1 2. Brief prevalence of obesity 2 3. Epidemiological studies 2 4. Health consequences of obesity 2 5. Brief etiology of obesity 3 6. Cost of obesity 3 7. Goal of obesity research 3 8. Obesity and cancer 4 References 4 2. Physiology of obesity and metabolism 7 Jacqueline J. Chu and Raman Mehrzad 1. Metabolism and energy balance 7 2. Regulation of energy balance 8 3. Regulation of metabolism 9 4. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ 12 5. Effects of obesity on energy balance 13 6. Conclusion 16 References 16 vii viii Contents 3. Structure and function of the cell 23 Jacqueline J. Chu and Raman Mehrzad 1. Cell signaling 23 2. DNA replication and the cell cycle 24 3. Conclusions 31 References 31 4. The biology of cancer 35 Jacqueline J. Chu and Raman Mehrzad 1. Cancer transformation and tumor progression 35 2. Determinants of cancer risk 42 3. Conclusions 43 References 43 5. Obesity and correlation with cancer 47 Ollin Venegas and Raman Mehrzad 1. Introduction 47 2. Proposed mechanisms 49 3. Other possible mechanisms and influences 58 4. Relationship between BMI and cancer (separated by types) 60 5. Conclusion 73 References 74 6. Obesity and breast cancer 83 Dara Bakar and Raman Mehrzad 1. Introduction 83 2. Epidemiology of breast cancer 83 3. Risk factors 85 4. Clinical presentation of breast cancer 89 5. Link between breast cancer and obesity 89 6. Local and systemic inflammation 96 Contents ix 7. Obesity, anti-tumor immune cells, and poor prognosis 97 8. The microbiome 98 References 106 7. Obesity and prostate cancer 115 Faizanahmed Munshi, Siddharth Marthi, and Elias Hyams 1. Introduction 115 2. Epidemiology of obesity in relation to prostate cancer 115 3. Mechanisms by which obesity increases risk of prostate cancer 118 4. Conclusion 122 References 123 8. Colorectal cancer and obesity 129 Brian E. Walkowski and Marcoandrea Giorgi 1. Introduction 129 2. Epidemiology 130 3. Methods of characterizing obesity 130 4. Prevention: Screening and early detection 131 5. Obesity as a biologic actor 132 6. Metabolic effects of obesity in the promotion of cancer 133 7. Obesity, inflammation, and colorectal cancer 134 8. Symptoms and diagnosis of colorectal cancer 135 9. Obesity and colorectal cancer in women 135 10. Colorectal surgery and the obese patient 136 11. Outcomes of colorectal cancer in obese patients 139 12. Conclusion 141 References 141 9. Kidney cancer and obesity 145 Aparna Ashok and Elias Hyams 1. Introduction 145 2. Obesity 145

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