The Linguistics of Literacy PDF
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THE LINGUISTICS OF LITERACY TYPOLOGICAL STUDIES IN LANGUAGE (TSL) A companion series to the journal "STUDIES IN LANGUAGE" Honorary Editor: Joseph H. Greenberg General Editor: T. Givón Editorial Board: Wallace Chafe (Santa Barbara) Charles Li (Santa Barbara) Bernard Comrie (Los Angeles) Johanna Nichols (Berkeley) R.M.W. Dixon (Canberra) Andrew Pawley (Canberra) John Haiman (St Paul) Doris Payne (Oregon) Kenneth Hale (Cambridge, Mass.) Frans Plank (Konstanz) Bernd Heine (Köln) Jerrold Sadock (Chicago) Paul Hopper (Pittsburgh) Gillian Sankoff (Philadelphia) Margaret Langdon (San Diego) Dan Slobin (Berkeley) Sandra Thompson (Santa Barbara) Volumes in this series will be functionally and typologically oriented, cover ing specific topics in language by collecting together data from a wide vari ety of languages and language typologies. The orientation of the volumes will be substantive rather than formal, with the aim of investigating univer sals of human language via as broadly defined a data base as possible, lean ing toward cross-linguistic, diachronic, developmental and live-discourse data. The series is, in spirit as well as in fact, a continuation of the tradition initiated by C. Li (Word Order and Word Order Change, Subject and Topic, Mechanisms for Syntactic Change) and continued by T. Givón (Discourse and Syntax) and P. Hopper (Tense-Aspect: Between Semantics and Pragma tics). Volume 21 Pamela Downing, Susan D. Lima and Michael Noonan (eds) THE LINGUISTICS OF LITERACY THE LINGUISTICS OF LITERACY edited by PAMELA DOWNING, SUSAN D. LIMA and MICHAEL NOONAN JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY Amsterdam/Philadelphia 1992 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Linguistics of literacy / edited by Pamela Downing, Susan D. Lima, and Michael Noonan. p. cm. -- (Typological studies in language, ISSN 0167-7373; v. 21) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Written communication. 2. Oral communication. 3. Language and languages-Orthog raphy and spelling. 4. Psycholinguistics. 5. Literacy. I. Downing, Pamela. II. Lima, Susan D. III. Noonan, Michael (Michael P.) IV. Series. P211.L69 1992 302.2'244--dc20 92-7341 ISBN 90 272 2903 1 (hb.) / 90 272 2904 X (pb.) (European; alk. paper) CIP ISBN 1-55619-406-4 (hb.) / 1-55619-407-2 (pb.) (U.S.; alk. paper) © Copyright 1992 - John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 75577 · 1070 AN Amsterdam . The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · 821 Bethlehem Pike · Philadelphia, PA 19118 · USA Table of contents Contributors vii Introduction ix Pamela Downing and Susan D. Lima PART I: WRITTEN LANGUAGE AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE 1 COMPARED Variation in the intonation and punctuation of different adverbial 3 clause types in spoken and written English Cecilia E. Ford Information flow in speaking and writing 17 Wallace Chafe How is conversation like literary discourse? The role of imagery and 31 details in creating involvement Deborah Tannen Modern American poetry and modern American speech 47 Eleanor Berry PART II: ORTHOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS 69 Segmentalism in linguistics: The alphabetic basis of phonological 71 theory Mark Aronoff The syllabic origin of writing and the segmental origin of the 83 alphabet Peter T. Daniels Phonemic segmentation as epiphenomenon: Evidence from the 111 history of alphabetic writing Alice Faber VI CONTENTS Aspiration and Cherokee orthographies 135 Janine Scancarelli Interpreting Emai orthographic strategies 153 Ronald P. Schaefer Linguistic aspects of musical and mathematical notation 169 James D. McCawley PART III: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ORTHOGRAPHY 191 Orthographic aspects of linguistic competence 193 Bruce L. Derwing The costs and benefits of phonological analysis 211 John J. Ohala Morphological relationships revealed through the repetition priming 239 task Laurie B. Feldman Orthography and phonology: The psychological reality of ortho- 255 graphic depth Ram Frost A model of lexical storage: Evidence from second language learners' 275 orthographic errors J Ronayne Cowan PART IV: CONSEQUENCES OF LITERACY 291 Writing is a technology that restructures thought 293 Walter J. Ong, SJ Language Index 321 Author Index 323 Subject Index 331 Contributors MARK ARONOFF, Department of Linguistics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, U.S.A. ELEANOR BERRY, R.R. 1, Box 58A, Cedar Grove, WI 53013, U.S.A. WALLACE CHAFE, Department of Linguistics, University of California-Santa Bar bara, CA 93106, U.S.A. J RONAYNE COWAN, 3070 Foreign Languages Building, 707 South Mathews Street, Univeristy of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A. PETER T. DANIELS, 1463 West Gregory, Chicago, IL 60640, U.S.A. BRUCE L. DERWING, Department of Linguistics, 4-62 Assiniboia Hall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2E7 PAMELA DOWNING, Department of English and Comparative Literature, P.O. Box 413, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, U.S.A. ALICE FABER, Haskins Laboratories, 270 Crown Street, New Haven, CT 06511, U.S.A. LAURIE B. FELDMAN, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, U.S.A. CECILIA E. FORD, Department of English, 6105 H.C. White Hall, University of Wis consin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A. RAM FROST, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91905, Israel SUSAN D. LIMA, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 413, University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, U.S.A. JAMES D. McCAWLEY, Deparment of Linguistics, 1010 East 59th Street, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A. MICHAEL NOONAN, Department of English and Comparative Literature, P.O. Box 413, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, U.S.A. JOHN J. OHALA, Department of Linguistics, University of California-Berkeley, Ber keley, CA 94720, U.S.A. viii CONTRIBUTORS WALTER J. ONG S.J., School of Humanities, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, U.S.A. JANINE SCANCARELLI, Department of English, P.O. Box 8795, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, U.S.A. RONALD P. SCHAEFER, Department of English Language and Literature, 3206 Peck Building, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026, U.S.A. DEBORAH TANNEN, Department of Linguistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, U.S.A. Introduction Pamela Downing and Susan D. Lima University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee This volume grew out of the Seventeenth Annual University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee Linguistics Symposium, which was held in Milwaukee on April 8-10, 1988. The theme of the conference was the relationship between lin guistics and literacy; the richness of this subject became apparent in the wide range of topics addressed by presenters at the conference, and in the lively discussions that followed. In this volume, we have chosen to present a selection of papers which cluster around three of the major themes that developed during the conference: the linguistic differences between written and spoken genres, the relationship between orthographic systems and pho nology, and the psychology of orthography. The volume concludes with a solicited paper by Walter J. Ong which draws together the various strands considered in the other sections of the book and addresses the broader question of the social and psychological consequences of literacy. Part I: Written language and spoken language compared In order to reach an understanding of what it means to be literate, we must first take care to discover those linguistic properties that distinguish written language from its spoken counterpart. What linguistic traits mark a text as non-spoken? To what extent are those traits common to all written genres? Are these traits arbitrary markers of mode, or do they arise naturally from the distinctive circumstances in which written texts are produced, and the distinctive uses to which they are put? It is these questions that are addres sed by the papers in the first section of this volume.
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