Table Of Content

TheLimitsofJudicialIndependence This book investigates the causes and consequences of congressional attacks on the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing that the extent of public support for judicial independence constitutes the practical limit of judicial independence. First, the book presents a historical overview ofCourt-curbingproposalsinCongress.Then,buildingoninterviews with Supreme Court justices, members of Congress, and judicial and legislativestaffers,aswellasexistingresearch,thebooktheorizesthat congressional attacks are driven by public discontent with the Court. From this theoretical model, predictions are derived about the deci- sion to engage in Court-curbing and judicial responsiveness to Court- curbingactivityinCongress.TheLimitsofJudicialIndependencedraws on illustrative archival evidence, systematic analysis of an original datasetofCourt-curbingproposalsintroducedinCongressfrom1877 onward,andjudicialdecisions.ThisevidencedemonstratesthatCourt- curbingisdrivenprimarilybypublicoppositiontotheCourt,andthat theCourtrespondstothoseproposalsbyengaginginself-restraintand moderatingitsdecisions. TomS.ClarkisAssistantProfessorofPoliticalScienceatEmoryUni- versity.HisresearchinterestsincludeAmericanjudicialinstitutionsand theinteractionbetweencourtsandotherpoliticalactors.Hisresearch hasbeenpublishedinnumerousjournals,includingtheAmericanJour- nal of Political Science, the Journal of Politics, the Journal of Law, Economics & Organization, and theJournal of Theoretical Politics . His dissertation, on which this book is based, was awarded the 2009 CarlAlbertAwardfortheBestDissertationfromtheLegislativeStudies Section of the American Political Science Association. Clark received his Ph.D. and M.A. from Princeton University and B.A. from Rutgers University. PoliticalEconomyofInstitutionsandDecisions SeriesEditors StephenAnsolabehere,HarvardUniversity JeffryFrieden,HarvardUniversity FoundingEditors JamesE.Alt,HarvardUniversity DouglassC.North,WashingtonUniversityofSt.Louis OtherBooksintheSeries AlbertoAlesinaandHowardRosenthal,PartisanPolitics,Divided Government,andtheEconomy LeeJ.Alston,ThrainnEggertsson,andDouglassC.North,eds., EmpiricalStudiesinInstitutionalChange LeeJ.AlstonandJosephP.Ferrie,SouthernPaternalismandtheRiseof theAmericanWelfareState:Economics,Politics,andInstitutions, 1865–1965 JamesE.AltandKennethShepsle,eds.,PerspectivesonPositive PoliticalEconomy JosephineT.Andrews,WhenMajoritiesFail:TheRussianParliament, 1990–1993 JeffreyS.BanksandEricA.Hanushek,eds.,ModernPoliticalEconomy: OldTopics,NewDirections YoramBarzel,EconomicAnalysisofPropertyRights,2ndedition YoramBarzel,ATheoryoftheState:EconomicRights,LegalRights, andtheScopeoftheState RobertBates,BeyondtheMiracleoftheMarket:ThePoliticalEconomy ofAgrarianDevelopmentinKenya,newedition JennaBednar,TheRobustFederation:PrinciplesofDesign CharlesM.Cameron,VetoBargaining:PresidentsandthePoliticsof NegativePower KellyH.Chang,AppointingCentralBankers:ThePoliticsofMonetary PolicyintheUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanMonetaryUnion PeterCowheyandMathewMcCubbins,eds.,StructureandPolicyin JapanandtheUnitedStates:AnInstitutionalistApproach SerieslistcontinuesfollowingtheIndex. The Limits of Judicial Independence TOM S. CLARK EmoryUniversity cambridgeuniversitypress Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore, Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Dubai,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,ny10013-2473,usa www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521135054 (cid:2)C TomS.Clark2011 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2011 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata Clark,ThomasS.,1980– Thelimitsofjudicialindependence/TomS.Clark. p. cm.–(Politicaleconomyofinstitutionsanddecisions) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn978-0-521-19488-4(hardback)–isbn978-0-521-13505-4(pbk.) 1.Judicialindependence–UnitedStates. 2.UnitedStates.Supreme Court–Publicopinion. 3.Judgments–UnitedStates–Publicopinion. 4.UnitedStates.SupremeCourt–History. I.Title. II.Series. kf8775.c58 2010 347.73(cid:3)26–dc22 2010012780 isbn978-0-521-19488-4Hardback isbn978-0-521-13505-4Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofurls forexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnot guaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. For Leigh Anne Contents ListofTables pagexi ListofFigures xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction 1 2 APoliticalHistoryofCourt-Curbing 25 3 ConditionalSelf-Restraint 62 4 Court-CurbingandtheElectoralConnection 122 5 PublicSupportandJudicialReview 159 6 IdeologicalImplicationsofCourt-Curbing 207 7 TheLimitsofJudicialIndependence 255 AppendixA.EliteInterviewMethodology 271 AppendixB.Court-CurbingBills,1877–2008 276 Bibliography 299 Index 313 ix