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139.3 16 S4]s atonal Pare Service US. Department of the Intrior Clara tart Nationa Historie Ste fs administered by the ‘George Washington Memorial Parkway The Life of Clara Barton A Chronology, 1821-1912 OLUE December 25, 1821 1825-1836 1833-1835, 1836 May 1839 1845 April 19,1846 1850-185) July 18,1852 October 1851 5a. -1854. 1854-1855 1855-1857 1857 - 1860 Fall 1860 April, 1861 April 1g, 1861 Clarissa Harlowe Barton was born in North Oxford, Massachusetts, the youngest of Stephen and Sarah Stone Rarton’s live culdven, (Clara Barcon gained an education at local schools and through home tutoring from her older brothers and sisters, Miss Barton cazed for her brother Davidl Barton, who was injured and ‘bedeidden following. fall from a harn root, ‘Noted English phrenologist L. N. lwler advised Clara Rarton’s parents to have her teach schoo. ‘Miss Barton passed examinations and beggin a teaching career in the schoo's near Oxford, Massachusetts. ‘Miss Barton established a school for the children of her brother's mill workers, Clara Bacton's sister, Dorothea (Dolly; Barton, died, Miss Barton spent a year furthering her avn education at the} Liberal Inslitute, Oneida County, New York. (Clara Barton's mother, Sarah Barton, died. Miss Harton travelled to Hightstown, New Jersey lo visil Mary Norton, a school iriend, Miss Bursa resumed ker teaching catver, Miss Barion established :he first free public school in Rerdentown, New Jersey. Enrollment grew rapilly and a male principal was hired, Miss Barton lefr Bordentown andl the teaching profession.» ‘Miss Barcon maved to Washington, DC, and warkéd 38 a jecaréling clerk acthe U.S. Pare Office for Charles Masta Conkinisioner of Parents Her salary $1,200 peranum, equalled those of the men she worked with ‘The status of female government workers was never a certainty. Secretary vf the Interior Robert MeClelland of the Pierce administration was upposed lo women working in government offices andl reduced Miss Marlon ww vopyist atthe rate of 10 cents per exch 150 words copied Miss Harton returned (o Massachusetts and lived with relatives ancl iriends after her positian a Lhe Patent Ollice was eliminated by the administration of President James Buchanan, She returned to her former Patent Ollice position as.a copyisc with the lection of President Abraham Linculn, ‘The Civil War began with the firing on 11, Sumter, South Carolina, Riots in Baltimore, Maryland - kin route co devencl the naliva’s capital, Une 6th Massachusetts Infantry was attacked by mubs ef soulherti- sympathizing Ballimoreans as the soldiers marched across town, They arrived in Washington, DC. beaten and with several members of theit regiment dead. Miss Barton found them temporarily quartered in the Senale Chanber of the US Capitol and provided supphes irom her own househuld for tis comfort. The overwhelming response to her request Jor additional supplies for the troops marked the start of her carver us the ‘Angel uf thy Battlefield, July 21,1861 Battle of First Manassas (Bull Rum), Virginia - Miss Barton tended to wounded soldiers as they arrived in Washington, DC. She established a distribution agency after recelving addinonal supplies sent in response to an acvert’seuteal in the Worcester Spe 1862 Henri Dunant, Swiss businessman, published an accouat of Inv 1859 bbatlle of Solferina in Ialy between French and Austrian. In Us Sonpenir de Solferino, he outlined a need for wartime relief societies, Clara Barton was ‘unaware uf this publication. ‘Murch 21,1862 Clare Barton’ father, Stephen Barton, died in North Oxford, Massachusetts, On his deathbed, he encouraged Gara Barton lo cortinue hes patriotic support tor the Union, August3, 162 Miss Barron gained official permissiun lo transport supplies to battietialds August 9.1862 Battle of Cedar Mountain (Culpepper), Virginia - This was the first documented battle at which Clara Barion served in the fleld. Arriving om August 13, she spent wa days and nights rending the wounded. Before leaving, she provided assistance at afield hospital far Confederate prisoners, August 28-30, 1862 Battle of Second Manassas (Bull Run), Virginia. September 1,867 —_Ratileof Chantilly, Virginia - Arriving at Fairfax Staliun aller the battle, Miss Barton tended to the wounded and prepared! the injured! lor evacnation by train co Washingwun, DC, Seprember4,1962 Battle of South Mountain, Maryland - Miss Barton aided che wounded at battles near Harper's Ferry and South Mountain. September 17,1862 Battle of Antietam, Maryland - Miss Barton and her wagons arrived on the field with the Army of the Potomac prior 20 the battle. She provided. surgeons with desperately needed medical supplies. Daring the bale she ‘yas nearly killed when a bullet passed through the sleeve of her dross, keiling the yenunded man she was arcending. Aichough lacking medics raining, al the insistence of a wounded soldier, she extracted a bullet [rom his chess, using her pocket knile. Working lur several days fallowing the conflict, Miss Barton was weakened by lyphuid lever: Sepr.- Nov. 1862 Miss Barton travelled with the Army of the Potumae as it pursued the retreating Confederates inlo Virginis. She provided aid to the wounded, ‘al scveral minur skirmishes and accompanied patients to hospitals in ‘Washingwn, DC. December 13,1862 April 863, May 1863 August 10-11, 1865 January May, 1864 May 1864 June 1864 June 23, 1864 August 64 January - ‘March 10, 1865 ‘March 1865 Balle of Fredericksburg, Virginia Miss Barton assisted in a hospital of Une IX Curps, which was established ar the Lacy TTouse (Chatham, VA}. She ‘einained in the field through most of the month, following the route of the Uniou Ary, Migs Barton arrived at Hilton Head, South Caroling, in preparation Zor che ‘aulicipated bombardment of Charleston. She joined Captain David Barton, her brother and an Army Quartermaster, and Steven E, Bartoa, hee fiftsen year old nephew who way serving in the military te'egraph vilice, She met and befriended Colonel John J. Elwell Miss Harton sel Frances D. Gage, together they worked to ecucate former slaves and prepare them for their life heyond slavery, Miss Barton developed a0 interest in che growing movement for equal righty among swamen snd Alrican-Americans, Siege of It. Wagner, South Carolina - Miss Barton helped tw ex:ablish field hospitals and disteibulcd supplics following the failed assaults, Miss Harton relurned lo Washington, DC, to collecr supplies and to recuperate. Battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House near Fredericksburg, Virginia - Miss Barlon arranged for the onening, of private homes for the care of wounded wilh the assistance of Senacor Henry Wilson, chairman of the Military Allsirs Committee. Fredericksburg continued ro be an important hospital and logistical center Joc the Union Army, as wounded poured in frum thy overland campaigns advancing upon Richmond. Miss Barron is placed in charge of diet and nursing at a X Coxps hospital near Point of Rocks, Virginia, appointed by Army of the Janes Commander Major General Benjamin I, Butler. The “Bying hospital” served the ‘wounded from the almost «lily fighting outside Perersbure. The dirst Geneva Convention for the Amelioration af the Condition of ‘Wounded in Armies in the Lield is held in Geneva, Switzerland. ‘The International Committee of the Red Cross wats established, Clara Barton s uunayeare uf this event and the United States does nt joia the organtzation. ‘Miss Barton cared for her dying brother, Stephen Barwon, With the assistance of Senalor Wilson, Miss Barton won the appruval of President Abraham Lincoln to address the problem of large numbers uf! :igsng soldiers. By authority at the President, she established the Office ‘of Correspondence with I'riends of the Missing Men of the Linited States Arly on March u, Recognition by the War Repartment followed two ‘months later. She directed a four-year search far missing men. April 9, 1865 Summer 1865 February 21, 1866 March 10, 1866 1866 - 1868 November 30, 1867 December 1868 1869 September 1869 July 18, 1870 September 17,1870 Br Confederate General Robert E, Lee surrendered to General Llysses Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, signalling che end! of (he Civil War. Andersonville, Georgia - Aided largely by records kept by prison survivor Dorance Apwatat, Miss Barton assisted in the locating and marking of nearly 13,000 Linion graves. She raised the US Haga the dedt'eation of Anclersonville National Cemetery on Augast 17,1965, Mins Harton testified during the 3y:h Congress about her experience in Andersonvil (Congress appropriated $15,000 lo reimburse Miss Barlon for expenses associated with her scarch for missing men, Miss Barton delivered over 200 leclures throughoul the northeast ard imiderest regarding her Civil War experiences, She shared platforms with other prominent figures including Frederick Douglass, Ralph Waldo Emerson, William Lloyd Garrison, und Mark’ Tain. She allen earned 875 to Sioo per lectare, ‘Miss Barton met Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. the resulting fricndstaips aligned Miss Bacton with the suffrage movement. ‘Miss Barlon lost her voice while delivering a speech from fatigue and ‘mental prosiration, Miss Rarlon closed the Office of Ci Missing Men of the United States Army, having recewed and answerval 6342 letters ane !dentified 22,000 missing men. On the advice of her doctor, Miss Barton uavelled to Europe (o regain her health. While visiting Switzerland, she met Dr. Louis Appia, ancl, for the firse time, read about the Interniiunal Red Grass, Franco-Prussian War - Napoleon IM declared war on Prussia and irs ‘German allies “Miss Barton met and established a lifelang freindshi with rhe Grand Drchess Louise of Baden. daughter of Kaiser Wilhelm | Under the “sponsorship of the Grand Duchess and the Intemational Red Crass, Miss Barton lelt for the besicged city of Strasbourg, France. She met Antoinette Margot, who became her co-worker, travelling companion, and translator, In Strasbourg, they onginized elif efforts and established sewing factories in nrdar to provide clothing for the residents and employmeat for woneu. ‘Miss Barlon directed reliel work in Paris far six weeks, established ‘wurkroums in Lyon, and provided assistance in Besancon and Belfort 1872-1873 October 1873 1876 187; =1881 May 21,288 August 22,1881 Autumn 3881 March 16,1882 Spring 1882 and 1883 May 1883 1884-1890 February 1884 Mise Barton suffered from nervous exhausrion and temporarily lost her eyesight. She traveled to England in an arremmpt ro recuperate Miss Barton returned to the United States, but nervous sirain continued to plague her. Her condition worsened when her sist, Say Barton Vassall died on May 24. 1874 Miss Barton moved to Dansville, New York, first to a sanitarium and later ‘tw he: own home, Relaxation, a healthful diet, and congenial company sllowed her to regain her heaith. She mer Julian [lubbell, a chemistry ‘wacher, who eventually became her most devoted fallower. ‘Miss Barton concentrated on educating the public and gamering supparr foran American society of the Red Cross, She wrote and distributed the pamphlet, The Red Gross of the Gencva Comventici: What le fs. She met with President Rutherford B. Hayes to inform him about the Red Cross and coliste the sid of friends to help publicize the orgarizacion, The American Association of the Red Cross was formed. Miss Barton was elected president al a meeting held June y in Washington, DC. The frst local Society 0° the American Association of the Red Cross was orgarized in Dansville, Now York, Over the nex Lew months, additions chaplers were formed in ather towns andl vilies, ‘Michigan - Vorest Fires - Some 15 million acres were destroyed and nearly 300 lives were last in just aver 5 hours, Ihe American Red Cross assisted jn rebuilding more chan 5o dwellings and distributed tons of aid mate-ial Julian Hubbell directed the effort as the first chief field agent On March 1, President Chester A. Arthur signad the Ireaty of Geneva, Following unanimous ratification by the Senate, the America joined the International Red Cross, Mississippi River Floods - Miss Barion directed American Red Cross relief work during looding dong dhe Mississippi Raver and ix uibutaries, while aboard the ships Mate Helle, Miss Barton was appointed superintendent of the Massachusetts Reformatory Prison for Women in Sherborn, She aecepledl the leimpurtey postion at the request of Governor Benjamin F. Butler, bur resigned after ight months, She spoke at che Incemational Conference on Prison Reform held ix Saratoga, New York, Miss Rarton delivered ntmerous lectuces promoting the Red Cross. Ohio River Hlonds - Sever ilnniding tell over s,u00 families homeless, Miss Barton dinccied the relief effort and Ike Aincrican Reg Crass discrisured $175,000 in cash and supplies. August 1884 December 1884. November 1885 December 1885 ‘March 1886 Summer 1886 September 1886 sy June 1887 September 1887 1888 Eebruary 18h March 15,1888 August 888 Miss Barton -tavelled to Europe as one of three U.S. deleyales to th Tnlernstional Conference of the Red Cross at Geneva, Switzerland: ‘The “American Amendment,” which allowed the Red Cross to provide peacclime disaster relief; was adopted Cue in large part ro Mise Barton's innovations with the American Red Cr Dansville, New York, Typhoid Fever Epidemic ‘The American Red ‘Cross provided linsncial and medical assistance to the stricken cawen, Galveston, Texas Fires - Railroads provided free trancportation as the American Red Cross donalcd supplies, including 1ga barrels of flour Balkan War Relief - At the request of the International Red Cross, American societies provided linancial assistance during the Bulgarian and Serbian War, The Depaasy andl St, Louis Red Cross Socierigs in Missouri proviledl $590 and S200, respectively Miss Barton moved w Washinglon, DC, Miss Rarlon attended the Nutional Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) in San Francisen, California, Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquake - Clara Barton travelled to the scene and the American Red Cross donated $50, Offers were made by ‘Miss Berton for additional assistance, but were not accepted. Central Texas, Drought - Miss Rarlon’s report of the situation motivated the state logislature lo send! Sian.n00 to the stricken area, Miss Barton volunteers the services of the American Red Cross al the ‘Natioual Drill und Encampmeac in Washington, [3C., Within 6 days, 2ne cases of illness were treated in a mobile hospital Misa Bartiin served as delegate to the International Congress of the Red Cross at Carlsrube, Germany Migs Harton arrended meetings al various women’s wutitage associations and spoke at several rallies in New York, New Jersey, and Massuchuscits, She served as vice president and was a featured «pwaker of the First Intemational Wornan’s Suffrage Comference in Washinglou, DC, Mount Vernon, Ilinois, Tornado - Miss Barton and the American Red Cross assisted 3,000 homeless by providing food, shelter, and clathing Clara Barton’s brother, David Rarlon, die Jacksonville, Florida, Yellow Fever Epidemic - Miss Barton: alfocted arcas and coordinated relief with he Howsrd Association, Red Gross nurses immune to the disease were provided by the New Orleans chapter. May 31,1889 AHigo's 891 Bye March #892 1893-94 1896 Vebruary 28,1897 1898 February 15,1898 April 25,1898 Johnstown, Pennsylvania Mood - Miss Barton arrived to direct relief ‘operations after over 2,000 died and thousands mor: were left homeless During four months of work, over $200,000 in supplies and 839,000 in cash were provided. This disaster reliel program became the most ‘elehraced effort in the early history of the Ametican Red Cross. firesin Milwaukee, Red Cross provided disaster reel follow Wisconsin, a droughr in South Dakota, and s Kentucky, Texas and Lowa, Abutkling was constcucted for Miss Barton as part of Ecwin and Fedveard Ralelay’s National Chautauqua tm Glen Echo, Maryland, a few miles northwest of Washington, DC. Ihe building was primarily used as a Red Cross warehouse for soveral years, Clara Bartoa wrote the puem, The Wousen Who Went tothe bield. Russian Famine Relief Supervised by Clara Barton and Julian Hubbell, the American Red Crass sponsored ils Hirst overseas operation. Flour aud cornmeal shipments fed 7.000. Sea Islands, South Carolina, Hurricane - Afler a hurricane and tidal swave Tell over 5,090 dead, the American Red Cross labored for Lea. snon:hs aid the predominantly African-American population of the burrier islands, Armenian Famine Relief, Ottoman Fmpire Miss Barton Lnwelled lo Tstanbul and supervised the relief of the starving aad sick dunwugh the encouragment of more advunced farming techniques and hygiene practices, Miss Barton distributed aver Sis,o00 in aid despite (1e haste ‘conditions presented by the Otloman Armenian conic The warchouse in Glen cho, Maryland, became Clara Barton's ermancint residence and national headquarters fur the Amer.can Red Cross. She remodeled and occupied the house until her death in 1gta Miss burton directed American Rel Cross relief worl int Cuban reconcenrrade camps. This hunsriturian work on behalf of civilians continues until 9900, Explosion of the U. §. 8. Maine - “Lam with the wounded,” Clava Barton telegraphed President William McKinley following the explosion of the USS Maine, Phe blast killed 266 crew meanbers. Tivo days earlies, she had dined abowrd the ship with Captain Charles Sigsbec. Spanish-American War - Clara Burtan continued to coordina‘e civilian relief, established orphanages. aad supported military hospitals. Uhe first roliv! ship to ener the habor of Sanciago following its sw-tender was The Srate of Texas, with Miss Rarlor and Red Cross workers on board, She also met Coloael Theadore Roosevele and provided supplics ior wounded Rough Riders following skirmishes near Siboney Bay Octoher thigh 1899 Tune 61900 September 8, 1900 May 1902 1903 1903 December 1903 1904 May 14,1904 April gos 1907 April 12, 1912 ‘Miss Barton was elected honorary president of The Natignal Society of the Spanish War, Miss Barton resigned from the positian after learning from Susan B. Anthony that the society did not accep African-American members, Miss Barton published The Red Cross it Peace and Wi: ‘The incorporation of American Nacional Red Crass provided for protection of the organizations important insignia, Galveston, Texas, Hurricane and Tidal Wave - Hased in Galveston and Houston, Miss Barton directed her last major eld relief effort in the wake of a storm that left 6,000 dead. Tn arwo-month period. the operation distributed $120,000 worth of money and supplies, as well as, 14 million strawberry plants, Miss Barton led the 1S delegation to the International Conference uf the Red Cross in St. Pezersburg, Russia ‘The American Red Cross established che short-lived Deoartment of First Aid for the Injured Although aligned with the Universalist Church, Clara Barton became defender of Mary Baker Eddy and the Christian Science faith. Like many people of the Victorian era, Miss Barton was also interested in fata besling, astrology, and spiritualism, Butler, Pennsylvania, Typhoid Fever Epidemic - Miss Barton tavellec to the Scene, distributed supplies. and then luened Uae relief project ever 16 local authorities, Miss Barton published a book called A Story of the Red Crass, (Clara Barcan resigned as President of the American National Red Crass, in the wake of mounting criticism of her management style, ability, and age. ‘Miss Barton established the National First Aid Association of America und served as honorary president for 5 years. The organization emphasized basic first aid instruction, emergency preparedness, and loseloped fire aid kils. Ambulance hrigadkes were formed in conjunction with poe and fire departments. Miss Burton published, The Story of My Childhood, (Clara Bator. died at her home mn Glen Echo, Maryland, atthe age of go. Burial followed ac the family ceractery plotn Oxfore, Massachusects, Notes