The Lichen Genus Siphula Fr. (Lecanorales) in East Asia

2005·0.54 MB·English

by  Gintaras Kantvilas

植物研究雑誌
J. Jpn. Bot.
80:208-213(2005)
The Lichen Genus Siphula Fr. (Lecanorales) in East Asia
Gintaras KANTVILAS\ Hiroyuki KASHIWA DANIb and Kw ang Hee MOONc
aTasmanian Herbarium，P rivate Bag 4，H ob訂t，Tasmania，7 001 AUSTRALIA;
bDepartment of Botany，N ational Science Museum，
Amakubo 4-1-1，T sukuba，3 05-0005 JAPAN;
E-ma幻il上:hka部[email protected]仏o吋j.
判cN紙at町ur叫a1Science Institute，S ookmyung Women's University，S eoul，1 40-742 KOREA
(Received on February 18，2 005)
Based on observation of specimens preserved in TNS，th e widespread lichen Siphula
decumbens Ny .lis also reported from Japan，T aiwan and China. The occu'enceof S.
町
ceratites in Japan is confirmed. Some reports of other Siphula species in the region e
紅
discussed briefly.
Key words: East Asia，S iphula，Si phula decumbens.
The lichen genus SiphulαFr. is rather These records are reported here. The occur-
widely distributed throughout the world，b ut rence of Siphula in Asia in general is also
displays m司orcentres of speciation in the discussed briefly.
Southem Hemisphere，e specially in temper-
ate Australasia (including Tasmania and Material and Methods
New Zealand) (Kantvilas 1987，1 994，1 996， The study is based on collections in TNS，
1998， 2004)， southem Africa and the which were examined morphologically and
Mascarene Islands (Mathey 1974)， and chemically. Chemical analyses using thin
四
southem South America (Kantvilas 2002， layer chromatography follow standard metl
ト
Kantvilas and Elix 2002). In tropical lati- ods (Culberson and Kristinsson 1970，
tudes， the genus becomes predominantly Culberson 1972).
montane，a nd additional concentrations of
species occur in the tropical American high- Results
lands (Kantvi1as and Elix 2002) and the The genus Siphula in the East Asian re-
Malesian region (including New Guinea) glon
(Kantvilas 2002). Reports of Siphula from 1. Siphula ceratites (Wahlenb.) Fr.，
Asia are very scattered and the genus clearly Lichenogr. Europ. Reform.: 406 (1831).
has av ery sporadic distribution in the area; Baeomyces ceratites Wahlenb.， Flora
in some cases，r ecords of Siphula in Asia Lappon.: 459 (1812).
have been based on mis-identifications (e. g.， For synonymy see Kantvilas (2002).
Obermayer and Kantvi1as 2003). Morphology: Thallus forming loose
A recent opportunity for the first author to swards or tufts on soil. Lobes erect，te rete to
study the collections of Siphula held in the subterete，s imple or sparingly branched，an t-
herbarium of the Na tional Science Museum， ler-like，to 50(-70) mmta ll，0. 5-1.5(-2) mm
Tokyo (TNS) has revealed some interesting wide; surface smooth，l ongitudinally striate
new records of Siphula from East Asia. or plicate，c halky white，i vory to pale beige
司
-208-
August 2005 Journal of Japanese Botany Vo .180 No. 4 209
grey; apices generally blunt and rounded (see northern p紅白 ofthe No rth American and
also Purvis 1992). Eurasian continents. It is also known from
Chemical composition: siphulin，a ppear- the Himalayas，w ith a disjunct，s outhern-
ing in short-wave UVl ight as ap ale spot most occuencein New Guinea. This spe-
町
with low Rf，b ecoming yellow; UV+ dull cies was first recorded from Jap an by Sato
brownish after treatment with acid and heat. (1935) and was subsequently cited by Kuro-
Sometimes together with traces of siphulin- kawa (2003). The record derived from as in-
like compounds. These compounds econ- gle，un dated specimen from Mt. Kasagadake，
紅
centrated mainly in the cortex or outer parts Kohzuke Prov. (Gunma Pref.)，H onshu，a 1 0-
of the medulla，h ence the spot test reactions cality that is likely to have become signifi-
given below are best carried out on the cor- cantly ecologically degraded in recent times.
tex. Cortex and medulla P-，K + yellow- This specimen has typical mo中hologyand
orange，K C+ fleeting violet，s oon yellow- contains siphulin with traces of two，a ssoci-
orange，C + fleeting violet，s oon yellow- ated compounds with al ower Rf.
orange，U V+ p ale yellowish. The presence of Specimen examined: Japan: Honshu， Prov.
siphulin is diagnostic，a nd this compound is Kohzuke，島1tKasagadake，A . Tsunoda s. n. (TNS).
known only in two other taxa，S. pteruloides
Nyl. and S. carassana Mull. Arg.，b oth con- 2. Siphula decumbens Ny ，.l Lich. Nov.
fined to the Neotropics. Zel.: 14 (1888).
For synonymy see Kantvilas (1998).
Notes: Siphula ceratites is very wide-
spread in cold，tr eeless environments of the Morphology: Thallus in tufts or extensive
一一一一一ーでTて一一丁一一「一一「一一一「一ー↑一---~---i'~一一一
Fig. 1. Distribution of S伊huladecumbens. All general geographical occu町encehas been confirmed by the
specimens studied，w ith the exception of the East African record which is based on Krog (1991).
210 植物研究雑誌第80巻第4号 平成17年8月
swards on soil，r ocks，r otting wood or bark (Kantvilas 1998) and S. australiensis
of living trees. Lobes very variable，er ect，as - Kantvilas，an essentially foliose species with
cending or decumbent，g enerally broadly rounded，s hell-like lobes (Kantvilas 2004).
flattened，s imple or irregularly branched and The status of the Mascarene species，S .
divided; main lobes 10-20(-45) mmta ll，1 - mascarena Mathey， and its relationships
5(-15) mmw ide; ultimate branches and lob- with S. decumbens remain unresolved.
ules 0.5-2 mm wide， sometimes rather The Asian specimens reported here are all
subterete; surface chalky white to pale rather similar to each other and fall within
cream，s ometimes becoming pale pink in the the broad morphological range of S.
herbarium，d impled，a reolate，f requently in- decumbens as currently circumscribed
tensely mealy and scabrid，s ometimes fene- (Kantvilas 1998). They have essentially
strate; apices rounded and entire，o r very decumbent，o verlapping main lobes (Figs.
ragged，l obulate or nodulose (see Kantvilas 2a，b )，( 0.5ー)1-3 mmw ide，w ith ap uckered
1998 for am ore detailed description). and dimpled，s ometimes fenestrate，b ut not
Chemical composition: thamnolic acid， markedly scabrid or mealy surface. The
with traces of decarboxythamnolic acid. lobes are irregularly branched and divided，
Cortex and medulla P+ orange，K + intense with ragged apices，a nd with the ultimate
yellow，b ecoming reddish brown，K C-，C -， branchlets typically ascending to erect，c a.
UV-. 0.2 mmw ide，v ery brittle，n odulose and
Notes: This species is very widespread subterete. One specimen (Kashiwadani
(Fig. 1) and is known from the East African 39425) comprises caespitose clumps of such
highlands，s outhern Africa，住opicalAmerica， subterete lobes and lobules (Fig. 2c). The
Borneo，t he Caribbean， Guadalcanal，N ew Jap anese specimen was previously curated
Guinea， New Caledonia， New Zealand， under a nomen nudum ‘S伊hulasikokiαna
Madagascar， Reunion， Sri Lanka and Asahina'. This specimen appears to have
Tasmania (Kantvilas 1998，2 002). To this been collected from humic soi1 and rotting
extensive distribution can now be added wood growing with Odontoshisma denuda-
Taiwan，C hina and Japan，re presenting m吋or tum (Mart.) Dumort.，a nd its decumbent，
range extensions of this predominantly puckered，f enestrate lobes suggest am oist，
Southem Hemisphere lichen into the shaded habitat. The specimen from Taiwan
Northem Hemisphere (Fig. 1). It is is very simi1ar and appears to have been col-
noteworthy that to date，S. decumbens has lected from wood.
not been recorded from mainland Australia Specimens examined: Japan: Shikoku，Pr ov. Tosa，
or southem South America，es pecially as it is Mt Ohdo-yama，U maji-mura，1 A ug. 1931，F. F吋i-
kawa s.n. (TNS). Taiwan (Formosa): Taitung Pref.，
ac onspicuous species and both regions have
Mt Lachialachiaerh，1 800-2200 mal ，.t21 Jan. 1965，S.
been explored by experienced lichenologists
Kurokawa 2355 (TNS). China: Jianxi Sang，G anzhou
at least to some extent. Region，L ongnan Co.，M t. Huangniushi，J iulianshan
Siphula decumbens is an extremely vari- Mts.， on rock， 1300 m al ，.t 21 July 1995，H .
able species but much of its mo叩hological Kashiwadani 39425 (TNS); same locality，o n bark of
Castanopsis，c a. 1000 m al ，.t 21 July 1995，H .
variation can be interpreted in terms of habi-
Kashiwadani 39452 (TNS).
tat factors (Kantvilas 1998). Nevertheless，
following extensive field studies，tw o closely
Misidentification or doubtful record
related，t hamnolic acid-containing species ル
1. Siphula fuscidula Zahlbr. and S. scidula
have been recognized in Australasia: S.
V低 minorZahlbr.
gracilis Kantvilas，w ith very elongate，sl en-
Both of these names esynonyms for the
紅
der， simple to sparsely branched lobes
August 2005 Joumal of Japanese Botany Vo .l80 No. 4 211
Fig. 2. Siphula decumbens. a: General view showing typical，b road，d ecumbent lobes (F. Fujikawa s. n.，
TNS). b: Lobe details of the same specimen. c: Specimen with narrow，e rect lobes (H. Kashiwadani
39425，T NS). Scale = 1m m.
widespread，co ol to cold temperate，No rthern 2. Siphula cladonioidea Vainio
Hemisphere lichen Sphaerophorus fragilis This taxon is now recognised as as pecies
(L.) Pers. (Spherophoraceae). in the family Verrucariaceae and is known as
Neocatapyrenium cladonioideum (Vainio)
Harada.
212 植物研究雑誌第80巻第4号 平成17年8月
3. Siphula himalayensis (Rasanen) Kantvilas which enabled him to undertake lichen stud-
This Himalayan species has been shown ies in Jap an. We thank the Shanghai
by Obermayer and Kantvilas (2003) to be an Museum of Natural History for guidance in
extreme， fruticose form of the normally field study in Jiang Ci Sang， Dr. S.
crustose lichen，L ecanora geophilα(Th. Fr.) Kurokawa，T oyama，f or his critical reading
Poelt. Elaborately developed， somewhat of the manuscript and comments，D r. M.
Siphula-like thalli in crustose lichens grow- Higuchi of the National Science Museum，
ing in extreme environments are not unusual Tokyo，f or the identification of the associ-
(Obermayer and Kantvilas 2003). In TNS， ated liverwort specimen， and Mrs. H.
there 'ecollections from Sikkim and Nepal Ebihara for her skilful assistance with t.l.c.
紅
of unusual，t erricolous，f ruticose lichen，la - analyses. This study was partly supported by
beled ‘Siphula contorta'. These specimens aG rant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from
contain atranorin，al ectoronic and -collatollic the Ministry of Education， Science and
acids，a nd one has af ew lecanorine apothe- Culture of Japan (No. 07041151 to H.
cia with the anatomy，c rimson intemal pig- Koyama).
mentation and simple spores typical of the
genus Tephromela. This material is 工 References
siphulodes Poelt & Grube，d escribed origi- Culberson C. F. 1972. Improved conditions and new
nally from Nepal (Poelt and Grube 1993). It data for the identification of lichen products by a
standardized thin-layer chroamtographic method. J.
remains to be seen whether this taxon is dis-
Chrom. 72: 113-125.
tinct from the widespread T. atra (Huds.)
一一-and Kristinsson H. A. 1970. A standardized
Hafellner ex Kalb，or whether it is simply a
method for the identification of lichen products. J
very elaborate mo叩hotype adapted to Chromatogr. 46: 85-93.
growth in an extreme environment. Kantvilas G. 1987. Siphula jamesii，a n ew lichen from
south-westem Tasmania. Nord. J. Bot. 7: 585-588.
4. Siphula pteruloides Nyl. 一一一 1994.Siphula elixu，a n ew lichen from Tasmania
and New Zealand. New Zeal. J. Bot. 32: 17-20.
This species has been recorded from
一一一 1996.Studies on the lichen genus Siphula in
China by Wei (1991). However，t o our Tasmania 1. S. complanata and its allies. Herzogia
knowledge，S . pteruloides is confined en- 12: 7-22.
tirely to the Neotropics (Kantvilas and Elix 一一一 1998.Studies on the lichen genus Siphula in
2002)，a nd all the occasional records of this Tasmania 11. The S. decumbens group. Herzogia
13: 119-138.
lichen from elsewhere have proved to be in-
一一2002.Studies on the lichen genus Siphula.
coect. Although no Chinese specimens
町 Bibliotheca Lichenol. 82: 37-53.
have been examined，th is record can be con- 一一一2004.New Australian species in the licheri genus
sidered highly doubtful. Siphula Fr. Austrobaileya 6: 949-955.
The following specimen，s een and exam- 一一一andElix J. A. 2002. The taxonomy，c hemistry
and mohologyof some South American species
ined in TNS，re presents as ignificant north- 中
of Siphula. Herzogia 15: 1-12.
em range extension of this species into
Krog H. 1991. Lichenological observations in low
Mexico; previously this species was known montane rainforests of eastem Tanzania. In:
to us only from as far north as Costa Rica. Galloway D. 1. (ed.)，T ropical Lichens; Their
Mexico: Oaxaca，b etween Jacatepec and gap of the Systematics，Co nservation and Ecology，pp . 85-94.
road，ca. 2970 ma ltitude，27 Dec. 1970，S. Nakanishi Clarendon Press，O xford.
376 (TNS). Kurokawa S. (ed.) 2003. Checklist of Japanese
Lichens. National Science Museum，T okyo.
G. Kantavilas acknowledges with thanks Mathey A. 1974. Contribution a l'etude du genre
Siphula (Lichens) en Afrique. Nova Hedwigia 22:
the support of the National Science Museum
795-878.
August 2005 Journal of Japanese Botany Vol. 80 No. 4 213
Obermayer W. and Kantvilas G. 2003. The identity of W.，C oppins B. J.，H awksworth D. L.， [Title] p.
the lichens Siphula himalayensis and Lecanora 564. Natural History Museum Publications，
teretiuscula. Herzogia 16: 27-34. London.
Poelt J. and Grube M. 1993. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Sato M. M. 1935. Studies on the lichens of Japan (V).
Flechtenflora des Himalaya VI- Die Gattung J. Jpn. Bot. 11: 238-244.
Tephromela (mit Bemerkungen zum Genus Wei J.-C. 1991. An Enumeration of the Lichens in
Heppsora). Nova Hedwigia 57: 1-17. China. International Academic Publishers，B eijing.
Purvis O. W. 1992. Siphula Fr. (1831). In: Purvis O.
G. カンタヴィラス ，柏谷博之 ，文 光喜 .東
a h c
アジアのシ口ツノゴケ属(チャシブゴケ目)
東アジアから報告のあるシロツノゴケ属につい S伊huladecumbens (コノTノシロツノゴケ，新称)
て分類学的検討を行った.本属の日本産種として は温帯から熱帯に広く分布する.アジアで、はニュー
はシロツノゴケ (Siphulaceratites)が群馬県笠ケ ギニアとスリランカに生育することが知られてい
岳産の標本をもとに報告されている(佐藤 1935). たが東アジアからの報告はなかった.今回，国立
しかし引用された標本が最近まで所在不明であっ 科学博物館に保管されている本属の標本を精査し
たため本種が日本に実在する確証が得られていな た結果，日本，台湾，中国で採集された標本が見
かった.最近になって筆者の一人文は故朝比奈泰 っかり，その東アジアにおける分布域は温帯域ま
彦博士から国立科学博物館に寄贈された標本の中 で、広がっていることが明らかになった.日本では
に，かつて佐藤博士によって引用された笠ヶ岳産 高知県馬路村大戸山で1931年に一度だけ採集され
の標本を見つけ出し，再検討の結果シロツノゴケ ているが，その後採集された記録はない.コバノ
であることを再確認した.この標本は角田愛花 シロツノゴケの地衣体は小型で高さ 3-5mm，数
(金五郎)氏によって採集されたものであるが， 回分枝しタムノール酸を含むので，地衣体が大型
採集年月日は不明である.シロツノゴケはユーラ で高さ長さ 50mm，柱状でほとんど分枝せず，シ
シア大陸，北米大陸の冷涼な気候を好んで生育し， フリンを含むシロツノゴケとは容易に区別できる.
アジアではヒマラヤとニューギニアから報告され (aタスマニア植物標本館，
ている.日本を含む東アジアからの報告はこれ以 国立科学博物館植物研究部，
b
外にはない，圏内でもその後採集された記録はな 淑明女子大学自然科学研究所)
c
し=