The Liberal Model and Africa: Elites Against Democracy PDF
Preview The Liberal Model and Africa: Elites Against Democracy
International Political Economy Series General Editor: Timothy M. Shaw, Professor of Commonwealth Governance and Development, the Director of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London Titles include: Glenn Adler and Jonny Steinberg (editors) FROM COMRADES TO CITIZENS The South African Civics Movement and the Transition to Democracy Glenn Adler and Eddie Webster (editors) TRADE UNIONS AND DEMOCRATIZATION IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1985–1997 Einar Braathen, Morten Bøås and Gutermund Sæther (editors) ETHNICITY KILLS? The Politics of War, Peace and Ethnicity in Sub-Saharan Africa Deborah Bräutigam CHINESE AID AND AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT Exporting Green Revolution Gavin Cawthra SECURING SOUTH AFRICA’S DEMOCRACY Defence, Development and Security in Transition Jennifer Clapp ADJUSTMENT AND AGRICULTURE IN AFRICA Farmers, the State and the World Bank in Guinea Neta C. Crawford and Audie Klotz (editors) HOW SANCTIONS WORK Lessons from South Africa Susan Dicklitch THE ELUSIVE PROMISE OF NGOs IN AFRICA Lessons from Uganda Kevin C. Dunn and Timothy M. Shaw (editors) AFRICA’S CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY Kenneth Good THE LIBERAL MODEL AND AFRICA Elites against Democracy Kees Kingma (editor) DEMOBILIZATION IN SUBSAHARAN AFRICA The Development and Security Impacts Clever Mumbengegwi (editor) MACROECONOMIC AND STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT POLICIES IN ZIMBABWE Nana Poku REGIONALIZATION AND SECURITY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Howard Stein, Olu Ajakaiye and Peter Lewis (editors) DEREGULATION AND THE BANKING CRISIS IN NIGERIA A Comparative Study Peter Vale, Larry A. Swatuk and Bertil Oden (editors) THEORY, CHANGE AND SOUTHERN AFRICA’S FUTURE International Political Economy Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71708-0 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England The Liberal Model and Africa Elites against Democracy Kenneth Good Professor of Political Studies University of Botswana © Kenneth Good 2002 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002 978-0-333-79042-7 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2002 by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 978-1-349-41890-9 ISBN 978-0-230-00113-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230001138 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Good, Kenneth, 1933– The liberal model and Africa : elites against democracy / Kenneth Good. p. cm.—(International political economy series) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Democracy. 2. Elite (Social sciences) 3. Botswana – Politics and government – 1966- 4. South Africa – Politics and government – 1994- 5. United States – Politics and government. I. Title. II. International political economy series (Palgrave (Firm)) JC423.G6335 2001 321.8—dc21 2001036490 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 To Clara, Rosa, Hannahand Ursula, further along their roads ‘Never believe governments, not any of them, not a word they say; keep an untrusting eye on all they do.’ Martha Gellhorn ‘The first task of free men is to call all things by their right names.’ Judge Irving Younger Contents List of Abbreviations x Value of the Botswana Pula xii Preface xiii Part I Autocratic Elites and Enfeebled Masses: Africa, Botswana and South Africa 1 1 Autocratic Elites and Enfeebled Masses: Africa, Botswana and South Africa 3 Capitalist barbarism 3 Legitimized autocracy 6 Toad Kings: old and new 7 Barbarism intensified 9 The insufficiency of elite democracy 13 Empowered elites, passive masses 14 Accountable to themselves 19 2 Routinized Injustice: The Situation of the San in Botswana 23 The inheritance and the continuity 25 Drought relief and food aid 28 The low wages policy 30 Cattle production and the absence of land rights 33 Relocation and dispossession: repeated experiences 42 Hunting and tourism 49 Welfare: destitutes programme and pensions 57 The Remote Area Development Programme (RADP): governmental keystone 60 Routinized injustice: subordination in schooling and law 62 Representations 65 Part II The USA 69 3 The Liberal Capitalist Paradigm: Elitism and Injustice in the United States 71 American capitalism 71 vii viii Contents American liberal democracy 76 Manipulative elites and nihilistic liberalism 82 Regulated/‘stakeholder’ capitalism and social democracy 85 The American spectre 88 Part III South Africa Prelude to South Africa 91 4 Elitism’s Place in the ANC 93 Talks and non-accountability 96 Elite immunity and non-accountability 98 Elite consensus, elite control 101 Mangosuthu Buthelezi and the IFP 103 Nurturing silence 107 5 Universalizing an Incomplete Predominance 110 Deepening predominance 112 Predominance and the opposition parties 113 Elite non-accountability: the crimes and impunity of Madikizela-Mandela 116 Predominance and the Mbeki–Zuma presidency 124 Universalizing predominance 125 Real predominance 127 Predominance without content 127 6 Predominance and the Empowerment Goose 137 The elite and big business 138 Empowering the arms trade 142 Getting rich quick 147 The ANC and the promotion of black capitalism 152 Entrenchment of the ruling elite 153 Goose for the few, racism for the many 154 The naked emperor: empowerment and racism 157 Enduring alliances: elitism, racism and the people 161 Part IV From Ancient to Future Worlds 165 7 Participatory Democracy: The Reality and the Continuing Aspiration – Athens, Britain and South Africa 167 The Levellers’ participatory impulse 170 Equality and self-determination 172 Contents ix Towards participatory democracy in South Africa 173 The trade union movement and the UDF 175 Organization against elitism 176 COSATU and a highly-unionized society 182 Extending democratization in South Africa 184 The Unending Struggle 191 Notes 194 Index 246
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