The learned king : the reign of Alfonso X of Castile

406 Pages·1993·82.74 MB·English

by  Joseph F. O'Callaghan

THE LEARNED KING
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THE
LEARNED
l(ING
The Reign of
Alfonso X of Castile
JOSEPH F. o'cALLAGHAN
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University of Pennsylvania Press
Philadelphia
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University of Pennsylvania Press
1 MIDDLE AGES SERIES
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Edited by Edwtml Peters
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Henry Charles Lea Professor of Medieval History
University of Pennsylvania
A listing of the available books in the series appears at the
back of this volume
Publication of this volume was assisted by a subvention from the Program
for Cultural UX>pcration Between Spain's Ministry of Culture and United
States Universities.
Copyrighet 1993 by the University of PennsylvaniaP rCM
All rights rcscrvcd
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congt"C" <:ataloging-in-Publication Data
O'Callaghan, Joseph F.
The lcamcd king: the reign of Alfonso X of Castile/ Joseph F. O'Callaghan.
p. an. - (Middle Ages series)
Includes bibliographical referencesa nd index.
ISBN 0-8122-3226-7
1. Alfonso X, King ofCa.ttile and Lc6n, 1221-1284. 2. Castile (Spain)-His
tory-Alfonso X, 12s2-12&4-. 3. Castile (Spain)-Kings and rulers-Biography.
I. Title. II. Series.
DP14(). 3.02s 1993
946' .02'092-dc20 93-13417
[B] CIP
Frontispiece
Alfonso X surrounded by his musicians and scribes. Cantigas de Santa
Maria, Prologue B. Escorial, Ms T. 1. j.
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For
Billy, Cathy,A nnie, and Joe
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Contents
List of Illustrations
IX
Abbreviations and Citations
X
Genealogical Table
XU
Maps XIV
Preface XVll
Introduction
I
1. The King and His Kingdoms s
2. The Ideology of Government 17
3. The Tools of Government 31
4. The Church 49
s.
The Nobility 64
6. The Municipalities 81
7. Religious Minorities 96
8. The Economy 114
9. Literature and Leaming 131
10. The Peninsular Christian States 147
11. The African Crusade 163
12. The Revolt of the Mudejars 181
13. The Quest for Empire 198
14. The Revolt of the Nobles 214
1s. The Benimerines and the Succession Crisis 234
16. The End of the Reign 252
17. The Learned King 270
Notes 283
Bibliography
349
Index 377
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Illustrations
Frontispiece. Alfonso X surrounded by his musicians and
scribes. Cantig11d1e Santa MM'UI, Prologue B. Escorial,
Ms T.1.j.
1. A wicked mother-in-law orders a Moor to sleep with her
son's wife and summons the police, who bum the Moor,
but Holy Mary saves the good wife. C11,r,tig1d1e 1S 11nt11
MM'UI, 185.E scorial, Ms T.1.j.
2. A farmer gives his boy a young donkey, which dies, but
recovers through the intercession of Holy Mary. CantigllS
de S1mt11Mlmll,1 78.E scorial, Ms T.1.j.
3. When stonns threaten their ship, merchants arc saved and
after selling their wares at Acre offer thanksgiving at the
shrine of Holy Mary at Salas. Qmtigar de S11nt1M1l, mll, 172.
Escorial, Ms T.1.j.
4. A Christian taken captive by the Moors is restored to
liberty by Holy Mary. Omtigar de S11nt1M1a rl/I, 83.
Escorial, Ms T.1.j.
s.
The Moors request permission from Infante Alfonso,
Jaime I, Alfonso X, and <Abd Allah to remove the church
of St. Mary from the Arrixaca of Murcia. OintigRSd e S11,nta
Mlmll, 169. Escorial, Ms T.1.j.
6. Abii Yusuf, the emir of the Benimerines, is defeated in
Morocco by Christian knights bearing the banner of Holy
Mary. CMitigRSd eS 11,r,tMa lmll, 181.E scorial T.1.j
7. Alfonso X recovers his health at Vitoria when the book of
the OintigRS is laid on his body. CantigllSt ie Stmt11M, lmll,
209. Florence, Bibliotcca Nazionale, Ms Banco Rari 20.
8. Alfonso X, the Troubadour of Holy Mary. C1mtig11d1e
S11nt1M1 11rillP, rologue A. Escorial T.1.j.
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Abbreviationsa nd Citations
AC Archivo Catedralicio
ACA Archivo de la Corona de Arag6n, Barcelona
AEM Anuario de EstudiosM etliewues
AHDE AnURriod e Historia del DerechoE spMUJl
AHN Archivo Hist6rico Nacional, Madrid
AM Archivo Municipal
ANTT Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Lisbon
BAE Bibliotecad e Autores Espanoles2. 03 vols. thus far. Madrid:
Real Academia Espanola, 1846-.
BEC Bibliothe1Judt e l'Ecoled es Chartes
BL British Library, London
BN Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid
BRAH Boletlnd e ui Real Academiad e la Historia
CAX Cr6nicad el reyd onAlfonsoX. BAE, 66: 3-66.
CDACA Colecciond e documentosi neditosd elA rchi110d e la Corona
de Amg6n. Ed. Prospero de Bofarull ct al. 41 vols.
Barcelona: Imprenta del Archivo, 1847-1910.
CHE Cuadernosd e Historia de Espana
CLC Cortesd e losa n#tJuosr einosd e Le6n y Castilla. s vols.
Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 1861-1903.
CODOIN Colecciond e documentosin editosp ara la historia de Espana.
Ed. Martln Fernandez de Navarrete ct al. 112 vols.
Madrid: Calera and others, 1841-1895.
CODOM Colecciond e documentosp ara la H istoriad el Reino de
Murcia. Ed. Juan Torres Fontes ct al. 18 vols. thus far.
Murcia: Academia Alfonso cl Sabio, 1963-.
CSM Cantigas de Santa Marili. Ed. Walter Mettmann. 4 vols.
Coimbra: Universidadc de Coimbra, 1959-1974; reprint,
2 vols. Vigo: Edicions Xerais de Galicia, 1981.
DAAX Manuel Gonzalez Jimenez, DiplomatarioAn/UUuzd e
AlfonsoX . Seville: El Monte. Caja de Huelva y Sevilla,
1991.
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Abbreviations and Citations x1
EHR EnglishH istoricRRJ eview
ES EspanaS agrtula.E d. Enrique Fl6rez et al. 52 vols.
Madrid: Antonio Marin and others, 1754- 1918.
HID H istoriRI, nstitucionesD, ocummtos
MGHSS Monument11G emumiae Historica,S criptoresE. d. G.H.
Pertz et al. Hannover and Berlin: Hahn and others, 1826-.
MHE MemorialH ist6ricoE sp11noslo. v ols. Madrid: Real
Academia de la Historia, 1851-1 963.
MIOG Mitteuungen desI nstituts fur Osterreichische
Geschichtsforschung
Partida (BM) PrimeraP artida segune l manuscritoA dd. 20.78Jd el British
Museum. Ed. Juan Antonio Arias Bonet. Valladolid:
Universidad de Valladolid, 1975.
PCG Primera Cr6nicaG enera/,E. d. Ram6n Menendez Pidal.
2 vols. Madrid: Gredos, 1955.
PMH PortugaliaeM onumenta Historica.E d. Aleixandre
Herculano et al. 6 vols. Lisbon: Academia Real das
Ciencias de Lisboa, 1856-1897.
RABM Rnist11d e ArchiJ10BS,i blioteCIyI SM useos
RAH Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid
RHF Recueu desh istoriensd es Gaulese t de la France.E d. Martin
Bouquet et al. 24 vols. Paris: Academic des Inscriptions
et Belles Lettres, 1738- 1904.
A NOTEO N CITATION OF THE CUADERNOS OF THE CoRTES
In citing laws enacted in the cortes the site of the cortes precedes the date
and the number of the article in the printed edition, e.g., Valladolid 1258,
art. 1. References are to the following editions:
Seville 1252: Georg Gross, "Las Cortes de 1252. Ordenamiento otor
gado al concejo de Burgos en las cortes celebradas en Sevilla el 12 de oc
rubre de 1252 (segwt el original), BRAH 182 (1985): 95-114.
Seville 1253L (Leonese cuaderno): Matias Rodriguez Diez, Hirtoria de
la audluld e Astorga, ut ed. (Astorga: Porfirio L6pez, 1909 ), 697-713.
Valladolid 1258: CLC, I, 54-63.
Seville 1261: Rodriguez Dfez, Astorga, 715-720.
Jerez 1268: CLC, I, 64-85.
The Ordinance of Zamora 1274: CLC, I, 87-94.
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THE FAMILY OF ALFONSO X OF CASTILE
Fernando II of Lc6n Alfonso VIII of Castile
1157-88 1158-1214
Alfonso IX of Lc6n - Bercnguela Enrique I of Castile
1188-1230 + 1246 1214-17
Jaime I of Aragon Fernando II I of Castile and Leon - ( 1 ) Beatrice of Swabia
1213-76 1217-52 +1235
I
Pedro III Violante • Alfonso X Fadrique Enrique Felipe Sancho Manuel
1276-8S 123~1300 1221-84 +1277 +1304 +1274 +1261 +1283
Bercngucla Beatriz Fernando Leonor Sancho IV Constanza Pedro
12S3-13?? 1254-80 de la Cerda 1256?-75 1258-95 1259?-? 1261-83
-William of 1255-75 • Maria de - Marguerite
Montferrat - Blanche Molina of Narbonne
d. Louis IX
I
Alfonso Fernando Fernando IV
1270-1327 1272-? 1285-1312
ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN OF ALFONSO X
Alfonso X -I Mayor Guillen
__ -:,::s~•
-------------::-::-- ,,,"
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Alfonso Fernandez Urraca Manin Beatriz - Afonso III of Portugal
[phone] 1245-79
I
Dinis
1279-1325
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