The laws protecting animals and ecosystems

504 Pages·2018·14.666 MB·English

by  Rees, Paul A

(cid:2)
TheLawsProtectingAnimalsandEcosystems
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
The Laws Protecting Animals and Ecosystems
PaulA.Rees
(cid:2) (cid:2)
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Thiseditionfirstpublished2018©2018byJohnWiley&SonsLtd
Registeredoffice:JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
Editorialoffices:9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK
TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030-5774,USA
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor
permissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell
TherightofPaulA.ReestobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUK
Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,in
anyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedby
theUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnames
andproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir
respectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.Itissoldon
theunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceor
otherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought.
Thecontentsofthisworkareintendedtofurthergeneralscientificresearch,understanding,anddiscussiononly
andarenotintendedandshouldnotberelieduponasrecommendingorpromotingaspecificmethod,diagnosis,or
treatmentbyhealthsciencepractitionersforanyparticularpatient.Thepublisherandtheauthormakeno
representationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisworkand
(cid:2) specificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimpliedwarrantiesoffitnessforaparticular (cid:2)
purpose.Inviewofongoingresearch,equipmentmodifications,changesingovernmentalregulations,andthe
constantflowofinformationrelatingtotheuseofmedicines,equipment,anddevices,thereaderisurgedtoreview
andevaluatetheinformationprovidedinthepackageinsertorinstructionsforeachmedicine,equipment,ordevice
for,amongotherthings,anychangesintheinstructionsorindicationofusageandforaddedwarningsand
precautions.Readersshouldconsultwithaspecialistwhereappropriate.ThefactthatanorganizationorWebsiteis
referredtointhisworkasacitationand/orapotentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthattheauthor
orthepublisherendorsestheinformationtheorganizationorWebsitemayprovideorrecommendationsitmay
make.Further,readersshouldbeawarethatInternetWebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappeared
betweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhenitisread.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbyany
promotionalstatementsforthiswork.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliableforanydamagesarising
herefrom.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publicationdatahasbeenappliedfor.
ISBN:9781118876459
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe
availableinelectronicbooks.
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImage:Agreyseal(Halichoerusgrypus)colonyontheFarneIslands,UnitedKingdom.Courtesyof
PaulA.Rees
Setin10/12pt,WarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Onlytothewhitemanwasnaturea‘wilderness’andonlytohimwastheland‘infested’
with‘wild’animalsand‘savage’people.Tousitwastame.
ChiefLutherStandingBearoftheOglalabandoftheSioux
(cid:2) For (cid:2)
ElliotHenryClark
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
vii
Contents
AbouttheAuthor xv
WhatIsThisBookFor? xvii
Acknowledgements xix
ExplanatoryNotes xxi
TheMeaningofSomeTermsUsedintheLaw xxiii
ANoteonSex xxv
AbbreviationsandAcronyms xxvii
Glossary xxxiii
Introduction xxxv
(cid:2) (cid:2)
PartI LegalPrinciplesandConcepts 1
1 LegalSystems:National,EuropeanandInternational 3
1.1 LegalJurisdictions 3
1.2 NationalLaws 3
1.2.1 WhatIsNationalLaw? 3
1.2.2 TheProcessofEnactingNewNationalLaws 7
1.2.3 DelegatedLegislation 12
1.2.4 LookingforNationalLaws 14
1.2.5 FederalSystemsofLaw 15
1.3 TheEuropeanUnionandEuropeanLaw 15
1.3.1 Principles 15
1.3.2 Institutions 15
1.3.3 EUPrimaryLegislation 17
1.3.4 EUSecondaryLegislation 18
1.3.5 TheRoleoftheEuropeanCourtofJustice 21
1.4 InternationalLaw 22
1.4.1 SourcesofInternationalLaw 22
1.4.2 Principles 23
1.4.3 Titles 23
1.4.4 HowaTreatyIsFormed 25
1.4.5 StructureofInternationalTreaties 25
1.4.6 SoftLaw 35
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
viii Contents
1.4.7 MemorandaofUnderstanding 38
1.4.8 InternationalInstitutions 38
1.5 CaseLawandLawReports 39
1.5.1 HowAreLegalCasesNamed? 43
1.6 AmendingtheLaw 44
1.7 WheretoFindtheLaw 45
1.7.1 LegalEncyclopaediasandWebSites 45
1.7.2 WheretoFindUKLaws 46
1.7.3 WheretoFindUSLaws 46
1.8 ReadingLegislation 48
1.9 LegalJournals 50
2 LegalPrinciplesandEthics 53
2.1 LegalPersonality,LocusStandiandUltraVires 53
2.1.1 LegalPersonality 53
2.1.2 LocusStandiandPressureGroups 53
2.1.3 JudicialReviewandUltraVires 55
2.2 Ethics,Precaution,EquityandPresumptionofGuilt 56
2.2.1 EnvironmentalEthicsandAnimalRights 56
2.2.2 IntrinsicValue 59
2.2.3 PrecautionaryPrinciple 60
2.2.4 RightsofFutureGenerations:Inter-generationalEquity 61
(cid:2) 2.2.5 StrictLiabilityandtheBurdenofProofinWildlifeOffences 62 (cid:2)
3 Beliefs,ReligionandHistory 65
3.1 Totems,CreationMythsandFadies–theProtectionofAnimalsand
EcosystemsbyAncientBeliefs 65
3.2 AncientBeliefsasaThreattoWildlife 70
3.3 AnimalsandReligion 70
3.4 AShortandIncompleteHistoryoftheLawsProtectingAnimals,Plantsand
Ecosystems 76
4 TheLegalStatusofOrganismsandAccesstoWildPlaces 83
4.1 WhoOwnsWildlife? 83
4.2 TheftofWildlife 88
4.3 WhoistheKeeperofanAnimal? 88
4.4 LiabilityfortheActionsofAnimals 89
4.5 RightsofAccesstoOpenLandandWater 91
5 DefinitionsofDifferentCategoriesofLivingThings 95
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 TheBinomialSystemofNomenclature 95
5.3 DefinitionofaSpecies 99
5.4 WhatIsanAnimal? 100
5.5 WhatIsaPlant? 101
5.6 DefiningHabitatTypes 103
5.7 DefinitionsofWildlifeandTypesofOrganisms 103
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Contents ix
5.7.1 WildlifeandNature 103
5.7.2 WildBirds 104
5.7.3 Fishes 105
5.7.4 GameandFurbearers 107
5.7.5 Parts,TrophiesandSpecimens 109
5.7.6 AlienSpeciesandAnimalandPlantPests(Weeds) 112
5.7.7 CaptiveandDomesticAnimals 113
5.7.8 DangerousAnimalsandSpecies 115
5.7.9 FarmAnimalsandLivestock 116
5.7.10 CompanionAnimals,AssistanceAnimalsandWorkingDogs 117
5.7.11 CaseLawandDefinitions 119
PartII MechanismsandEnforcement 121
6 LegalMechanismsI:TheProtectionofWildAnimalsand
Plants 123
6.1 Introduction 123
6.2 TheSpeciesApproachtoWildlifeConservation 123
6.2.1 CreatingNewOrganizationstoProtectSpecificTaxa 123
6.2.2 ListingProtectedandDangerousSpecies–Schedules,Appendicesand
Annexes 125
(cid:2) 6.2.3 ProblemswithHybrids 131 (cid:2)
6.3 KillingandHarassmentofAnimalsandPlantExploitation 133
6.3.1 ProhibitionofTaking,KillingandCapturingWildAnimals 133
6.3.2 TakingofFemalesandTheirYoung 134
6.3.3 ProtectionfromDisturbanceandHarassment 137
6.3.4 ProtectionofBreedingandShelteringPlaces 139
6.3.5 ProtectionofBirds’Eggs 142
6.3.6 ProhibitiononPicking,Uprootingetc.ofPlants 143
6.3.7 ExemptionsandtheLicensingofOtherwiseProhibitedActivities 144
6.4 RegulationoftheMethodsandTimingofTaking,KillingandCapturing 146
6.4.1 RegulationofMethods 149
6.4.2 CloseSeasonsandEmergencyOrders 161
6.5 SustainableUseofResources–Hunting,FishingandBioprospecting 163
6.5.1 ProhibitionoftheExplorationofBiologicalResources 164
6.5.2 UseofResourcesbyIndigenousPeoples 167
6.5.3 NoTakeZones 171
6.5.4 ExclusiveEconomicZones 173
6.5.5 RestrictionsontheSizeofAnimalsthatMayBeTaken 175
6.5.6 SportHunting 177
7 LegalMechanismsII:TheProtectionofHabitatsand
Ecosystems 183
7.1 DefiningEcosystems 183
7.2 ProtectionoftheEarth’sEcosystemandSitesofGlobalImportance 183
7.2.1 WorldHeritageSites 183
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
x Contents
7.2.2 BiosphereReserves 186
7.2.3 GlobalProtectionofBiodiversity 187
7.2.4 ProtectionoftheGlobalEcosystem:ClimateChange 188
7.2.5 ProtectionofPolarAreas 190
7.2.6 ProtectionofFreshwaterHabitats 192
7.2.7 ProtectionofMarineWaters 195
7.2.8 ProtectionofForests,TreesandHedgerows 198
7.3 ProtectedAreasandtheProtectionofMigratoryRoutes 209
7.3.1 PrivatelyOwnedNatureReserves 210
7.3.2 EstablishmentofProtectedAreas 212
7.3.3 ProhibitionofCertainActivitiesinProtectedAreasandForests 237
7.3.4 ProtectionofMigrationRoutes 241
7.3.5 PowerstoAcquireLand 244
7.3.6 ConservationEasements 245
7.3.7 IsThereaNeedforAirspaceReserves? 246
8 LegalMechanismsIII:Restoration,TradeandConflicts 247
8.1 RestorationofPopulationsandEcosystems 247
8.1.1 ReintroductionofAnimalstotheWild 247
8.1.2 RecoveryPlans,ActionPlansandAbatementPlans 256
8.1.3 RestorationofRareandThreatenedHabitats 258
8.1.4 RoleofEx-situConservation 259
(cid:2) 8.1.5 ConservationofBiodiversity–DutyImposedonGovernment (cid:2)
Departments 260
8.1.6 IdentificationofAnimalsBredinCaptivity 260
8.1.7 ProhibitionontheIntroduction,SpreadingorReleaseofExoticandPest
Species 261
8.2 RestrictionsontheTradeandExhibitionofProtectedSpecies 266
8.2.1 TheHistoricalImportanceofWildlifeasSymbolsofPowerand
Friendship 266
8.2.2 RestrictionsonTransportationandTrade 268
8.2.3 RestrictionontheExhibitionofRareSpecies 275
8.2.4 ProductLabelling 276
8.3 ProblemAnimalsandHuman–AnimalConflict 279
8.3.1 ProblemAnimalsandFood 279
8.3.2 ConfiningDomesticandProblemAnimals 282
8.3.3 ProblemAnimalControl 285
8.3.4 ReductionofHuman–AnimalConflict 289
9 LegalMechanismsIV:Planning,Knowledge,Fundingand
Enforcement 293
9.1 PlanningPolicyandNatureConservation 293
9.1.1 RequirementforanEnvironmentalImpactAssessment 293
9.1.2 EIAintheEuropeanUnion 293
9.1.3 EIAintheUnitedStates:theNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct(NEPA)of
1969 295
9.1.4 GreenRoofs 299
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
Contents xi
9.2 GatheringandDisseminatingInformation 300
9.2.1 IdentificationandMonitoringofWildlife 300
9.2.2 PublicEducationandAwareness 301
9.2.3 TransferofKnowledgeandExchangeofInformation 302
9.2.4 PromotingResearch 303
9.3 FundingandLegislation 304
9.3.1 TransferofFundingbetweenRichandPoorStates 304
9.3.2 AllocationofGovernmentFundingforConservation 305
9.3.3 AgriculturalPayments 309
9.3.4 FundRaisingforConservation 310
9.3.5 TaxBenefitsforConservation 310
9.3.6 ImprovingLegislationandItsEnforcement 311
10 AnimalWelfareandtheLaw 313
10.1 Introduction 313
10.2 DefiningCruelty 314
10.3 TheFiveFreedoms 315
10.4 AnimalCrueltyandViolencetowardsHumans 315
10.5 ProvisionofVeterinaryTreatment 316
10.6 AnimalRightsLegalCases 317
10.7 LegalMechanismsUsedtoProtectandControlDomesticandCaptive
Animals 319
(cid:2) (cid:2)
10.7.1 Limitationon,orProhibitionof,ExcessivePhysicalActivityandTypesof
Restraint 319
10.7.2 ProvisionofSanctuariesforRetiredWorkingandLaboratoryAnimals 322
10.7.3 LimitationonFeedingMethods 323
10.7.4 ProhibitionofMutilationandOtherCruelPractices 323
10.7.5 RegulationofAnimalExperiments 326
10.7.6 RequirementforOwnersofAnimalstoProvideProperCareand
Accommodation 329
10.7.7 ProvisionofPublicEducation 338
10.7.8 LicensingofPremisesUsedforKeeping,Breeding,Boarding,Sellingand
ExhibitingAnimals 338
10.7.9 ControlandLicensingofDomesticAnimals 344
10.7.10 ProhibitionofAnimalFighting 352
10.7.11 ProtectionofAnimalsUsedinEntertainmentandGambling 354
10.7.12 RegulationoftheTransportationandMovementofAnimals 358
10.7.13 ControlofDiseasedWildAnimals 364
10.7.14 HumaneandReligiousSlaughter 366
10.7.15 Bestiality 367
11 CrimeDetectionandLawEnforcement 369
11.1 WildlifeCrimeReporting 369
11.2 WildlifeCrimeForensics 369
11.3 CriminalandCivilSanctions 375
11.4 LiabilityofEmployers,PrincipalsandBodiesCorporate 378
(cid:2)
(cid:2)
xii Contents
11.5 Inspectors,AnimalControlOfficers,WaterBailiffsandOtherSpecialist
Officers 379
11.5.1 InspectorsandOtherSpecialistOfficers 379
11.5.2 ForestOfficers 383
11.5.3 WildlifeWardensandRangers 384
11.5.4 SpecialistConservationandWildlifePolice 386
11.5.5 InternationalPoliceandWildlifeCrimeOrganizations 390
11.5.6 TheRoleofNon-governmentalOrganizationsinEnforcingAnimalCruelty
Laws 390
11.5.7 NGOsandEnforcement 392
11.5.8 StatutoryNatureConservationAgencies 393
11.6 Penalties 394
11.6.1 Death 394
11.6.2 Imprisonment 400
11.6.3 Fines 402
11.6.4 BansonKeepingAnimalsandSeizureofAnimals 403
11.6.5 ClosureofFacilitiesKeepingAnimals 405
11.6.6 SeizureorForfeitureofFirearms,Vehicles,EquipmentandOtherItems 405
11.6.7 Injunctions 406
11.6.8 RestorationofEcosystems 406
11.7 TheEnforcementofInternationalLaw 408
11.7.1 InternationalCourtofJusticeandCaseLaw 408
11.7.2 InternationalSanctions 409
(cid:2) (cid:2)
11.8 Epilogue 410
PartIII MajorNational,EuropeanandInternationalLaws
whichProtectAnimals,PlantsandEcosystems 413
12 NationalLaws 415
12.1 UnitedKingdom 415
12.2 UnitedStates 422
12.3 Canada 424
12.4 Australia 425
12.4.1 AustralianStateLaws 425
12.5 NewZealand 426
12.6 India 426
12.7 Kenya 427
12.8 Nigeria 427
12.9 SouthAfrica 427
12.10 Tanzania 428
12.11 Thailand 428
13 EuropeanLaws 429
13.1 Directives,RegulationsandPolicies 429
13.2 CaseLaw 431
14 InternationalLaws 435
(cid:2)