Table Of Content

THE LAW OFFICER’S POCKET MANUAL THE LAW OFFICER’S POCKET MANUAL 2023 Edition John G. Miles Jr., David B. Richardson, Anthony E. Scudellari Prepared by Robert E. Wilhelm Legal Editor To order additional copies of this manual, please contact Routledge: Telephone: Toll-Free 1-800-634-7064 (M-F: 8am–5:30pm) E-mail: [email protected] Online: www.routledge.com First published 2023 by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 and by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Taylor & Francis The right of John G. Miles Jr., David B. Richardson, Anthony Scudellari to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-032-44518-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-37256-1 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003372561 Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC CONTENTS I. Purpose and Use of This Manual .......................... 1:1 II. The Police–Citizen Encounter ............................ 2:1 A. Police Activities That Require No Evidence of Wrongdoing ................................... 2:2 1. Routine Patrol ............................................... 2:2 2. The Consensual Encounter ........................... 2:2 3. Community Caretaking Activities ................ 2:4 4. Roadblock or Checkpoint Vehicle Stops ...... 2:4 5. Canine Sniffs ................................................ 2:7 B. Investigative Detention ...................................... 2:8 1. What You Need to Make an Investigative Detention—Reasonable Suspicion ............... 2:8 a. Personal Observation and Information Known to Other Officers ......................... 2:9 b. Tips From Informers ............................... 2:9 c. Pretext Stops ........................................... 2:11 2. Conduct During Detention ........................... 2:12 a. The Terry Stop ........................................ 2:12 b. The Terry Frisk ....................................... 2:15 c. Plain Touch Seizures ............................... 2:16 d. Additional Officer Security Measures .... 2:18 3. Detention During Execution of a Warrant .... 2:20 4. Motor Vehicle Stops ..................................... 2:21 a. Occupants of Vehicles ............................. 2:21 b. Duration of Motor Vehicle Stop .............. 2:23 c. Luggage in Vehicles ................................ 2:24 v CONTENTS Contents vi 5. Pursuit .......................................................... 2:25 6. High-Speed Chases ...................................... 2:26 7. Jurisdiction .................................................... 2:26 C. Qualified Immunity and Civil Rights Violations ................................................ 2:27 III. Identifications ....................................................... 3:1 A. In-Person Identifications .................................... 3:1 1. Right to Have Counsel Present ..................... 3:1 2. On-the-Scene Showups ................................. 3:2 3. Immediate Identification Demanded by a Suspect .................................................. 3:3 4. Identification by Witness Without Police Participation .................................................. 3:3 B. Photograph Identification ................................... 3:3 IV. Arrest ..................................................................... 4:1 A. When an Arrest Takes Place .............................. 4:1 B. What You Need to Arrest—Probable Cause ...... 4:2 1. Official Reports ............................................. 4:4 2. Crime Victims or Witnesses ......................... 4:5 3. Reports From “Good Citizen” Informers ..... 4:6 4. Anonymous, Paid, or Habitual Government Informers ....................................................... 4:6 5. Automobiles ................................................. 4:9 6. Canine Sniffs ................................................ 4:9 7. Defendant’s Reputation or Past Record ....... 4:10 C. Misdemeanor Arrests ......................................... 4:10 D. Use of Force to Make an Arrest ......................... 4:11 E. When You Should Get an Arrest Warrant .......... 4:12 F. When You Don’t Need an Arrest Warrant ......... 4:14 G. Constitutional Requirements of an Arrest Warrant .............................................................. 4:15 H. Requirements for Execution of an Arrest Warrant .............................................................. 4:17 I. Foreign Nationals .............................................. 4:19 J. Retaliatory Arrests ............................................. 4:20 V. Search Incident to Arrest .................................... 5:1 A. Automobile Searches ......................................... 5:2 B. Time and Place ................................................... 5:5 C. Plain View .......................................................... 5:7 D. “Sweep” of Premises Where Arrest Has Been Made ......................................................... 5:8 E. More Intrusive Searches .................................... 5:9 F. Obtaining Physical Evidence From the Body of a Suspect Under Arrest .................................. 5:10 G. Obtaining Physical Evidence From the Body of a Suspect Not Under Arrest ........................... 5:12 VI. Interrogation ........................................................ 6:1 A. When Warnings Should Be Given ....................... 6:2 1. “In Custody” ................................................. 6:2 2. “Interrogation” .............................................. 6:5 B. When Warnings Are Not Necessary ................... 6:7 C. Miranda Warnings ............................................. 6:11 D. When to Repeat the Warnings ........................... 6:13 E. Interrogating Juveniles ...................................... 6:14 F. The Suspect’s Answer ....................................... 6:15 G. Questioning ....................................................... 6:25 H. Belated Warnings ............................................... 6:27 I. Exceptions to Miranda’s Exclusionary Rule ..... 6:28 J. Dealing With a Formally Charged Suspect ....... 6:30 Contents vii Contents viii VII. Search and Seizure ............................................. 7:1 A. Search Without a Warrant .................................. 7:3 1. Search Incident to Arrest .............................. 7:3 2. Automobile Searches .................................... 7:4 3. Emergencies and Exigent Circumstances ............................................... 7:7 4. Hot Pursuit .................................................... 7:9 5. Consent ......................................................... 7:10 6. Administrative Searches .............................. 7:16 7. Probation and Parole Searches ..................... 7:16 B. “Searches” That Aren’t Really Searches ........... 7:17 1. Abandoned Property .................................... 7:17 2. Open Fields .................................................. 7:18 3. Aerial Surveillance ....................................... 7:19 4. Public Places, “Open View” ......................... 7:20 5. “Plain View” ................................................. 7:20 6. “Plain Touch” ............................................... 7:21 7. Private Searches ........................................... 7:22 8. Chemical Field Tests and Blood Alcohol Tests ............................................................. 7:23 9. Canine Sniffs ................................................ 7:23 C. Search With Warrant .......................................... 7:24 1. Probable Cause ............................................. 7:24 2. Constitutional Requirements for Search Warrants ....................................................... 7:25 a. Particularity of Description ..................... 7:26 b. Anticipatory Search Warrants ................. 7:27 c. Computers and Other Special Cases ....... 7:28 d. Prompt Execution of Warrant ................. 7:28 e. Unannounced Execution of Warrant ....... 7:29 f. Damaging Property ................................. 7:30 g. Items Not Mentioned in Warrant ............ 7:31 h. Mistake ................................................... 7:31 3. Oral Applications for Search Warrants ......... 7:32 4. Media Presence ............................................ 7:33 D. Automobile Inventories ..................................... 7:34 E. Inventories of Arrestees ..................................... 7:35 F. Administrative Search Warrants ........................ 7:36 G. Computers and Other Electronic Devices ......... 7:37 1. Warrantless Searches and Seizures .............. 7:39 2. Getting a Warrant ......................................... 7:41 3. Seizing Electronic Devices .......................... 7:41 4. Searching Electronic Devices ...................... 7:42 H. The Exclusionary Rule ...................................... 7:43 VIII. Surveillance and Preservation of Evidence .............................................................. 8:1 Part I. Surveillance .............................................. 8:1 A. Police Surveillance Without Electronic Devices .............................................................. 8:1 B. Electronic Surveillance of Communications ..... 8:4 C. Electronic Devices That Do Not Intercept Communications ................................................ 8:6 1. Pen Registers ................................................ 8:6 2. Tracking Devices .......................................... 8:6 3. Heat-Sensing Devices ................................... 8:8 Part II. Preservation of Evidence ........................ 8:8 IX. Entrapment ............................................................ 9:1 Contents ix