The Law Clerks: Profile of an Institution

55 Pages·2014·3.79 MB·English

by  Paul R. Baier

LLoouuiissiiaannaa SSttaattee UUnniivveerrssiittyy LLaaww CCeenntteerr
LLSSUU LLaaww DDiiggiittaall CCoommmmoonnss
Journal Articles Faculty Scholarship
1973
TThhee LLaaww CClleerrkkss:: PPrroofifillee ooff aann IInnssttiittuuttiioonn
Paul R. Baier
Louisiana State University Law Center, [email protected]
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TheL aw ClerkPsr:o filoef a n
Institution*
PaulR .B aier**
Thel awi s notm adeb yj udgea loneb,u tb yj udgaen d
company.- JeremBye ntham
l. INTRODUCTION
Evertye ny earosrs os omeonient hel iterawtruirteae bso utth e
lawc lerkIsnt. h efi ftieas fl,u rroyf a rticalpepse ariendU S.N ews
& WorlRde poratn di nt heN ew YorkT imefosc usinognl awc lerks
whos ervJeu steisoc ft heU niteSdt ateSsu premCeo urtT.h1e q ues­
tioncso nsidewreerdew hethetrh escel erwkesr ea "secontde am,"
andw hethears,a resultth,eo pinioonfts h eC ourwte rer ealolnyl y
thea pocrypohfat hel awc lerkIsfs. o ,s houldtnh'itos t herwuins­e
noticiendfl uenbceee xposaedn dc ondemneAd ?r ecenatp pointee
tot heU niteSdt ateSsu premCeo uratn dfo rmerc lerhki mselJfu,s ­
ticWei lliaRme hnquiwsats,a princiipnat lh ee fforatr,g uiunngd er
thet it"lWeh oW riteDse cisioofnt sh eS upremCeo urtt?h" actl erk­
ship" influence"e xdiispdta ,r ticuloanrt lhyeC ourth'asn dlionfg
petitifooncrse rtioraanrdti h,a "tb ecauosfte h ep olitiocuatll ooofk
theg rouopf c lertkhsa Itk newi,t dsi rectwioounl bde t ot hep olitical
'lef"2t S.e'v eraarlt icwleersew rittreenb utttihnegs ael legations, all
* This paper waasst hreie navdo cataidodnr eastst hefi rsLta wC lerIkn stitLuotuei,s i­
1972.
anaS tatUen iversLiatwy C enteBra,t onR ougeL,o uisiaAnuag,.3 0t oS ept1., The
Institiusst peo nsorbeyt dh eA ppellJautdeg eCso nfereonfct eh eD ivisioofJn u diciAadlm inis­
tratiooftn h eA mericaBna rA ssociaatnidob ny t heL ouisiaSntaa tUen iversLiatwy S chool.
Thep rograimsn owa na nnuaelv entT.h es econIdn stitwuatseh eldt hipsa sAtu gust
agaiant L ouisiaSntaa tUen iversaintdys ,e vercaoln tributtoto hrisss y mposiiusms upea rtici­
pateads f acultiyn,c ludiPnrgo fesBsaoire Jru,s tiRcoeb ert BrauCchhieeJrfu, d gLee sinski,
andJ udgEeu genWer ight.
1966,
** Assistant ProoffL easws,Lo oru isiaSntaa tUen iversLiatwy S chooAl..B .,
1969,
Universoift yC incinJn.aDt.i,; HarvarUdn iversity.
1. Seee,. g.T,h eB righYto unMge nB ehintdh eB enchU,. SN.E WS& WORLDRE PORT,
July1 21,9 5a7t4 ,5 .
2. RehnquisWth,o Writes Decoifst ihoeSn usp remCeo urtU?.,S .N EWS& WORLD
131,9 577,47 ,5 .
REPORTD,e c. at Seea lsJou stiTcoem Clarko'bss ervaitniI onnt ernaOlp era­
43 4,548 ( 19,5 9)
tioonf t heU niteSdt ateSsup reme CouJr.tA ,M .J uoS.o c'v quotiJnugs tice
RoberJta ckson:
A suspichiaosng rowant t heb art hatth el awc ler.k.s. c onstitau ktien do fj unior
court which dtehcefi adteoesf t hec ertiorpaertii tioTnhiss.i deao ft hel awc lerk's
influengcaev rei steoa l awyewra'gsg isstha temetnhtat th eS enatneol ongneere db other
aboucto nfirmatioofj nu sticeso ubguhttto c onfirtmh ea ppointmoefnl ta wc lerks.
1125
1126 VANDERBILLTA W REVIEW [Vo2l6.
authorbeyde qualdliys tgiunishmeedn a ndf ormerc lekrst oJ usteisc
oft heS upremCeo urt.
WilliRaomg erwsh,o o ncec lerkfeodrJ ustiRceee ,dw rotteh at
durig nhiss ervihceen evewri tnessae lda wc lerekxe rcisainnyg
substtainailn fleuncoen t hed ecismiaokni nogf t heJ usticeItsw .a s
Rogerst'hse stihsa bte cautshee d utioefst hec lekrsw ereof teonn
thet echnircaatlh tehra nt hep olisciyd oefj udgmentu,n duien flu­
encwe asi mprobable:
Thel awc lerpkesr fotrhme d rugderoyf j udging-looukpic nigt atioenxsa. min­
ingo ldc asefosr a ptq uotatiognesn,e ral resTehaisr lcihb.e ratthees. Juiscte s
fort heiorw ni mportawnotr kT.h eirisst heu ltimartees ponsibitlodi teyc ide
andv otyee ao rn ayo ne achc aseA.n dt hivso tiesc asitn s ecret conferenocfe
theJ usticfreosm, w hicthh el acwl erakrrsei gorboaursrleyd ."
A dieffrenptoi ntb,u to nes tiilnrl e buttwaalst, h aotf P rofessor
AlexnadeBri ckeolft heY alLea wS chooAln.al yizngt hec hargoef
influencPer,o fseosrB ickerle'ssp onwsaes t oc oncediet, obnult y
afterc arefudleltya igl tihne" largfeurn ctioonft" h el awc lrek,a
functitohnai tn clumdoerse t hajnu srtu nnitnhge r esaercehr rands.
In Bickdeelip'cst itohne,l awc lek rist hey ounign telleccotlaublaol­
ratofrul,fi lliBnegn thamd'isc tu"mt,h el awi sn otm adeb yj ugde
alonbeu,t b yj udgaen dc ompayn."P roperulnyd esrtoodth,e l aw
clek'rsc ontributioni-fel vaebne l"eidn fleunce"-itso ward en­
hancemeonftt hei netllectiunatle groiftt hyej udicpiraolc eTshse.
clerkshaicpc,o rdtion g Bic"kiesli ,ni ts modweasyto neo ft he
influenctehsak te ejpu dicialr atliaown raelslpyo nstiotv hee n eeds
oft hed a.y"�
No doubtth ed elegatiisosnum ea kesf orc olorjfouruln alism.
Indeeidtp, r ovidaen si cbee ginnihnegrt eo o, hfoopre fuyloluya re
nowo nt hee dgoef y our sweiallti ntgol istteon mfeu rthIes rho.u ld
thinikfa nythicnagnp iquyeo ulre gaela rast t heo utseitti, s t he
thougthhta fto rt hee nsuiynega yro uw ilfiln dy oursaecltfi ngd,e
factaos,a j urist. oBfut th imasul slt a wailta tedri scussTihoenr.e
isfi rstth en eetdo d etajiulsw th ati ti st hel awc leksrd o.W e then
wilble i na b ettpeors ittioos ne eh owt hec lerkd'ust imeesa suruep
againtsrta ditinoontailo onfst hej udicfiuanltc io.nW e needn ot
whollayb andotnh ed elegatiisosnuh eo,w evetrofi, n da na ppropri-
3.Ro gersD,o L awC lerkWsi elPdo weri nS upremCeo urCta sesU?.,S N.E WS& W ORLD
REPORTF,e b2.1 ,1 958a,t1 41,1 16.
4. BickTelh,eC ourAtn:I ndictmAennatl yzeNd .,Y T.i meAsp,r. 2 7,1 958§, 6 (Maga­
.
zinea)t 1.6 ,6 9.J udgSea mueHl. H ofstacdotmemre ntoendt hiasr ticlae l eitntt eotr h e
Tim<'N8..Y T.i mesM,a y1 8,1 958§, 6 (Maganzei)a,t4 .P rofesBsiocrkh eald e arlier pub­
h�headna ccouonftt h lea cw leriknhs i bso okPO,L ITICSAN D THEWA RRECNO URT1 39-4(51 955).
!'JJUF /f,E OF ANI NSTITUTION 1127
ateb eginnings,o rtoaf t hemef ort her emarktsh atfo llowM.r .
JusticReeh nqusitc oncdleudh isr ejointdoet rh eg oodP rofessor
Bickel andR oMgre.rw si tht hipsa ragraph:
The resolutoifot nh esdei sagreemmeunsttsa waiat t horouigmhp,a rtial
studoyfth em attebry someonweh oi sn otp ersonailnlvyo lvMeeda.n while,
eveerxyp resosfai pooni notf v iewb ys omeonweh ow aso nt hes ceneev,e ni n
ass malalw aya sw ew erei,sb oundt oc ontribtuoat b ee ttuenrd erstanodfi ng
thipsh asoeft hej udiciparloc ess.5
Undert het ermosf m y chargaet t hifisr sLta wC lerIkn stitute
Ia m supposteods ktecht heh istoorfyt hec lerksihnispt itution, the
dutiegse neralaslsyo ciawtietdht het asko fc lerkianngd,t hei m­
portanocfet hep ositiionjn u dicial adminiIsw tirlaallt siaood nd.
somethionfgm y owna boutth ed iscoveyroiuec sa ne xpecttom ake,
andr etaifno ry ourselvaesfls e,d glipnagr ticipiannt thsej udicial
procesWsh.e rea ppropriIap tlea nt os easomny observations with
personraelc ollecdtriaownnfrs o m my ownc lerksehxippe rience-no
doubtto a ne xcesbsu,tI s implcya n'rte sitshteo pportunity.
Is peatko y oua sf ellloaww c lerbku,t u nlikyeo uw hoh avei t
altlo a nticipIam tues,t loboakc ka lmost threteo r yeeflaeracsgt a in
onm y clerkidnagy sI.tw asm y goodf ortutnoec lerfko Jru dgJeo hn
H.G illaitst heM ichigaCnou rotf A ppealtsh,ei ntermediate, work­
horsaep pellalteev eilnM ichigaAnl.t houtghhi wsa sn otw orkf or
anys tatcuosu rtth,e j obw asc lerknionnge thelOeustso .ft hee xperi­
encew asb ornm y preseinntt erienst th ej udicpiraolc egsesn erally
andi nt hel awc lerkps ahsia idt ot haptr ocesIstw. a sa tt heM ichi­
ganC ourotf A ppealtsh aItfi rsmte tT .J ohnL esinsCkhii,e Jfu dge
oft hec ouratn do fficiaclo nsulttaont th iIsn stituJtued.g6Le e sinski
firsmte ntinoedt hei deoaf a workshfooppr r ospectcilveerb kesf ore
theyb egint heitre nur7 eH.e alssou ggesttehda tth erseh oulbde a
manuaoln c lerkianvga ilafobrlu es ei nb oth staantdfee d eraclo urts
acorsst hec ountrIya .l8w aytsh oughtth esied eawse res ounodn es,
esepcilayls incietw asn otu ntimli dyeairnm y clerkshiepr-hpaps
notu ntitlh ev ereyn d-thaItfi rsfte lste cuarsea clerakn dk nowl-
5. RehnquiAsnto,t heVri ewC:l erk.� M"ilgnhfftu encSeo"m eA ctionUs.,S .N EWS&
WORLD REPORTF,e b.2 1, 19a5t18 1,6 .
6. .JudLgees insiksci u rrenCthlayi rmaonft heA ppellJauted geCso nferceen.S ecito n
of. JuidciAadl ministraotfti hoenA mericaBna rA ssociation.
7. Theo rigoifnt hei deaan dt hep lannifnogtr h efi rsLta wC lerIkn stitiusrt eec ounted
moref ulliynt heA ppenditxot hiasr ticle.
R. The Law ClerIkn stithuatsbe e gupnr eparatoifso unc ah m anula. A�cllle rnktst end­
ingt hef irpsrto grawme rea sketdo b rinwgi tthh emw hatevwerri ttienns triuocntsh <'Yh nd
reci·ev efdr omt he· icro urotn b eg·i ·n nithn e g·1 crIe rks h 1'p F.r o mt hesaen do themrf orm1111on lo
hec olelcteidti sh opead c omprehenmsainvuea oln l awc lerkwiinl�rl e sult.
1128 VANDERBILLTA W REVIEW [Vo2l6.
edgeabilnet he" arto"fl awc lerkiTnhge.w ordi sc hoseni ntention­
allyT.h er opeosf c lerkianrgeh arde nougtho l earwni thoutth e
addedb urdeonf a pproachtihnegt ask iignn oranYceet. tthrea di­
tionaapl proach-thcea suaslu ggteisotno t hen ovititaot" et akae
cracakt i t"9-harsdeleym fist t on urtusroeu npde rformaonfct eh e
jobf romt hes tartr.e mIe mbetrh inkinnega trh ee ndo fm y stahyo w
strangteh atI shoullde avteh ec ourwti th-tuos ea formelra w
professpohrr'ass e-the eagles onp meyr cshheodu ldeornsl,yt o
maker oomf orm y purblisnudc cessor.
Int hev iewo fi tpsl annetrhsi,Is n stitouffteer as r eaclh ancteo
improvteh ep erformanocft eh ec lerkship fuMnyc teiffoonr.ta st
descriptoifto hne c lerksihnispt ituatrieoo nn lyt hefi rsitn a pro­
gramd esignteodi mmersyeo ui nt hep roceosfsl awc lerkiansgi ,s
1
apparefnrto mt heI nstituptreo'ssp ect°Tu hse.e ndi nv iewi st he
importaonnte o fg ettitnhge j obo fc lerkidnogn e at the next term
ofa ppellactoeu rttsh roughotuhten atiomno ree fficienttlhya n at
thel astTh.e g oails t op rovigduei danactet heo utserta,t hetrh an
11
allowienxgp erietnocs ee rvaes e xclustiuvte.o rO ure xpectations
aren otg randioWsee .o nlyh opet os endn exty ear'clse rktsot he
busineosfsc lerkiknngo winfrgo m thes tarsto methianbgo ut the
taskash eaadn dh owb estto a ccomplish them.
Ic annorte siosnte fi nali ntroducrteomrayr kI. h avei to nt he
besta uthoriitnyd,e efdr omt heJ ustihciem seltfh,a td espihties
earlicerri ticiosftm hse l awc lerkMsr,.J ustiRceeh nquinsotw e m­
ploytsh em aximuma llotmeonftt h reAen. de achp reparmeesm o­
randoan c ertiopreatriit iaonndsa ssisitnts h ed raftionfog p inions.12
Ita ppeatrhse riesn oe scapfer omr esotrott hec lerksihnispt itution
ina ido ft hej udiciparlo cewshse nevetrh ep resosf t hec asel oad
leanhse aviolnyt hej udge.
II.U P FROM" SECRETARYT"H:E HISTORAYN DE TIOLOGOYF THE
CLERKSHIIPN STITUTION
We begiwni tht hec almerl,e scso lfourlh istoriqcuaels tion:
9. Brudne&y W olfsoMnr,.J ustiRcuet ledge-LCalwe rkRse'fi ectio2n5Is N,D L.. J4.5 ,5
456 (1949I)r .e ceivseidm ilalrilmyi tiends tructaisJo undsg Gei llicsl'esr Hke. s implcya lled
me intcoh amberhsan,d edm e thefi lec ontaintihnebg r ieofnsa ppeadli,r ectmeed t ot he
recoridnt hec asea,n ds aitdh aItw ast opr epaar der afotp iniboynt hee ndo ft hew ee.k
10.F ori tcso nteanntd t hec urricuolfut mh efi rsLta wC lerIkn stitsuetete h eA ppendix
tot hiasr ticle.
11.T ypical"llyw,l hetnh el awc lerfikr sats sumehsi sd utiemsu,c ht imei ss pent
developtihnesg k ilnlesc essfaorryt hej ob.F"i tLeaw, C lerkships-TIhnrseiedV ei ews3,3
AI.AL. AW.1 551.5 7( 1972).
12.I e..t.tefrr om. JustWiiclel iaRme hnqtuoPi asutlR .B aierA,u g.2 4,1 972.
19/;-lj PROFILEO F AN INSTITUTION 1129
When andw hered idt hel awc lerokr iginaWthey? h ast heo ffice
acquirietds preisnesntti tutsitoantaulWs h?a ta ccounftosrt he
importanocfte h ei nstituttoij ound icaidamli nistration?
Mosto fw hati sk nowna boutth eh istoorfly a wc lerkastl, e ast
those setrhveiU nngi ted States CSouuprrtwe,am set raceddu ring
then ineteseinx tibeysC hestNeerw landa, p olitisccaile ntainsdt
studenotft he Supreme PCrooufersts.No erw landa'rst ic"lPee r­
sonaAls sistatnoSt usp remCeo urJtu sticTehseL: awC lerkpsu,b"­
lishiendt heO regoLna wR evieiwn1 96113,r epresetnhtadste cade's
mostc omprehenssitvuedoy f t he clerakssa hnii pm portaanstp ect
oft hej udiciparlo ceisnso urn ationf'osr emotsrti bunPaelr.h aps
unwittintghleay r,t icrleep resean stcsh olarrelsyp ontsoMe r .J us­
ticRee hnquiseta'rsl icearlf lo ra ni mpartsitauld oyf t hec lerkship
institutHioowne.v1etar s,i sa lmost univterrusoeaf lt lhyev arious
surveoyfst hel awc lerkPsr,o fesNseowrl andw'osr ki sc onfinetdo
tracitnhgee mergenocfte h ec lerksihnit ph eS upreme Coofut rhte
UniteSdt ates. iWthi isil mep ortatnoet x aminlea wc lerkaitnt gh is
pre-eminleenvte iltc, a nb es aiwdi tsh omea ssurantcheant o ta ll
clerkiinslg i kteh aetx perienbcyeS du premCeo urlta wc lerkOsu.r
inquirpya,r ticuloaurrfl oyc uosn t hed utioefst hel awc lerkmsu,s t
beb roadaenrd s houlidn clucdlee rkiansp gr actiacteb do thi nter­
mediataen dfi nal appetlrliabtuen tahlrso ughtohuetc ountrAyn.y
descripotfit ohnec lerksfhuinpc tiloinm itteodt hep ersonaasls ist­
antosf S upremCeo urJtu sticiset so on arrotwo s uiotu rp urposes.
TheI nstitiusnt aet ioniansl c opaen,d t hes hapoefl awc lerkmianyg
varcyo nsideraasbw lepy a sfrso mt heS upremCeo urttos tatceo urts
ofl asrte soarntd t os tatien termedaipapteel ltartieb unaNlosn.e ­
thelefosrsp ,u rposoefhs i storical iatni sae layssitieosrf , o cuosnt he
Supreme Court obfet chaeau vsaei laboiflt ihteNy a tionAarlc hives
ando thehri storsiocuarlc 15e s.
A. History
A safees timaitste h aatl mos1t0 0y earhsa vee lapsseidn clea w
clerwkesr efi rst emplboyy Seudp remCeo urJtu sticPerso.fe ssor
Newlan1d6a ndo therast1t7r ibculteer ksahtti hpi hsi ghelsetv elt hoef
13.4 0O RE.L .R EV.2 99( 1961[)h ereinacfitteerad s N ewlandI! h.a ver eliehde avily
uponP rofersN seowlanda'rst icfloert heh istordiecvaell opmoefnt th ec lerksihnispt itution.
14.S eet exatc companyinnogt e5 supra.
15.S eeN ewlands,u prnao t1e3 ,a t2 99n .•.
16.S eei d.a t3 05-06.
17.S ee,e .gK..,L LEWELLTYHNE,C OMMONL AWT RADITIODNE:C IDIANPGP EA3L2S1 ( 1960):
,JS.C HMIDUHSAERT HES UPREMCEO URT!Ts: POLITIPCESR,S ONALIATNIDEP SR,OC EDURE1S1 9
'
[Vo2l6.
1130 VANDERBILLTA W REVIEW
judicitaorJ yu stiHcoer ace Gwrhaoya ,s cendteodt heb encihn
1882G.r ayc amet ot heS upremCeo urftr omM assachusewthtesr,e
hes ervaesdC hieJfu sitcoef t heS upremJeu dicCioaulr atn,d where
int hacta pacihteby e gant hep ractoifce em ployiannhg o nogrr adu­
ateo ft heH arvarLda wS chooalth iso wne xpenasse" secreyt.a"r
Thusa,p parentthlecy l,e rhkispo weist esa rliaepspte llat"isoenc,r e­
taryt,o"t het erimnoloogfJy u stiGcrea .y18 T hiwsa si n1 875a,n di f
thesdea teasr ec orrewchta,t heamser geads t hei nstituotfli aown
clerkiisn g almao csetn tuorlyd .
Thep ractichei irnogfa younlga w gradtuoas teer vaess ecre­
taryo,fc hangitnhgec lerakn nualalnyd,o f m akinhgi ma responsi­
blep arctiipanitnt heo fficea specotfts h ej udiciwaarscy o ntinued
byJ usticHeol mesw,h os ucceedGerda ya,n db yJ ustiFcrea nk­
furtePrr.o fesLsloerwl elyrna nkista sF rankfurgtreera'tsce osntt ri­
butiotnoo url aw th"ahti vsi sioenne,r gya,n dp erusaisvesnse
turnetdhi tsw ou-djgied iosyncirnatwsohy a ts hows hpiogshs ibyi lit
ofb ecominag p ervasAimveer iclaeng ailns titu"1t9i on.
Int hec entutrhya hta sp assetdh,el awc lerhka se volviend
namea sw elals i ns ubstanOcnee. migdhets crtihbiees v oliuotna s
"upf rom' escreyta,r'f"o rt hel aw clearfkt,ee rs capiJnugs tice
Gra'ysi niticahlaa rctezraiti,oh nasb eenr elabepleerdi odically,
passifnrogm secrettaort yh em orea ttract"ilvaewc lerk",l"a w
assista"nrte,s"e aaricdhe a,n"d "laesgsails t"2a0n Wti.s conscianl ls
itcsl er"klsa we xaimner"2s1 T.h eries h,o weveorc,c asiosnlailp page
ont hipso incto:n sidtehred esigna"tbiroinre efa d"e2r2 .
Bys tatuttheet, e rm" lacwl eriks"a secucrhea rtaecrizaitnio n
thefe deraclo urtasn,di ti st hitse rmt haits g enelryau ltilitzoe d
descrtihbeeo fficet odaAyl.t houhgihso tricatlhlefiy r sotffi ciarle f-
(1 960S).:W u.LISTLOINF.AE N D LA8W7 ( 194[0h)e reinaftears W cni.tLeIdS TONI.
18.S eeN ewlansdu.p rnao t1e3 ,a t3 01n .5.
19.K .L LF.WF.LLsYuNp,r nao t1e7 .a t3 21.
20.S eeAM F.RI.CJAUND ICASTOUCRIEET Yt,a uC·l eriksnS tatAep pellaCtoeu rtRse,p .N o.
1'a1t,. J8. ( 1968).
21.W is.S TATA.N N.§ 251.04((169)7 1).
22.T heq uesito nj uswth att oc altlh el awc lerhka sa lwaybse ent roublesTohmeet .e rms
"secretaarnyd"' c"l ersku"g geas tty piosrtfi lec lerakn,d a to net imet hermea yh aveb een
g<lr(e>acslot no uset hidse signatsiionnct eh et askisn t heb eginniwnegr ei ndeeodn t he
secretasriidaeHl.o wevears,t hei nstitumtaitounr eidnt het askass signiettd,h ed esignation
"rlerhke"c amae m isnomie�rt akteonol iterTahlilwso yu.l odf terne quitrheey ounggr aduate
toe xplatihne s ubstanocfhe i sfi rsetm ploymeanttl ,e asttoh isp arentlse,st th etyh intkh at
thep as:t 1�· eahrasd p roducae fdi lcel ernko,t a na ttornAesya . r esuwleth ,a veb eent old
nnes tatceh angetdh ed esignatfiroonml awc lertko" briefiantgt ornetyos" a tisiftycs l erks'
rqeuesfto ra littmloer ep rest.i•Jg oeh nsoWnh,a t[) () /,awC lerkDso ? 22T EXASB .J2.2 9
(l i>�!ll)· A faiirn fereinstc hea at s imilpaurr pose undtehrevl aaryi ocuhs� ngienst erminology
dl·srriihnt eh<el text.
197'.ll f>fl()FffA,NE INOSFT ITUTION 1131
erence to thwe asoi fnft iecrem osf " stenogriaccp lherk,t"h2e3
UniteSdt ateCso dea uthoriazpepso intmbeynt th eJ ustiocfe" sl aw
cleraknsd s ercetarwiheoss sea larsiheasl blefi xedb yt heC our"t2.�
Thust hed ichotobmeyt weetnhe law ansdit dheec lericale vseind e,
thet erm "lcalwe rki"t seilsf , froziennt hep ageosf t heF ederal
CodeI.n terestienngoluyg hi,ne xplainjiunsgwt h ati ti st haStu ­
premeC ourctel rkdso , ofnoer mecrl erpko intosu tt hatth iesn try
int heC odec arritehsed istincotfin oenv er having been construed
byt hev erjyu dicitahreyi nstitusteirovn2e 5s .
At firsbtl uhs itm ighta ppeasri gnifictaono tn ea cquainted
witht het raditioofjn usd iciaadlm inistratthiaottnh el awc lerk's
genesis hasa ttbereinb uttoeH do racGer ayw hilhee s ata sC hief
Justiocfet heM assachusSeutptrse mJeu diciCaolu rtTh.e o fficeo f
chiejfu stihcaesa lwaybse enc onsiderreesdp obnlsefi oirn novations
int hei nternoaple ra tpirnogc eduorfet sh ec our2t6a, n di tw ould
seemn aturtahla at chiejfu stischeo ulbde t heo ner esponsfiobrl e
introducotfit ohne lcalwe raksa na idt ot hej usticSeusc.hi sn ot
theh istoorfyi th,o wevearn,d tthreu tohft hem attesrh attethres
cynicn'ost iotnh atth osien teresitnee ffidc iejnutd icaidamli nistra­
tioanr ea lwayisn competaesnj tu risprudIefo sr .o2n7ew oulhda ve
thougihtt highly utnhlaJitok henCl hyi pmaGnr ayH,a rvard's cele­
bratelde gaplh ilosophweoru,l2hd8a vec ontribuatneydt hitnogw ard
improvitnhgea dministraatsiw oenla,ls t hea bstractoifjo uns,t ice.
Buth istohraysi tt haitt w as Gray the phwihloop saospshetedor
2:JC.o ngrefisrss atu thoriczleedr iacsasli stafnotrS su premCeo urJtu stiicnets h eS un­
drCyi viAlc to fA ug.4 ,1 886Th.e A ctp rovid"efdo srt enographicf otrch leeC rhki eJfu stice
andfo r eacahs socijautset iocfet heS upremCeo urta,t n ote xceedionnget housasnidx
hunddroeldla erasc h. .. . 2"4 S tat2.5 4( 188T6h)i.sfi rsatu thorizawtaisio nnr espontsoe
AttorGenneeyra Al.H .G arlandr'esq uetsotC ongreisnsh isA nnuaRle porotf 1 88t5h atth e
.Justibceeg si vecnl eriacsasli stabneccea uosfet hep resosft heC ourtj'usd icbiuasli neSsese.
Newlasnupdr,na o te1 3a,t 3 01.
24.2 8U .S.C§. 6 75(1 97P0r)o.v isfioolrna wc lerfokrsU nited StCaotuerstos fA ppeals
judgesma dwei an1s 9 304,6S tat7.7 4( 193a0s)a ,m ende2d8,U .S.C§.7 12( 1970an)d,f or
UniteSdt ateDsi striCocutr jtu dgeisn 1 9364,9S tat1.1 40a,sa mende2d8,U .S.C§.7 52
(1 970).
25.J ohnsosnu,p rnao te2 2a,t 2 29.
26.Th ew orko ft hel atAer thuTr.V anderbCihlite,Jf u stiocfte h eN ewJ ersSeuyp reme
Couritst hpea radigAmm.o ng Vandermbainlytw 'rsi tiongnjs u dicrieaflo rsme eT HEC HAL­
LENEG OFL AWR EFOR(M1 95a5n)dM INIMUSMT ANDARODFSJ UDICAIDAMLI NTIRSATIO(N1 949F)o.r
detialcso ncergn oitnherre nownecdh iejfu dgeasn dt heiwro rkt owaridm provijnugd icial
adminirsattisoenJe U STIEC INT HES TATES: ADDRESSPEASP EARONSFDT HEN ATIONCAOLN FERENCE
ONT HF.J UDIACRIYM,a r.1 1-1149,7 1at,x -xiain,dP ringTlhe,eR oloeft heS tatCeh ieJfu stice.
ida.t 8 0S.e eg eneraBlulryt oJnu,d ginlg�A lsAod ministra2t1Ti E�oMnP,L. .Q7.7 ( 194i).
27.F ort heo rigoifnt hiwso rds eeK .L LEWELLTYHNE,B RAMBLE USH 10( 196:.0 .)
28.P rofseosrG rayi sb esktn ownfo rt hefi rssty stemaetxipco sitoiflo eng aplo s1t1v1sm
int hciosun trSye.e e,.g .J,. G RAYT,H EN ATURAEN DS OURCEOFS T HEl. ..Aw( 1909).
VANDERBILLTA W REVIEW [Vo2l6.
1132
hihsa lbfr othCehri,e Jfu stiHcoer caet,h et hougohftu sinagy oung
lawg raduaatsle e gsaelc ret.2a 9r y
B. Etiology
Theries o net eneotfj udiiacald ministratthiaortne mains
straiagnhdt true mwehaesnu raegda intshteg rowtho fl awc lerking.
Thee tioloofgt yh ec lerkshipo-rtihgeoi fnt hei nstituitnti eornm s
of ictasu ss-eagaipnr ovtehs et rutohfJ ohnF ranko'bss evratiionn
MarblPea lachei,sc lasbsiiocg rapofh yt Shuepr emeC ourt":A st he
work load intchreme eatsheosd,s mbuess tt raemlniedo re lsteh e
woroku tpuwti lld ogwon "3.0T hec lerksrheippr esetnhtes j udiciary's
responisnei,t ifaolrlitytu outso,t h ep resosft hec aseisti; sa pplica­
tioonf t hep rinciopfdl iev isoifol na botrot hej udicpiraolc ess-an
appilcatiforno mw hicthh erhea sb eenno e scaep,e vefno rJ ustice
RehnquiFsotr. beotrtw eorr steh,ec leksrhihpa sp rvoedt hei nvaar­i
blen,o wd eliberraetsep,o ntsoe tghreo wtohfa pplelactae sleo ads
throughtohuect o unt3r1y .
Consistweinttht hiest iologtihceaslio sn,ew ouldg uestsh at
aroun1d8 82t,h ed atJeu tsicGer ayfi rst usedc lelrakwts h,eS u­
premCeo urotft heU niteSdt atbeesag nt oe xperietnhcece a sleo ad
brunotf t hen ewi ndustgrrioawlt ohc crurintgo wartdh ee ndo ft he
nineteecnetnuhtr .y sAe conldo oakt M arblPea lacaen dF rank's
datpar ovetsh eg uesrsi ghWth.e nt heS uprmee Court fimrestit n
179t0 herwee rneo l awc lkesr,n orw ast heraen yn eefdo rt hemT.h e
first SupCroeumreFt r,a ntke lulssh, a dn othitnogd o;it a djourned.
Neart hee ndo ft he ninetceenetnutrhyh ,ow everv,i taclh anges
occurdr.Te hec ounterxyp andteodi tpsr esennatt iobnoarld sea rnd
increaistepsdo pulatainodcn o mmerecneo romuslAyn.d t heb usi­
nesosft heS upremCeo uretx pandweidt thh eg rowicnogu tnryT.h e
Courbte gatno e ncounat rere adle mnado n its tim1e8 5a0bI.to ut
reachae pdo inotffu llp roudctiaonnd b ecamsew ampebdy a bout
1875w,h eni tw asp roducsionmg ethilinkg2e 0 0o pinioany se aarn d
coulndo tk eepu pw itthh efl oodo fn eww ork.F3r2o mt hed atiat
29.S eeW ILLISTsOuNp,rn ao t1e7 a,t 8 7.
30.J .F RANKM,A RBLE PAL1A1C3(E 1 95[8h)e reinacfitteeards F RANK.]
31. SeeA MERICBAANR F OUNDATIAOcNc,o mmodattihnegW orklooafdt heU niteSdt ates
Courtosf A ppealRse:p orotf R ecommendati2o (n1s9 68A)M;E RICAJNU DICATUSROEC IE,T Y
SoLUTioF�OsRA PPELLACToEu RTC ONGESTIAONNDD ELAYI,n foSrh.e eNto .2 4,a t7 -8( 1963);
Br�eenS,o lutifoonArsp pellaCtoeu rCto ngesti4o7Jn .,A M.J unS.o c'2y2 82,3 0( 196;4L )um­
bar,C urrePnrto bleomfst heF ederCaolu rtosfA ppeal5s4,C ORNELLL. R EY.2 9,3 9( 1968)
(ChieJfu dgLeu mbarcda lflosrm orel awc leraktst hef ederianlt ermedaipapteel el laetvel
m respontsoea larmignrgo wtihnt hec asleo ads).
32. FRANKs,u prnao t3e0 ,a t1 2,2 88.
197:3J PROFILEO F AN INSTITUOTNI 1133
appearsi ntrthoed ucotno ift hel awc leriknt hee arl1y8 80w'ass n o
historaicccaild ernatt;h ethre c lerksshpirpa nugp a st heC ourt's
ownp rotectrievsep ontsoie t bsu rgeondioncgk eItnt. hirse garidt,
iss ignifitchaanAttt tornGeeyn erGaalr lan1d8'8sR5 e porttoC on­
grescso ntaitnhse fiorffiscti amlen tioonfc lerksahsispi stafnorc e
theS upremCeo urJtu sticteosg,e thweirt chr iticoifst mhsed elay
preseinntt het ransacotfit ohneH ighC ourtb'uss ineasnsdw itah
plae forr emedimaeals ureTso.q uotGea rland:
Ib elevie itw ouldg reatflayc ilitthaetb eu sineosfts h eS upremCeo uritf
eacjhu stiwcaesp rovidbeydl aww itahs ecretoarrl ya wc lertkob, e a stenogra­
phert,o b ep aida n annuasla larsyu fficietnoto btaitnh er equisqiutael ifica­
tionwsh,o sdeu tiessh alblet oa ssiisnts uchc leriwcoarlak sm ighbte a ssigned
toh im.'"'
Thed atoaf t het wenticeetnht yu arlssou ggest tihnactr eaans -
.i ngc asleo ad often ar cehqaunigrieent s h e metohfot dh eC ourt's
busineTshsi.ts i mteh ec hangwea so neo fd egreneo,to fk indh:i ring
wasd ouble.dN ow therwee rte woc el:r;ksa, p ractiincuaeg uratiend
194b1y ChieJfu stiScteo nien r espontsoe further gtrhoew th in
.
Courtb'uss in.e:sBisyt 1 94e7a cJhustiwcaesa uthoritzoe dh tiwroe
lawc leraknsd,a gaionn em ighcto rrecgtulseyst herwea ss omething
peculaibaoru t thel ocaatdsh eay te ar-iwtas 1 94w7h eni nf orma
pauperpiest itifiornssbt e gatno c aussee riopurso bleomfsd ocket
manaegmetn.3F5i nalclonyt,i nueendc roachmoentn htet imceh arts
oft heJ ustipcreesc tiaptietdh em ost reccheanntg ient hep oliocfy
theC ouratn,a llotmeonftt hrelea wc lertkose acShu preme rCto u
Justiic6e .:
Wereo net ob roadetnhe i nquitroyi nclusdtea tceou rtasn d
thertee stth esvei ewasb out etmheer genocfe lcalwre ksn,o s ignifi­
candte partfruroem thefe deraelx periewnocuel adp paer.R ecent
figureess tabltihsahit n t hose swthaetrecesa sleo adasr ec ompara­
tiveslmya llli,t tusleei sm adeo fl awc lerWkyso.m infogr,e xample,
empolysn on.e73T heraer e fours toattheesra- iMneM,i ssouNrei­,
braskaan,d V ermotn-whosaep pelljautgdee su ntirle cenwtelrye
alswoh olwliyt holuatwc ler.k3Ns8o neh,o weveirsn, o torifoorua sn y
:n 188A5r r'GvE N.A NN.R EP.4 3.
34. Newlands,up ran ote13 ,a t3 03.
:l5I.d .at 3 04.
:l6.S eeR eporto n thePr oblemosf t heJ udicia2ry,1 0-1A1d,d resbsy C hieJfu stice
WarreEn. B urgeArm,e ricaBna rA ssociaAtninoun aMle etinAgu,g .1 4' 1972.
:n." Att hitsi mew eh aven ol awc lerakdsm,i nistorras ttoaafrsfs.s ista,n,Lc eet.t f.er ro m
Chie.Jfu stJiochenJ .M cintytroeP aulR. B aieSr,e pt2.2 ,1 972.
:18S.e eC OUNCIOLF S TATEG OVERNMENSTtSa,t Ceo urSty stem8s0 -8(3r eve.d .1 970)
Ih ereinacifettde ars C OUNCILJiu.s tiHcaer rAy. Spenceorft he ebrasSkuap remCeo urt,