The last salute : civil and military funerals, 1921-1969

456 Pages·1971·43.602 MB·English

by  Billy C Mossman, M W Stark

CIVIL AND MILITARY FUNERALS
1921-1969
B.C. Mossman
and
M.W. Stark
:.
;
I··
THE LAST SALUTE:
CIVIL AND MILITARY FUNERALS
1921-1969
by
B. C. Mossman
and
M. W. Sta1"k
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
WASHINGTON, D.G., 1991
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 77-606843
First Printed 1971-CMH Pub 90-1
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402
Foreword
Our national tradition of honoring prominent officials is never more in' evi
dence than following the death of an American dignitary. The ceremonies of the
public funeral salute his accomplishments in life and demonstrate the Nation's rec
ognition of a debt owed for his services.
Long-standing military customs and the wishes of the next of kin are the foun
dations of these ceremonies. The military departments consequently have impor
tant roles in performing last rites, although many other agencies of the Federal
Government participate in varying degrees. Collectively, these agencies conduct
several types of funerals, ranging from the modest to the elaborate. This gradation
permits the Nation to recognize properly the wishes of the next of kin and the
rank or public station held by an official prior to or at the time of his demise.
This book presents accounts of funerals conducted for civil and military
officials, active and retired, and for the unknown servicemen of three wars be
tween 1921 and 1969. Also described are farewell ceremonies honoring foreign
dignitaries who died while on duty in the United States. Since the pattern for pres
ent-day public funerals has evolved from these ceremonies, this volume, in addition
to being a valuable historical record, contains guidance for arranging final honors.
Washington, D.C. STANLEY R. RESOR
1 April 1971 Secretary of the Army
ill
The Authors
A graduate of Wayne State (Nebraska), B. C. Mossman is the author of stud
ies and monographs on U.S. Army operations in the Korean War and of two
chapters, "Peace Becomes Cold War, 1945-1950," and "The Korean War, 1950-
1953," in American Military History, a volume in the Army Historical Series.
He also contributed to Origins, History, and Accomplishments of the U.S. Army
Reserve, published by the Historical Evaluation and Research Organization, and
to Challenge and Response in Internal Conflict, published by the Center for Re
search on Social Systems, American University.
During World War II Mr. Mossman served as a platoon leader with the 381st
Infantry, 96th Infantry Division, and participated in the Leyte and Okinawa
campaigns in the Pacific theater. In the Korean War he was a military historian
with the Eighth Army, Army Forces, Far East, and the United Nations Command
Military Armistice Commission.
Joining the Office of the Chief of Military History as an Army officer in 1954,
he became a civilian staff member in 1957. Deputy Chief of the Staff Support
Branch, he is presently at work on a volume in the Korean War series.
Warner Stark received the B.A. and M.A. degrees from San Jose State Col
lege. He attended a special one-year program in Military History at the University
of California at Davis, where he began working toward his Ph.D. He served in the
49th Infantry Brigade of the California Army National Guard and later with the
820th Engineers and the 199th Signal Group, U.S. Army Reserve. In 1967 he
joined the Office of the Chief of Military History where he is working on a volume
in the Army's official history of the Vietnam War.
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Preface
On 14 December 1799, General George Washington died at Mount Vernon
after an illness of only a few hours. The funeral for the nation's first President was
held at his home on Wednesday, 18 December.
About 11 o'clk numbers of persons began to assemble to attend the funeral, which
was intended to have been at twelve o'clk; but as a great part of the Troops expected
could not get down in time it did not take place till 3.-Eleven pieces of Artillery were
brought down [from Alexandria].-And a Schooner belonging to Mr. R. Hamilton
came down and layoff Mt. Vernon to fire minute guns.-The Pall holders were as
follows-Colonels Little, (Charles) Simms, Payne, Gilpin, Ramsay, & Marsteller
and Colo. Blackburne walked before the Corps. [Col. Deneal marched with the
military.]
[About three o'clock the procession began to move.] Col. Little, Simms & Deneal
and Dr. Dick formed the arrangements of the Procession-[The procession moved
out through the gate at the left wing of the house, and proceeded round in front
of the lawn, and down to the vault on the right wing of the house.] which was as
follows-The Troops-Horse & foot-Music playing a Solemn dirge with muffled
Drums.-The Clergy-viz The Revd. Mr. Davis-Mr. (James) Muir, Mr. Moffatt,
& Mr. Addison-[The General's horse, with his saddle, holsters, and pistols, led by
two grooms, Cyrus and Wilson, in black.] The Body borne by officers & masons who
insisted upon carrying it to the grave.-The Principal Mourners-viz. Mrs. Stuart &
Mrs. Law-Misses Nancy & Sally Stuart-Miss Fairfax & Miss Dennison-Mr. Law
& Mr. Peter-Doctor Craik & T. Lear-Lord Fairfax & Ferdinando Fairfax-Lodge
No. 23.-Corporation of Alexandria.-All other persons, preceded by Mr. Anderson,
Mr. Rawlins, the Overseers, &c., &c.-
The Rev. Mr. Davis read the service & made a short extemporary speech-The
Masons performed their ceremonies-and the Body was deposited in the Vault
All then returned to the House & partook of some refreshment-and dispersed with
the greatest good order & regularity .
1
Since the time of this ceremony in the infancy of the United States, citizens
who have held high offices in the federal government and in the military establish
ment have been honored by public funerals. The military customs observed, many
of which are rooted so deeply and distantly in the past as to defeat any tracing of
their exact origin, have changed little over the years. The ceremonies themselves
have changed with the times.
Contingency plans for several types of funeral ceremonies were published for
the first time in 1949. These were revised and refined in 1958, and again in 1965.
By no means rigid, the plans have often been altered to conform to the known
wishes of an American dignitary and those of his family.
The above account was written by Tobias Lear, General Washington's secretary, who
1
participated in the funeral ceremony. Quoted in Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., The
Writings of George Washington, vo!' 14 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1893), pp. 254-55.
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The policies and plans governing public funerals are largely based on past ex
perience. This volume presents chapters of that experience covering ceremonies
conducted between 1921 and 1969 for twenty-six eminent American officials, four
foreign diplomats on assignment in the United States, and the unknown American
servicemen killed in World War I, World War II, and the Korean War. The
Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, undertook the
preparation of the book in 1968 at the direction of General Harold K. Johnson,
Chief of Staff, U.S. Army. The ceremonies to be described were selected in the
Office of the Chief of Staff. The volume is intended primarily for use as a reference
work by agencies of government involved in arranging and conducting public
funerals. As a historical record, it may also serve the interests of a wider govern
ment audience and of the general public.
In preparing the manuscript, the authors received considerable help both in
and out of the Office of the Chief of Military History. They appreciate the assist
ance of Dr. David C. Skaggs, associate professor of history at Bowling Green State
University, who during a tour of active duty training completed the research and
prepared the initial draft of the chapter covering the ceremony for General Hoyt S.
Vandenberg, U.S. Air Force. They are especially grateful to Dr. Emma J. Eaton,
a former member of the Office of the Chief of Military History, who contributed
to the drafts of several chapters, polished others, and located many much-needed
photographs.
The authors are deeply indebted to Mr. Paul C. Miller, Chief, Ceremonies
and Special Events, Headquarters, Military District of Washington. Besides giving
valuable aid to the authors in their search for documentary materials, Mr. Miller
contributed the firsthand information so essential to rounding out many of the
" chapters.
The main editing of the volume was in the experienced and capable hands of
Loretto C. Stevens. She was ably assisted by Barbara J. Harris and Christine A.
Otten. With highest competence, Mary E. Howard and Dorothy B. Speight typed
the initial draft and revisions of the manuscript. The many diagrams were pre
pared by Mr. Marlin E. Fenical and the draftsmen under his supervision in the
office of The Adjutant General.
Notwithstanding the substantial assistance given by many individuals and or
ganizations, the authors alone are responsible for the content of the volume, in
cluding any errors of omission or commission.
Washington, D.C. B. C. MOSSMAN
1 April 1971 M. W. STARK
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:L-__________~ ~ ____- ---------------------------------~-~----~~
Contents
Chapter Page
I. The Unknown Soldier of World War I, State Funeral, 23
October-11 November 1921 ........................ 3
II. Former President William Howard Taft, State Funeral, 8-11
March 1930 .................................... 19
III. Former Army Chief of Staff General Malin Craig, Funeral
Without Formal Classification, 26--30 July 1945 . . . . . . . . . 26
IV. General of the Armies John J. Pershing, State Funeral, 15-19
July 1948 ... ................................... 28
V. Former Secretary of Defense James V. Forrestal, Official
Funeral, 22-25 May 1949 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
VI. Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Forrest P. Sherman, Special
Military Funeral, 22-27 July 1951 ................... 50
VII. Former Deputy Secretary of Defense Stephen T. Early, Com-
bined Services Full Honor Funeral, 11-14 August 1951 ... 57
VIII. Former Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson, Combined Serv-
ices Full Honor Funeral, 22-25 January 1952 ... . . . . . . . . 60
IX. Senator Robert A. Taft, Funeral Without Formal Classification,
31 July-4 August 1953 ............................ 64
X. Former Air Force Chief of Staff General Hoyt S. Vandenberg,
Special Military Funeral, 2-5 April 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
XI. Former Army Chief of Staff General Peyton C. March, Special
Military Funeral, 13-18 April 1955 .................. 81
XII. Former Army Chief of Staff General Charles P. Summerall,
Combined Services Full Honor Funeral, 14-17 May 1955 .. 87
XIII. Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, Full Honor (Company)
Funeral, 11-14 March 1957 ........................ 89
XIV. The Unknown Soldiers of World War II and the Korean War,
State Funeral, 12-30 May 1958 ..................... 93
XV. Deputy Secretary of Defense Donald A. Quarles, Special Mili-
tary Funeral, 8-12 May 1959 ....................... 125
XVI. Former Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, Official Funeral,
24-27 May 1959 .. ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
XVII. Former Chief of Naval Operations Fleet Admiral William D.
Leahy, Special Military Funeral, 20-23 July 1959 ...... 143
XVIII. Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., Special Military Funeral,
16-20 August 1959 ........ ....................... 150
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Chapter Page
XIX. General of the Army George C. Marshall, Special Military
Funeral, 16-20 October 1959 ................ ..... . . 157
XX. General Walter Bedell Smith, Special Full Honor Funeral, 9-14
August 1961 .................................... 168
XXI. Senator Styles Bridges, Funeral Without Formal Classification,
26-29 November 1961 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
XXII. Ambassador of Botswana Zachariah K. Matthews, Ambassador
of Spain Mariano de Yturralde, Ambassador of Malagasy
Louis Rakotomalala, Ambassador of Poland Edward Droz-
niak, Departure Ceremonies, 1962-1968 ............ . . . 180
XXIII. President John F. Kennedy, State Funeral, 22-25 November
1963 .......................................... 188
XXIV. General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, State Funeral, 5-11
April·1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
XXV. Former President Herbert C. Hoover, State Funeral, 20-25
October 1964 .................. ....... .......... 263
XXVI. U.S. Representative to the United Nations Adlai E. Stevenson,
Official Funeral, 14-19 July 1965 ................. ... 293
XXVII. Secretary of the Navy-Designate John T. McNaughton, Sarah
McNaughton, and Theodore McNaughton, Special Mili-
tary Funeral, 19-25 July 1967 ..................... 309
XXVIII. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, Funeral Without Formal Classifica-
tion, 5-8 June 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
XXIX. Former President Dwight D. Eisenhower, State Funeral, 28
March-2 April 1969 .. ....... ...... ............... 338
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE ................................... 384
Appendixes
A. Tables of Entitlement ...................................... 387
1. Table of Entitlement, 1949 ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
2. Table of Entitlement, 1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
3. Table of Entitlement, 1965 ................ .. ......... ..... 391
B. Policies on Strength and Composition of Military Escorts, 1949, 1958,
and 1965 ............................................. 393
1. State and Official Funerals ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
2. Special Military Funeral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
3. Combined Services (Joint Service, Armed Forces) Full Honor
Funeral ..................... ........................ 395
4. Special Full Honor Funeral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
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