The languages of the Andes

745 Pages·2004·3.57 MB·English

by  Willem F. H. Adelaar

THE LANGUAGES OF THE ANDES
TheAndeanandPacificregionsofSouthAmericaarehometoaremark-
ablevarietyoflanguagesandlanguagefamilies,witharangeoftypologi-
caldifferences.Thislinguisticdiversityresultsfromacomplexhistorical
background,comprisingperiodsofgreatercommunicationbetweendif-
ferentpeoplesandlanguages,andperiodsoffragmentationandindividual
development.TheLanguagesoftheAndesisthefirstbookinEnglishto
document in a single volume the indigenous languages spoken and for-
merlyspokeninthislinguisticallyrichregion,aswellasinadjacentareas.
Groupingthelanguagesintodifferentculturalspheres,itdescribestheir
characteristics in terms of language typology, language contact, and the
social perspectives of present-day languages. The authors provide both
historicalandcontemporaryinformation,andillustratethelanguageswith
detailedgrammaticalsketches.Writteninaclearandaccessiblestyle,this
bookwillbeavaluablesourceforstudentsandscholarsoflinguisticsand
anthropologyalike.
 . . isProfessorofAmerindianLanguagesandCul-
tures at Leiden University. He has travelled widely in South America
and has conducted fieldwork in Peru on different varieties of Quechua
and minor languages of the area. He has also worked on the historical-
comparativereconstructionofSouthAmericanlanguages,andsince1991
has been involved in international activities addressing the issue of lan-
guage endangerment. His previously published books include Tarma
Quechua(1977)andHetBoekvanHuarochir´ı(1988).
 .  is Professor of Linguistics at the University of
Nijmegen.HehastravelledwidelyintheCaribbeanandtheAndes,and
waspreviouslyProfessorofSociolinguisticsandCreoleStudiesattheUni-
versity of Amsterdam and Professor of Linguistics and Latin American
Studies at Leiden University. He is co-editor of the Cambridge jour-
nalBilingualism:LanguageandCognition,andhispreviouslypublished
booksincludeBilingualSpeech:aTypologyofCode-mixing(Cambridge,
2000),andOneSpeaker,TwoLanguages(co-editedwithLesleyMilroy,
Cambridge,1995).
CAMBRIDGE LANGUAGE SURVEYS
Generaleditors
P.Austin(UniversityofMelbourne)
J.Bresnan(StanfordUniversity)
B.Comrie(MaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropology,Leipzig)
W.Dressler(UniversityofVienna)
C.Ewen(UniversityofLeiden)
R.Lass(UniversityofCapeTown)
D.Lightfoot(UniversityofMaryland)
I.Roberts(UniversityofCambridge)
S.Romaine(UniversityofOxford)
N.V.Smith(UniversityCollegeLondon)
Thisseriesoffersgeneralaccountsofthemajorlanguagefamiliesofthe
world, with volumes organised either on a purely genetic basis or on a
geographicalbasis,whicheveryieldsthemostconvenientandintelligible
groupingineachcase.Eachvolumecomparesandcontraststhetypological
featuresofthelanguagesitdealswith.Italsotreatstherelevantgeneticre-
lationships,historicaldevelopmentandsociolinguisticissuesarisingfrom
theirroleanduseintheworldtoday.Thebooksareintendedforlinguists
fromundergraduatelevelupwards,butnospecialknowledgeofthelan-
guagesunderconsiderationisassumed.VolumessuchasthoseonAustralia
andtheAmazonBasinarealsoofwiderrelevance,asthefutureofthelan-
guagesandtheirspeakersraisesimportantsocialandpoliticalissues.
Volumesalreadypublishedinclude
ChineseJerryNorman
ThelanguagesofJapanMasayoshiShibatani
PidginsandCreoles(volumeI:Theoryandstructure;volumeII:
Referencesurvey)JohnA.Holm
TheIndo-AryanlanguagesColinMasica
TheCelticlanguageseditedbyDonaldMacAulay
TheRomancelanguagesRebeccaPosner
TheAmazonianlanguageseditedbyR.M.WDixonandAlexandraY.
Aikhenvald
ThelanguagesofNativeNorthAmericaMarianneMithun
TheKoreanlanguageHo-HimSohn
AustralianlanguagesR.M.W.Dixon
TheDravidianlanguagesBhadrirajuKrishnamurti
THE LANGUAGES
OF THE ANDES
WILLEM F. H. ADELAAR
withthecollaborationof PIETER C. MUYSKEN
cambridge university press
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521362757
© Willem F. H. Adelaar and Pieter C. Muysken 2004
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2004
isbn-13 978-0-511-21587-2 eBook (NetLibrary)
isbn-10 0-511-21587-8
eBook (NetLibrary)
isbn-13 978-0-521-36275-7 hardback
isbn-10 0-521-36275-x hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls
for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
CONTENTS
Listoftables page x
Listofmaps xiv
Preface xv
Orthographicconventions xvi
Listofabbreviations xx
1 Introduction 1
1.1 ThelanguagesoftheAndes 4
1.2 Physicaldescription 6
1.3 Briefhistoryoftheregion 7
1.4 A brief overview of the different Andean countries 10
1.5 HistoryofthestudyoftheAndeanlanguages 15
1.5.1 Thecolonialperiod 15
1.5.2 Thenineteenthcentury 18
1.5.3 ContemporaryAndeanlinguistics 19
1.6 SourcesforthestudyofthelanguagesoftheAndes 20
1.7 GeneticrelationsofSouthAmericanIndianlanguages 22
1.7.1 Historyofclassificatoryefforts 23
1.7.2 QuechuanandAymaran,Quechumaran 34
1.7.3 Otherproposalsforindividuallanguagefamilies 36
1.7.4 TheGreenberg(1987)proposal 41
2 TheChibchaSphere 46
2.1 Thelanguagegroupsandtheirdistribution 50
2.2 ResearchonthenativelanguagesofColombia 54
2.3 Chocoan 56
2.4 Yurumanguı´60
2.5 Cuna 61
2.6 The languages of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 66
vi Contents
2.7 Chimila 75
2.8 Bar´ı 80
2.9 TheMuiscalanguage 81
2.9.1 Sources 82
2.9.2 Phonology 83
2.9.3 Grammar 89
2.9.4 Lexicon 103
2.9.5 AMuiscatext 106
2.10 Tunebo(UwCuwa) 109
2.11 YukpaandMagdalenavalleyCariban 112
2.12 TheArawakanlanguagesoftheCaribbeancoast 115
2.13 Timote–Cuica 124
2.14 Jirajaran 129
2.15 Pa´ez(NasaYuwe) 130
2.16 Andaqu´ıandthelanguagesoftheUpperMagdalenavalley 138
2.17 Barbacoanlanguages 141
2.18 Kamsa´ 151
2.19 Esmeralden˜o 155
2.20 OverviewofthelanguagesoftheeasternColombianlowlands 161
3 TheIncaSphere 165
3.1 Thelanguagesandtheirdistribution 168
3.2 TheQuechuanlanguagefamily 179
3.2.1 TheQuechuahomeland 180
3.2.2 Historicaloverviewofthecolonialperiod 182
3.2.3 Dialectsituation 183
3.2.4 Quechuastudies 191
3.2.5 Phonology 194
3.2.6 Grammar 207
3.2.7 CharacteristicsoftheQuechualexicon 233
3.2.8 AsketchofanEcuadorianQuechuadialect(Salasaca) 237
3.2.9 AsketchofaPeruvianQuechuadialect(Pacaraos) 242
3.2.10 ACuzcoQuechuatextfragment 249
3.2.11 LiteraryproductioninQuechua 254
3.2.12 SocialfactorsinfluencingthefutureofQuechua 256
3.3 TheAymaranlanguagefamily 259
3.3.1 Pastandpresentdistribution 260
3.3.2 Homelandandexpansion 263
3.3.3 InternalvariationintheAymaranlanguagefamily 264
Contents vii
3.3.4 SalientfeaturesoftheAymaranlanguagefamily 267
3.3.5 Aymaraphonology 270
3.3.6 Aymaragrammar 274
3.3.7 Aymaralexicon 293
3.3.8 LiteraryproductioninAymara 296
3.3.9 Aymarasampletext 296
3.3.10 TheJaqarulanguage 301
3.3.11 Jaqarusampletext 315
3.4 TheMochicalanguage 319
3.4.1 ThesoundsofMochica 321
3.4.2 Mochicagrammar 328
3.4.3 Mochicasampletexts 344
3.5 PuquinaandCallahuaya 350
3.6 TheUru–Chipayalanguages 362
3.7 TheAtacamen˜olanguage 375
3.8 TheLule–Tonocote´language 385
3.9 ExtinctandpoorlydocumentedlanguagesoftheIncaSphere 391
3.9.1 Ecuador 392
3.9.2 NorthernPeru 397
3.9.3 NorthwesternArgentina 407
4 Thelanguagesoftheeasternslopes 411
4.1 ThePano–Tacananlanguages 418
4.2 TheArawakanlanguages 422
4.2.1 Yanesha(cid:2)phonology 424
4.2.2 TheprincipalgrammaticalfeaturesofYanesha(cid:2) 425
4.2.3 ComplexsentencesinYanesha(cid:2) 430
4.3 Tupi–Guaran´ı 430
4.4 TheJivaroanlanguages 432
4.4.1 Shuarphonology 433
4.4.2 TheprincipalgrammaticalfeaturesofShuar 435
4.4.3 ComplexsentencesinShuar 445
4.5 Cahuapana 447
4.6 Bora–Huitoto 449
4.7 TheZaparoanlanguages 451
4.8 TheTucanoanlanguages 453
4.9 SmallfamiliesandsupposedlanguageisolatesinEcuador 454
4.10 SmallfamiliesandsupposedlanguageisolatesinPeru 456
4.11 Cholo´n 460
viii Contents
4.11.1 TheCholo´nlexiconandrelationshipwithHibito 461
4.11.2 Gender-determinedlanguageuse 462
4.11.3 Cholo´nphonology 463
4.11.4 TheprincipalgrammaticalfeaturesofCholo´n 463
4.11.5 ThebasicwordorderofCholo´n 475
4.12 SmallfamiliesandsupposedlanguageisolatesinBolivia 475
4.13 Chiquitano 477
4.13.1 Gender-determinedlanguageuseinChiquitano 478
4.13.2 Chiquitanophonology 479
4.13.3 TheprincipalgrammaticalfeaturesofChiquitano 480
4.13.4 Chiquitanowordorder 488
4.14 ThelanguagesoftheChacoregion:Guaicuruan,Matacoan,
ZamucoanandLengua–Mascoy 488
4.15 Quechuainfluencesoneasternslopeslanguages 499
5 TheAraucanianSphere 502
5.1 AraucanianorMapuche 508
5.1.1 Mapuchestudies 510
5.1.2 ThesoundsofMapuche 512
5.1.3 Grammar 517
5.1.4 Lexicon 537
5.1.5 Mapuchesampletext 539
5.2 TheAllentiaclanguage 544
6 ThelanguagesofTierradelFuego 550
6.1 Thelanguagesandtheirdistribution 552
6.2 Ethnohistory 555
6.3 Problemsinclassification 556
6.4 Linguisticfeatures 558
6.4.1 TheChonanlanguages 558
6.4.2 ChonoandKawesqar 564
6.4.3 Yahgan 567
6.4.4 Areal-typologicalfeaturesoftheFuegianlanguages 578
6.5 Oralliterature 580
6.6 Languagecontact 580
6.7 ATehuelchetext 582
7 TheSpanishpresence 585
7.1 CharacteristicsofAndeanSpanish 585
Contents ix
7.1.1 DemographyandtheIberiandialectalorigins 586
7.1.2 Linguisticfeatures 587
7.2 Amerindiansubstratuminfluence 589
7.3 LanguagemixtureandpidginisationintheAndesandthe
Amazonbasin 602
7.4 Africaninfluences 604
7.5 LanguageplanningandpolicywithrespecttotheAmerindian
languagesandtobilingualeducation 605
7.6 Andeanlanguagesinthemodernworld 608
Appendix:Inventoryoflanguagesandlanguagefamilies
oftheAndeanregion 610
References 625
Authorindex 681
Indexoflanguagesandethnicgroups 690
Subjectindex 703