The Land of Ionia: Society and Economy in the Archaic Period

284 Pages·2010·16.89 MB·English

by  Alan M. Greaves(auth.)

THE LAND
OF IONIA
The Land of Ionia, Society and Economy in the Archaic Period Alan M. Greaves
© 2010 Alan M. Greaves. ISBN: 978-1-405-19900-1
A L A N M . G R E A V E S
T H E L A N D
O F I O N I A
Society and Economy
in the Archaic Period
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition fi rst published 2010
© 2010 Alan M. Greaves
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Greaves, Alan M., 1969-
The land of Ionia : society and economy in the Archaic period / Alan M. Greaves.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-9900-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Ionia–Civilization. 2. Ionia–Antiquities.
3. Excavations (Archaeology)–Turkey–Ionia. I. Title.
DS156.I6G74 2010
939′.23–dc22
2009032173
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 10.5 on 13pt Minion by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
Printed in Malaysia
I 2010
Contents
List of illustrations viii
List of tables x
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiv
Prologue xvi
1 FINDING IONIA 1
Introduction 1
The Source Materials 2
Excavation and Publication 22
Conclusions 26
2 CONSTRUCTING CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGIES OF
IONIA 27
Introduction 27
Traditional Approaches to Classical Archaeology in Ionia 28
The German and Turkish “Schools” of Archaeology 32
Annaliste Perspectives on Archaeology 36
A New Approach to the Land of Ionia 39
Conclusions 43
3 A DYNAMIC LANDSCAPE 45
Introduction 45
Ionia’s Geographical Zones 46
Landscape Dynamism 57
The Ionian Landscape and Ionian Identity 65
Conclusions 67
vi Contents
4 THE WEALTH OF IONIA 69
Introduction 69
Modes of Primary Production 71
Modes of Processing 79
Modes of Exchange 84
Ionia and World Systems 89
Conclusions 91
5 THE CITIES OF IONIA 95
Introduction 95
A Brief Survey of the Ionian Cities 96
Other Settlements in Ionia 107
The Size and Distribution of Poleis within Ionia 110
François de Polignac in Ionia 112
The City and Ionian Identity 115
Conclusions 118
6 THE IONIANS OVERSEAS 120
Introduction 120
Source Materials 121
Interpreting the Evidence 129
Colonial Interactions 131
Models of Ionian Colonization 137
Conclusions 143
7 THE IONIANS AT WAR 145
Introduction 145
Geographical Settings 147
Archaeological Contexts and Materials 148
Literary Sources 154
Discussion: Issues in Source Materials 156
The Fortifi cation of Ionia 156
Naval Warfare 164
Mercenaries 166
Conclusions 168
8 CULTS OF IONIA 171
Introduction 171
Geographical Evidence 172
Archaeological Evidence 174
Contents vii
Literary and Epigraphic Evidence 179
Discussion of Source Materials 180
The Sacred Ways of Ionia 180
“Foreign” Infl uences on Ionian Cult 193
Burial Practices in Ionia 197
Conclusions 199
9 THE ORNAMENTS OF IONIA 201
Introduction 201
“Art” and Landscape 203
Ionia’s Lost “Art” Treasures 203
“Art” and Literature 207
“Connoisseurship” of Ionian Pottery 207
“Reading” Ionian “Art” 214
Conclusions 218
10 WHO WERE THE IONIANS? 219
Introduction 219
Herodotos’ Ionia 219
The Myth of the Ionian Migration 222
Ionian Identity and Archaeology 225
Conclusions 227
Epilogue 231
Glossary of ancient Greek [and modern Turkish] terms used in the text 233
Bibliography 235
Index 255
Illustrations
Figure 1.1 General view of Ephesos 3
Figure 1.2 Alluvium at Magnesia 4
Figure 1.3 The location of the cities of Ionia and major sites in Aegean Greece 8
Figure 1.4 The location of the cities of Ionia and major sites in Anatolia 9
Box 1.1 A view of Ayasoluk Hill at Ephesos (a) in 1907 and (b) today 25
Figure 3.1 Satellite image of the lower B ü y ü k Menderes Valley 47
Figure 3.2 The acropolis of Priene 48
Figure 3.3 View of the modern B ü y ü k Menderes Plain 51
Figure 3.4 The B ü y ü k Menderes River near Miletos 53
Figure 3.5 GIS of the harbors at Miletos 67
Box 3.1 Progradation of the B ü y ü k Menderes River into the Gulf of Latmos 59
Figure 4.1 Wild Goat style bowl with basket - like handles, made in Chios 82
Figure 4.2 Trade amphorae at Miletos 85
Figure 4.3 Electrum stater with image of a seal from Phokaia, c.600 – 550 b c 88
Box 4.1 The Susa Astragalus 78
Figure 5.1 Cult installation at the site of Myous 105
Figure 5.2 Excavations underway at Kato Phana in 2000 109
Figure 6.1 The harbor of Massalia 122
Figure 6.2 Site view showing the densely overlaid occupations levels at
Kato Phana 125
Box 6.1 Sherds of East Greek pottery from the site of Al Mina 133
Figure 7.1 The Cappadocia Gate and adjacent defenses at Kerkenes Dağ 162
Figure 7.2 Ships attending the Battle of Lade 165
Figure 7.3 An inscription by Archon Son of Amoibichos, an Ionian
mercenary, from Abu Simbel, Egypt 166
Box 7.1 The Maltepe section of the “ Herodotean ” Wall at Phokaia 158
Figure 8.1 Fragment of female sculpture from Ephesos 176
Figure 8.2 Marble head of a youth from Bronchidai - Didyma 179
Figure 8.3 The Ahmetbeyli Valley 182
Illustrations ix
Figure 8.4 A view of the sacred precinct at Klaros 182
Figure 8.5 Colossal kouros from Samos 189
Figure 8.6 Abu Simbel 190
Figure 8.7 Reconstruction of the Genelos group from the Sacred Way at Samos 191
Box 8.1 Marble statue of (a) Chares, ruler of Teichioussa, c.560 bc , and (b)
woman seated in a chair from Didyma, c.530 – 510 bc 186
Figure 9.1 My Bed by Tracey Emin, 1998 202
Figure 9.2 Ivory furniture inlay from Kerkenes Dağ 206
Figure 9.3 Fikellura - style amphora with a running man, sixth century b c 208
Box 9.1 The Garstang East Greek bowl 213
Figure 10.1 The Karabel rock relief of “ Sesostris ” 225
Box 10.1 Artemis of Ephesos 228
Tables
Table 2.1 A summary of the tripartite Annaliste chronological framework
proposed by Fernand Braudel 38
Table 2.2 A model mapping different types of archaeological and historical
evidence onto areas of human activity in Maslow ’ s hierarchy
of needs 41
Table 4.1 Different types of archaeological and historical evidence mapped
onto the four world - systems network types 90
Table 5.1 Known Archaic cult sites in Milesia 113
Table 6.1 A model of Ionian colonization based on world - systems analysis 138
Table 8.1 Sacred Ways of Ionia 181
Preface
J.M. Cook wrote: “ The history of the eastern Greeks still remains to be written. ” 1 A com-
plete history of the region would certainly be a large undertaking and this book does not
claim be an encyclopedic account of the rise, fall, and eventual excavation of the great
cities of Ionia. Rather, it is an exercise in archaeological interpretation that aims to high-
light socio - economic themes and questions regarding the local practices and identity of
those communities – the prolegomena to a new history of Ionia. It also aims to be an
accessible introduction to these themes, and to the region itself, that is not overburdened
with lengthy examples, theory, or footnotes. In this sense it has been inspired by Carl
Roebuck ’ s I onian Trade and Colonization ,2 which remains one of the most accessible and
useful introductions to Ionia. Through its bibliography and textboxes, it is hoped that
this book can provide a point of entry into the rich archaeological material that exists for
Ionia and thereby allow people to formulate their own interpretations of it.
Ionia, which consisted of the west coast of what is now Turkey and the Greek islands
of Chios and Samos, was one of the most important regions of the ancient Mediterranean.
It was simultaneously the meeting point and the battleground between East and West, a
fertile birthplace of ideas, and an emblem of ancient civilization throughout time. In
modern times, images of its monuments are iconic symbols of archaeology, and its
leading cities, such as Ephesos, have become household names. Yet Ionia is a strangely
unfamiliar friend. The critical reviews of the material available for the study of Ionia that
are presented in this book often appear to highlight how little we actually know about
the Archaic period in this most iconic region. Despite nearly a century - and - a - half of
excavations and a wealth of discoveries, there have been relatively few works that have
dealt directly with Ionia and none that have explicitly sought to examine and defi ne the
essential identity of the region and its society using archaeology as its primary source.
However, this is changing and the exciting discoveries and modern approaches being
applied in Ionia today provide a stimulating basis for any archaeological discussion.
1 J.M. Cook 1962 : 15.
2 Roebuck 1959 .