The Lakedwellings of Europe by Robert Munro

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Title: The Lake-Dwellings of Europe
Being the Rhind Lectures in Archæology for 1888

Author: Robert Munroe

Release Date: March 17, 2015 [EBook #48514]

Language: English

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THE

LAKE-DWELLINGS

OF

EUROPE:

BEING THE

RHIND LECTURES IN ARCHÆOLOGY

for 1888.

BY

ROBERT MUNRO, M.A., M.D.,

SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND;

AUTHOR OF "ANCIENT SCOTTISH LAKE-DWELLINGS OR CRANNOGS."

CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED:

LONDON, PARIS & MELBOURNE.

1890.

[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.]

Transcriber's Notes:

[Pg v]

Obvious misspellings were corrected. Uncertain or antiquated spellings were not corrected.
The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they

illustrate.

Errors in punctuation and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected unless otherwise noted.
The cover image was designed by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain

PREFACE.

THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, IN OFFERING ME THE RHIND LECTURESHIP IN ARCHÆOLOGY FOR THE YEAR 1888, LEFT

ME NO CHOICE OF A SUBJECT, AS THEY HAD ALREADY SUGGESTED THAT THE COURSE SHOULD BE ON THE "LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE."
THEIR COMMUNICATION EMBODYING THIS PROPOSAL CAME UPON ME WITH COMPLETE SURPRISE, AND, INDEED, IT WAS WITH
CONSIDERABLE MISGIVING THAT I PONDERED OVER THE UNDERTAKING, BECAUSE AT THAT TIME I HAD NO SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE OF LAKE-
DWELLINGS BEYOND SCOTLAND. BUT THE KIND ENCOURAGEMENT OF FRIENDS AND THE FACT THAT I HAD TWO YEARS TO COLLECT THE
NECESSARY MATERIALS, ULTIMATELY OVERCAME MY SCRUPLES; AND SO WITH THE ACCEPTANCE OF THIS APPOINTMENT THE WORK NOW
OFFERED TO THE PUBLIC MAY BE SAID TO HAVE BEEN BEGUN. MY FIRST AND ALMOST IMMEDIATE STEP WAS A HASTY RUN TO THE
PRINCIPAL CENTRES OF LAKE-DWELLING RESEARCHES IN EUROPE, SO AS TO GET A PRELIMINARY IDEA OF THE BEST AND MOST PRACTICAL
WAY OF CARRYING OUT THIS WORK. IT WAS ONLY THEN THAT THE MAGNITUDE OF THE LABOURS I HAD UNDERTAKEN DAWNED UPON ME.
THE RELICS FROM THE MORE IMPORTANT SETTLEMENTS, WITH FEW EXCEPTIONS, WERE SO WIDELY SCATTERED THAT, TO FORM AN
INTELLIGIBLE NOTION OF THE CIVILISATION AND CULTURE OF THEIR INHABITANTS FROM A STUDY OF THEIR INDUSTRIAL REMAINS, SCORES OF
MUSEUMS AND PRIVATE COLLECTIONS HAD TO BE VISITED. NOR WAS THE CONDITION OF THE LITERATURE AND RECORDS OF THE VARIOUS
DISCOVERIES MORE FAVOURABLE TO MY PURPOSE. THE SUCCESSIVE INVESTIGATIONS BY DIFFERENT PARTIES IN THE MORE PROLIFIC
STATIONS WERE CONSTANTLY ALTERING THE PREVIOUS
RECORDS AND, IN SOME INSTANCES, EVEN FALSIFIED THE EARLIER DEDUCTIONS

FOUNDED ON THEM. AGAIN, DESCRIPTIVE NOTICES WERE DIRECTED MORE TO ILLUSTRATE THE PARTICULAR AND RARER FINDS OF THE
INVESTIGATOR THAN TO CONVEY TO GENERAL READERS A FAIR ESTIMATE OF THE
tout-ensemble OF ANY SPECIAL STATION. KELLER'S EARLIER

REPORTS WERE REALLY EXHAUSTIVE MONOGRAPHS, BUT BY-AND-BY THE SUBJECT BECAME SO EXTENSIVE THAT TO CARRY OUT THE WORK
ON THE SAME SCALE WOULD ENTAIL THE PUBLICATION OF MANY VOLUMES. IN 1866, WHEN MR. LEE TRANSLATED AND ARRANGED
KELLER'S FIRST SIX REPORTS, HIS WORK WAS FAIRLY REPRESENTATIVE OF THE PROGRESS THEN MADE IN LAKE-DWELLING RESEARCHES; BUT TO
KEEP PACE WITH THIS PROGRESS A SECOND EDITION AT THE END OF THE FOLLOWING DECADE ASSUMED THE MAGNITUDE OF TWO LARGE
volumes.

SINCE THEN, HOWEVER (1878), THE RESULTS OF LACUSTRINE RESEARCHES HAVE BEEN GREATER AND MORE IMPORTANT THAN DURING

ANY PREVIOUS CORRESPONDING PERIOD. THE "CORRECTION DES EAUX DU JURA," TOGETHER WITH VARIOUS HARBOUR ALTERATIONS IN THE
LAKES OF ZÜRICH, GENEVA, ETC., HAVE BEEN THE MEANS OF ENORMOUSLY INCREASING THE LACUSTRINE COLLECTIONS OF SWITZERLAND. IN
NORTH ITALY NOT ONLY HAVE NEW AND REMARKABLY INTERESTING LACUSTRINE STATIONS BEEN DISCOVERED AND EXHAUSTIVELY
INVESTIGATED, AS LAGOZZA AND POLADA, BUT THE RESEARCHES IN THE TERREMARE HAVE BEEN SUCH AS TO ENTIRELY ALTER THE PREVIOUS
OPINIONS HELD IN REGARD TO THEM. NOR HAS THE PROGRESS IN THIS FIELD OF RESEARCH IN MANY OTHER COUNTRIES IN EUROPE BEEN
SCARCELY LESS IMPORTANT, IN PROOF OF WHICH I HAVE ONLY TO MENTION THE ADDITIONS MADE TO THE SCOTTISH AND IRISH CRANNOGS;
THE CURIOUS FASCINE STRUCTURES BROUGHT TO LIGHT IN HOLDERNESS, YORKSHIRE; THE NOVEL REVELATIONS EXTRACTED FROM THE
terp

MOUNDS IN HOLLAND AND OTHER LOW-LYING DISTRICTS ON THE COAST OF THE GERMAN OCEAN; THE GREATLY EXTENDED AND MORE
ACCURATE DETAILS OF LACUSTRINE STRUCTURES IN NORTH GERMANY; THE DISCOVERY IN HUNGARY OF PREHISTORIC MOUNDS ANALOGOUS TO
THE TERRAMARA DEPOSITS OF ITALY, ETC. IN SHORT THERE IS HARDLY ANY CORNER OF THE LAKE-DWELLING
AREA IN EUROPE WHICH HAS NOT

yielded new materials, throwing more or less light on this strange phase of prehistoric life.

IN THESE CIRCUMSTANCES I RESOLVED TO PROCEED
de novo, AND TO CONSTRUCT MY STORY OF THE LAKE-DWELLINGS FROM

WHATEVER TRUSTWORTHY SOURCES I COULD LAY MY HANDS ON. IN ORDER TO CARRY OUT THIS INTENTION MY WIFE AND I PERAMBULATED
THE WHOLE OF CENTRAL EUROPE WITH NOTE AND SKETCH BOOKS IN HAND, VISITING, AS FAR AS PRACTICABLE, THE SITES OF LAKE-
DWELLINGS, AND SEARCHING MUSEUMS AND LIBRARIES WHEREVER WE THOUGHT THEIR RELICS OR RECORDS WERE TO BE FOUND. THE
EASTERN LIMIT OF THE REGION THUS VISITED MAY BE REPRESENTED BY A LINE DRAWN FROM KÖNIGSBERG TO TRIESTE, PASSING THROUGH
THE INTERMEDIATE TOWNS OF KRAKOW, BUDA-PESTH, AND AGRAM. THE MATERIALS BROUGHT TOGETHER FROM WITHIN THIS AREA ARE,
TO A VERY CONSIDERABLE EXTENT, ABSOLUTELY NEW TO BRITISH ARCHÆOLOGISTS. OF COURSE, IN A WORK WHICH AIMS AT PUTTING INTO
THE HANDS OF GENERAL READERS AN EPITOME OF THE ESSENTIAL FACTS AND RESULTS OF LACUSTRINE RESEARCHES SINCE THESE SINGULAR
REMAINS WERE DISCOVERED IN EUROPE, I HAD TO TAKE COGNISANCE OF SOME INVESTIGATIONS THAT HAVE ALREADY BEEN FULLY
RECORDED AND ILLUSTRATED. AS IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO ILLUSTRATE TYPICAL GROUPS OF OBJECTS FROM ALL THE LACUSTRINE STATIONS, I
HAVE, AS A RULE, IN SELECTING THE ILLUSTRATIONS FOR THIS WORK, AVOIDED THOSE THAT HAVE ALREADY COME WITHIN THE REACH OF
English readers through the translation of Keller's works, except when they belonged to stations that are the best or only
REPRESENTATIVES OF THEIR KIND IN THEIR RESPECTIVE LOCALITIES—AS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE ROSEN INSEL IN THE LAKE OF STARNBERG.
ACTING ON THIS PRINCIPLE, I HAVE GIVEN VERY FEW ILLUSTRATIONS OF OBJECTS FROM NIDAU, MOOSSEEDORF, ST. AUBIN, WAUWYL;
NOR, FOR THE SAME REASON, IS A PROMINENT PLACE GIVEN TO THE EARLIER DISCOVERIES AT ROBENHAUSEN, ESTAVAYER, CONCISE,
Cortaillod, etc. In this way I have endeavoured to combine in the work now issued as much novelty as possible, without
detracting from its general and comprehensive scope.

AS OUR PERIPATETIC LABOURS DREW TO A CLOSE, THE NEXT POINT TO BE CONSIDERED WAS THE METHOD OF GROUPING THE

MATERIALS UNDER SIX DIVISIONS, CORRESPONDING WITH THE PRESCRIBED NUMBER OF LECTURES. THIS WAS BY NO MEANS AN EASY TASK,
AS NEITHER THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, NOR THE HISTORICAL ORDER OF THE DISCOVERIES, COULD BE EXCLUSIVELY SELECTED AS A

[Pg vi]

[Pg vii]

[Pg viii]

CEMENTING ELEMENT IN DEALING WITH REMAINS SO DIVERSIFIED IN CHARACTER AND OF SO WIDE A RANGE IN SPACE AND TIME. THE PLAN
WHICH I HAVE HERE ADOPTED SEEMS TO ME TO COMBINE THE GREATEST ADVANTAGES WITH THE FEWEST DRAWBACKS. ITS RATIONALE IS
AS FOLLOWS:—AFTER INTRODUCING MY SUBJECT BY A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES THAT LED TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE
Pfahlbauten IN THE LAKE OF ZÜRICH, AND GLANCING AT THE ARCHÆOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE AND SURPRISING RESULTS OF THIS DISCOVERY
IN OTHER SWISS LAKES, THE HISTORICAL ELEMENT IS DROPPED, AND I CONDUCT MY READERS OVER WESTERN SWITZERLAND AND SAVOY,
SUMMARISING THE DISCOVERIES IN THE SUCCESSIVE LAKES AS WE MOVE ALONG. IN THE SECOND LECTURE WE AGAIN START NEAR THE
SAME PLACE AND CONTINUE OUR EXPLORATIONS IN AN EASTERLY DIRECTION, AND HAVING EXAMINED THE UPPER RHINE DISTRICT WE
CROSS OVER TO THE GREAT DANUBIAN BASIN, WHICH WE FOLLOW DOWNWARDS AS FAR AS THE LACUSTRINE TRAIL CARRIES US, AND
ULTIMATELY FINISH WITH LAIBACH NEAR THE SOURCE OF THE DRAVE. THE THIRD LECTURE IS ENTIRELY OCCUPIED WITH THE PALAFITTES AND
TERREMARE IN THE PO VALLEY. IN THESE WANDERINGS WE HAVE VIRTUALLY MADE A CIRCUIT OF THE GREAT ALPINE CHAIN OF MOUNTAINS,
AND HAVE SEEN THAT THE HABIT OF CONSTRUCTING LAKE-DWELLINGS WAS PREVALENT IN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE FOUR PRINCIPAL
waterways which diverge from its flanks, viz. the Rhine, Rhone, Danube, and Po.

THE LAKE-DWELLING AREA THUS SURVEYED COMPRISES ALL THE REMAINS THAT CAN UNEQUIVOCALLY BE SAID TO BELONG TO THE

PRIMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THESE STRUCTURES IN EUROPE, THEIR PERIOD OF EXISTENCE BEING ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY CONFINED TO THE
prehistoric ages of Stone and Bronze. Such being the case, this might be a suitable opportunity for offering some general
REMARKS ON THE CULTURE AND CIVILISATION OF THEIR INHABITANTS; BUT THIS I DEFER TO THE FINAL LECTURE, THINKING IT PREFERABLE BEFORE
DOING SO TO ACQUAINT MY READERS WITH VARIOUS DETAILS OF ANALOGOUS REMAINS BROUGHT TO LIGHT IN OTHER DISTRICTS IN EUROPE.
ACCORDINGLY IN THE FOURTH LECTURE WE CONTINUE OUR GEOGRAPHICAL WANDERINGS. AGAIN STARTING IN SWITZERLAND WE DISCUSS THE
PECULIAR REMAINS FOUND IN LA TÈNE, ALMOST THE ONLY EXCEPTION TO THE ORDINARY
Pfahlbauten OF THE STONE AND BRONZE

AGES ENCOUNTERED IN OUR PREVIOUS TOUR; AND THENCE, MOVING NORTHWARDS BY THE LOWER RHINE DISTRICT, WE PASS TO NORTH
GERMANY, WHERE WE MEET WITH SETTLEMENTS APPARENTLY BELONGING TO ALL AGES. THE FIFTH LECTURE IS EXCLUSIVELY DEVOTED TO AN
EXPOSITION OF THE CRANNOGS AND LAKE-DWELLINGS WITHIN THE BRITISH ISLES. IN THESE FIVE LECTURES WE HAVE THUS SURVEYED THE
entire area in Europe in which the remains of ancient lake-dwellings have been discovered in modern times.

EXCEPTING THE WELL-KNOWN REPORTS OF KELLER AND A FEW MONOGRAPHS ON PARTICULAR STATIONS OR DISTRICTS, THE ENTIRE

LITERATURE OF THE SUBJECT MAY BE SAID TO LIE BURIED IN THE TRANSACTIONS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. HAVING TO HUNT UP AND PERUSE
MOST OF THESE OBSCURE AND ALMOST INACCESSIBLE ARTICLES—THE NUMBER AND EXTENT OF WHICH MAY BE ESTIMATED BY A GLANCE
AT THE ACCOMPANYING BIBLIOGRAPHY—IT OCCURRED TO ME THAT, BY TABULATING ALL THE WORKS AND NOTICES OF THESE RESEARCHES IN
CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE, UNDER THE NAMES OF THEIR RESPECTIVE AUTHORS AND WITH CORRECT REFERENCES TO THEIR PUBLISHED
SOURCES, I MIGHT BE CONFERRING SOME BENEFIT ON FUTURE INVESTIGATORS, WHILE SUPPLYING MYSELF WITH A SIMPLE AND READY
MEANS OF REFERRING TO AUTHORITIES, WITHOUT THE NECESSITY OF HAVING TO REPEAT OVER AND OVER AGAIN THE VOLUMINOUS TITLES OF
PUBLICATIONS. HENCE THE ORIGIN OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDED TO THIS WORK, WHICH, HOWEVER IMPERFECT, WILL, I TRUST,
CONSIDERABLY ENHANCE ITS VALUE. ITS COMPILATION HAS GIVEN ME A GREAT DEAL OF TROUBLE, AND THE ONLY VALUABLE ASSISTANCE I
DERIVED FROM OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE KIND WAS FROM PIGORINI'S "BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ITALIAN ARCHÆOLOGY," WHICH,
unfortunately, comes down only to 1874.

THERE REMAINS NOW ONLY THE PLEASANT DUTY OF THANKING THOSE WHO HAVE ASSISTED ME IN BRINGING THE WORK, SO FAR, TO A

satisfactory conclusion. On this score my obligations are very great.

(1) IN COLLECTING THE MATERIALS ON THE CONTINENT MY WORK WAS GREATLY FACILITATED BY INTRODUCTORY NOTES FROM AND TO

EMINENT ARCHÆOLOGISTS, AND AMONG THOSE WHO SO HONOURED ME I HAVE ESPECIALLY TO MENTION
EVANS, FRANKS, VOSS,

TISCHLER, the late KARL DESCHMANN, MAJOR TRÖLTSCH, PIGORINI, and CASTELFRANCO.

(2) TO THE CUSTODIANS OF MUSEUMS AND THE OWNERS OF PRIVATE COLLECTIONS I AM INDEBTED FOR PERMISSION TO HAVE NOTES

AND SKETCHES TAKEN OF OBJECTS IN THEIR POSSESSION. THE COLLECTIONS WHICH HAVE SUPPLIED ME WITH ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS ARE
the following:—

MUSEUMS.

Aix-les-Bains: Musée de la Ville.
Annecy: Musée de la Ville.
Avenches: Museum of Roman Antiquities.
Bâle: The Museum.
Belfast: Antiquarian Museum.
Berlin: Märkisches Museum.
Königl. Museum für Völkerkunde.
Berne: Cantonal Museum. Gross Coll. Federal Hall.
Bienne: Schwab Museum.
Boudry: Museum.
Chambéry: Musée de la Ville.
Como: Museo di Como.
Constance: Rosgarten Museum.
Dublin: Museum of the Royal Irish Academy.
Edinburgh: National Museum of Antiquities.
Frauenfeld: Sammlung der Hist. Gesellschaft im Thurgau.
Fribourg: Musée Cantonal.
Friedrichshafen: Museum des Vereins für die Geschichte des Bodensees.
Geneva: Musée Archéologique.

[Pg ix]

[Pg x]

Isola Virginia: Museo Ponti.
Klagenfurt: Das Historiche Museum des Rudolfinums.
Königsberg: Das Prussia Museum.
Laibach: Landesmuseum.
Lausanne: Musée Cantonal.
Leeuwarden: Museum van het Friesch Genootschap.
London: British Museum.
Lucerne: Historical and Art-Industrial Museum in the Rathhaus.
Mayence: Sammlung des Stadt und Alterthumsvereins.
Milan: Museo Civico.
Modena: Museo Civico.
Morat: A small Collection in the Gymnasium.
Munich: K. Ethnographisches Museum.
Neuchâtel: Musée Archéologique.
Parma: R. Museo d'Antichità di Parma.
Posen: Archæological Museum.
Reggio: Museo Civico di Reggio d'Emilia.
Rome: Museo Preistorico.
Schwerin: Grossherzogl. Alterthümer Sammlung.
Sigmaringen: Fürstl. Hohenzollern'sches Museum.
St. Germain (Paris): Musée National.
Stuttgart: K. Kunst-und Alterthums-Sammlung,
and K. Naturalien-Sammlung.
Turin: Museo Civico.
Ueberlingen: Steinhaus Museum.
Varese: Museo di Varese.
Verona: Museo Civico.
Viadana: Museo Civico.
Vienna: K. K. Naturhist-Hof-Museum
(formerly K. K. Munzund Antikenkabinet).
Yverdon: Musée de la Ville.
Zürich: Sammlung der antiquarischen Gesellschaft.

PRIVATE COLLECTIONS.

Boynton, Thomas, F.S.A.Scot., Bridlington.
Castelfranco, Professor, Milan.
Evans, John, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., Hemel Hempstead.
Frank, Oberförster, Schussenried, Württemberg.
Grainger, Canon, Broughshane, Ireland.
Restaurant Lacustre (Port), Aix-les-Bains.
Le Mire, M. Jules. Collection of Relics from the Palafitte
in the Lake of Clairvaux, exhibited at the International
Exposition, Paris, 1889.
Ley, Herr, Bodmann, Baden.
Leiner, Herr, Constance, Baden.
Lord Talbot de Malahide, Malahide Castle.
Messikommer, Herr Jacob, Wetzikon, Switzerland.
Much, Dr., Vienna.
Quaglia, Sig. Giuseppe, Varese.
Rabut, M., Chambéry.
(This collection is now in the British Museum.)
Rambotti, Dr., Desenzano, Italy.
Regazzoni, Professor. (Collection in the Museo di Como.)
Vouga, M. A. (Collection in the Boudry Museum.)
Vouga, M. E., Marin.

(3) MESSRS. CHANTRE, GROSS, A. AND E. VOUGA, R. FORRER (EDITOR OF
Antiqua), AND OTHERS, AS WELL AS A LARGE NUMBER

OF THE SECRETARIES OF ARCHÆOLOGICAL SOCIETIES, HAVE MOST CORDIALLY GRANTED ME PERMISSION TO TAKE EXTRACTS OR COPY SUCH
ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THEIR PUBLISHED WORKS AS I MIGHT THINK NECESSARY. THE INSTANCES IN WHICH I HAVE AVAILED MYSELF OF THIS
privilege are acknowledged in the text and in the tabulated list of illustrations.

(4) THE FOLLOWING SOCIETIES HAVE KINDLY ALLOWED ME TO USE ELECTROTYPES OF A NUMBER OF THEIR WOODCUTS, ALL OF WHICH

are duly specified in the list of illustrations:—
Ayr and Galloway Archæological Association.
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
Anthropological Society, London.

[Pg xi]

[Pg xii]

Royal Archæological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
Royal Irish Academy.
Royal Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland.

(5) THE BIBLIOGRAPHY WAS TO A LARGE EXTENT COMPILED AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM LIBRARY, WHERE I FOUND GREATER FACILITIES

FOR SUCH WORK THAN IN ANY SIMILAR INSTITUTION ON THE CONTINENT. IN ADDITION TO READY ACCESS TO PUBLIC LIBRARIES, I HAVE TO
ACKNOWLEDGE THE RECEIPT OF A NUMBER OF VALUABLE ANNOTATIONS AND REFERENCES IN SPECIAL LIBRARIES ATTACHED TO MUSEUMS OR
BELONGING TO SOCIETIES. AMONG THE ARCHÆOLOGISTS WHO HAVE THUS AIDED ME I HAVE SPECIALLY TO MENTION MM.
PIGORINI,

VOSS, and REINACH (ST. GERMAIN). THE HON. H. A. DILLON, SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES, SUPPLIED ME WITH THE
reference to the capture of an Irish crannog by the English, quoted at page 482.

My learned friend Joseph Anderson, LL.D., greatly assisted me in revising the proof sheets.
FOR ALL THESE VARIED AND VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THIS WORK, AS WELL AS FOR THE MANY ACTS OF KINDNESS AND GOOD

wishes received during our peregrinations, I now express my warmest thanks and gratitude.

Edinburgh, 15th May, 1890.

CONTENTS.

First Lecture.

SETTLEMENTS IN LAKE ZÜRICH, WESTERN SWITZERLAND, AND FRANCE.

PAGES

Introductory—First Discovery of Lake-Dwellings at Ober-Meilen Early Investigators—General Scope
of Lectures—Descriptive Notices of Settlements in the Lake of Zürich—Investigations in the Jura
Lakes, and Archæological Result of the "Correction des Eaux du Jura"—Detailed Notices of the
Stations in the Lakes of Bienne, Neuchâtel, Morat, Inkwyl, Burgäschi, Moosseedorf, Sempach,
Wauwyl, Zug, Baldegg, Geneva, Luissel, Bourget, Annecy, Aiguebellette, and Clairvaux
1-109

Second Lecture.

SETTLEMENTS IN EASTERN SWITZERLAND, THE DANUBIAN VALLEY, AND CARNIOLA.

Character of Pfahlbauten in Peat Bogs—Descriptive Notices of Stations in Lake Pfäffikon, Egelsee,
Greifensee, the Peat Moors at Heimenlachen, and in the Lakes of Nussbaumen, Constance, Mindli,
Bussen, Feder, Olzreuthe, Starnberg, Atter, Mond, and Fuschl—Suggestive Remains in Neusiedlersee
—Pile Structures in Hungary—Early Researches in the Lakes of Carinthia and Carniola—Remarkable
Discoveries in Laibach Moor—Notices of supposed Beaver-traps and similar Machines found in North
Germany, Italy, and Ireland
110-185

Third Lecture.

LAKE DWELLINGS AND PILE STRUCTURES IN ITALY.

First discovered at Mercurago. (a) Western Lake-Settlements in the Po Valley: Notices of Stations in
Lake Varese and the adjoining Turbaries of Biandrono, Cassago-Brabbia, and Pustenga—Researches
in the Lakes of Monate and Varano; in the Turbaries of Mombello, Valcuvia, and Brenno; in the Lakes
of Annone and Pusiano, and in the Turbaries of Bosisio, Capriano, Maggiolino, Mercurago, Borgo-
Ticino, and San Martino—Remarkable Station in Lagozza. (b) Eastern Lake-Settlements in the Po
Valley: Descriptive Notices of the Stations in the Lakes of Garda, Fimon, and Arquà-Petrarca, and in
the Turbaries of Polada and Cascina. (c) Terremare: Discovery and Significance of the Terramara
Deposits—Special Investigations at Castione—Notices of further Typical Stations at Montale, Casale
Zaffanella, and Gorzano—General Remarks on Terramara Settlements—Their Distribution, Relics, and
Organic Remains
186-276

Fourth Lecture.

SPECIAL CHARACTER OF THE REMAINS FOUND AT LA TÈNE, AND IN THE LAKE OF PALADRU:

LACUSTRINE AND MARINE DWELLINGS IN THE LOWER RHINE DISTRICT AND NORTH GERMANY.

[Pg xiii]

[Pg xiv]

Descriptive Notice of Antiquities found at La Tène and in the Lake of Paladru—Notices of Stations in
the Palatinate, at Deûle à Houplin, and of one of a remarkable character near Maëstricht—Detailed
Notices of Stations in (a) Mecklenburg, (b) Pomerania and Central Prussia, (c) Posen and Poland,
and (d) East Prussia and Livland—General Remarks on the Settlements of North Germany and their
relation to the Burgwälle—Ancient Marine Dwellings on the Coasts of Holland and Western Germany
—Terpen, Warfen, and Wurthen
277-348

Fifth Lecture.

THE LAKE DWELLINGS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

I.-IRISH CRANNOGS: First Discovery of a Crannog at Lagore—Subsequent Discoveries, especially during

the workings of the Commissioners for the arterial drainage of Ireland—General Features of Crannogs
then observed, with Notes of the Relics collected on them—Notices of typical Crannogs at
Randalstown and Tonymore—Researches of Messrs. G. H. Kinahan and W. F. Wakeman—Crannogs
in the County of Fermanagh—Recent Discoveries at Lisnacroghera and in Lough Mourne—List of Irish
Crannogs, alphabetically arranged, with Notes and References.

II.-SCOTTISH CRANNOGS: Historical Notice of their Discovery—Details of Characteristic Stations at

Dowalton, Lochlee, Lochspouts, Buston, Airrieoulland, Barhapple, White Loch of Ravenstone, and
Friar's Carse—Stone Lake-Dwellings and other Artificial Islands—List of Scottish Crannogs,
alphabetically arranged, with Notes and References.

III.-ENGLISH LAKE-DWELLINGS: The meres of Norfolk and Suffolk, etc.—Pile Structures in London—

Crannog in Llangorse Lake, Wales—Suggestive Remains in Berks—Recent Lacustrine Discoveries in
Holderness.

IV.-GENERAL REMARKS ON LAKE-DWELLINGS WITHIN THE BRITISH ISLES: Their Structure and Modes of

Access, Gangways, and Canoes—Their Local Distribution and Ethnographical Significance—Their
Range in Time—Their Relation to Analogous Remains in Europe
349-494

Sixth Lecture.

THE LAKE-DWELLERS OF EUROPE:
THEIR CULTURE AND CIVILISATION.

Founders of the earliest Lake-Dwellings lived in the Stone Age, and were acquainted with agriculture,
the rearing of cattle, and various industries—Art of Boring and Sawing Stones—Jade Implements and
their significance among the Lake-Dwellers—Introduction of Metals—Transition Period and Copper
Age(?)—Bronze Age and its characteristic Arts and Industries—Osteological Remains of the Lake-
Dwellers—Iron Age—The sudden appearance of Implements and Weapons of Iron among the Swiss
Lake-Dwellers indicates a new Race of People—Who were these new comers?—Distribution of La
Tène Civilisation in Europe—General Conclusions
495-554

Bibliography of Lake-Dwelling Researches in Europe
555-583

Index
585-600

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

LAKE ZÜRICH.

FIG.
PAGE

1. — OBER-MEILEN: No. 1, Flint knife—2, Flint saw in its wooden handle—3 and 4, Stone axes

—5, Bronze axe—6, Bear's tooth, perforated—7, Hammer of staghorn—8, 13, and 17,
Perforated stone axes—9, Amber bead—10, Bronze armlet—11 and 15, Stone axes or
chisels in horn handles—12, Polisher of stone, with small perforation for string—14,
Spindle-whorl of earthenware—16, Flint arrow-point
No. 5 in Museum Schwab, and the rest in Antiq. Museum at Zürich.
6

[Pg xv]

[Pg xvi]

[Pg xvii]

2. — BAUSCHANZE, KLEINER HAFNER, AND GROSSER HAFNER: Nos. 1 to 7, Specimens of pottery

—8, Spindle-whorl of earthenware—9, Bone needle—10, Horn implement—11, Flax-
heckler of bones—12, Bone dagger—13 and 14, Mortised beams—15 and 16, Flint
implements—17, Bear's tooth, perforated—18 and 28, Ornamental bracelets—19 and 27,
Pendants—20, Involved rings—21 and 22, Agricultural implements of horn—23, Fish-
hook of bone—24 to 26, Bronze pins—29, Part of a chain—30, Ornamented knife—31,
Earthenware vase, placed on a clay support ring—32, Bronze implement, with handle—33
to 37, Various tools and a spiral. (These objects are of bronze when not otherwise
specified)
Nos. 1 to 17 after Keller (B. 336, Pl. i. and ii.), the rest, with the exception of 21 to 23
and 31, from Antiqua, 1883. Nearly all in Zürich Museum.
11

3. — WOLLISHOFEN: Nos. 1 and 2, Grip-ends of two swords—3, 4, 5, and 14, Various forms of

arrow-heads—6, 8 to 11, 19, and 23 to 26, Specimens of pins—7, Ornamented socketed
spear-head—12 and 18, Wheel ornaments—13 and 15, Bracelets—16, Comb—17,
Copper flat celt—20, Fibula, with small ring on its twisted pin—21 and 27, Button and stud
—22, Handsome vase—28, Finger-ring—29 to 31, Pendants—32, An ornamented wheel
of tin—33, A twisted ring with eight small rings—34, Fish-hook—35, Axe from Letten.
(All bronze, with the exception of No. 17)
All in Zürich Museum. One or two of the pins are after Heierli (B. 448).
14

4. — WOLLISHOFEN: Nos. 1 to 7, Chisels, etc.—8 and 18, Hammers—9 and 10, Sword-handled

implements—11 to 15, Various forms of knives—16, 20, and 25, Hatchets—17 and 22,
Fragments of dishes—19, Ring-handle—21, Anvil. (All the above objects are of bronze.)
—23, Leaden cake with bronze loop—24, Another similar object, with two loops (from
Onens)—26, Bronze needle
All the objects are in the Zürich Museum. No. 24 after Heierli (B. 448).
15

5. — WOLLISHOFEN: Nos. 1 to 4, 7, 9, 11, and 12, Specimens of pottery—5 and 10, Clay

bobbins—6, Two views of a fragmentary wheel of earthenware—8, Crescent (restored) of
burnt clay—13 to 20, Various forms of Spindle-whorls of earthenware
All in Zürich Museum. Nos. 9, 11, and 12 after Heierli (B. 462, Pl. ix.).
17

LAKE OF BIENNE.

6. — MOERINGEN: Nos. 1 and 3, Pendants—2, 14, and 15, Vessels—4, 9, and 10, Fibulæ—5,

Handle of rapier, 21 inches long—6, Knife with solid handle (bronze)—7, Saw—8,
Ornamented bracelet—11 and 16, Razors,—12 and 17, Socketed chisel and gouge—13,
Hammer, with socket and loop
All bronze, and after Desor (B. 252).
29

7. — VINELZ: Nos. 1 to 8, Flint arrow-points—9, Flint scraper—10 to 12, Flint daggers, one

(No. 11) in wooden handle, surrounded by a withe—13, Stone axe in V-shaped horn-fixer
—14, Stone bead—15, 16, and 18, Bone pins—17, Copper awl in bone handle—19,
Object of superficial plate of a boar's tusk, perforated with four holes—20 and 21, Horn
buttons—22 to 28, 30, and 31, Various tools and articles of copper—29, 32, and 33,
Specimens of pottery
All the objects in Cantonal Museum at Berne (No. 29 after B. 462, Pl. xviii. 10).
35

LAKE OF NEUCHÂTEL.

8. — ST. BLAISE: Nos. 1 to 18, Various implements and tools of copper (with exception of No.

4—bronze)—19, Stone wrist-bracer—20, Horn implement, polished and perforated—21,
Horn spear-head—22 to 24, Bone pins—25 and 26, Stone axes, one partially perforated
—27, Fossil ammonite, perforated for suspension as an ornament—28, Flint dagger in
wooden handle
Nos. 8, 10 to 19, 21, 25, and 27 after Antiqua; No. 2 in Neuchâtel Museum; No. 28 in
E. Vouga's collection; the remaining Nos. after Anzeiger (B. 376a).
41

9. — AUVERNIER: Nos. 1 to 8, Hatchets of various forms—9 to 11, Knives—12 and 18, Chisel

and gouge—13, 19, and 20, Hammers—14, Star-like ornament—15 and 16, Sickles—17
and 24, Pendants—21, A small anvil—22, One valve of mould for winged celt. (All the
above are of bronze.)—23, A trilocular cup of earthenware—25, Bone disc, ornamented
with concentric circles—26, Bone implement perforated in middle—27, Bronze spiral—28,
Stone anvil in wooden casing
Nos. 1 to 6 and 13 in Dr. Evans's collection; Nos. 8, 12, and 24 after Desor (B. 95,
Figs. 36, 46, and 66); and the rest in the Gross Collection at Berne.
43

[Pg xviii]

[Pg xix]

10. — CORTAILLOD AND BEVAIX(16, 18 and 23 to 26): No. 1, Involved pendant of bronze rings—

2, Large fish-hook—3, Torque—4, Ornamented socketed spear—5, Tip of a sword
sheath—6, Fibula—7, Earring—10, 12, and 21, Pendants—13 to 15 and 26, Bracelets—
16 and 18, Axes—17, Wheel—19, Sword—20, Cup—22, Stud—23 and 24, Pins, one
with an ornamented flat disc as a head—25, Razor. (All the above are of bronze.) No. 8,
Horn harpoon—9, A small earthenware vase, with four small holes for suspension—11,
Pendant, the composition of which is unknown
Nos. 1, 2, 8, 9, and 11 in Museum at Boudry; 3 to 6 and 13, after Vouga (B. 414a); 10,
12, 18, and 21 in Schwab's Museum; 19, in Museum at Bâle; 15, 17, and 22 after Keller
(B. 61 and 286); 14, 16, and 23 to 26 after Desor (B. 95 and 252); 20, after Gross (B.
392, Pl. xxii. 8).
46

11. — CONCISE AND CORCELETTES: No 1, Bronze necklace—2, Bronze pin, with tin head—3, 8,

10, and 11, Bronze pins—4 and 5, Tin wheels—6, A hollow bronze ring—7, Wooden
comb—9, 12, and 13, Bronze pendants—14, Bracelet of lignite—15, Spectacle ornament
of bronze—16, Bronze rod, with terminal rings—17, horn pendant—18, Amber bead,
attached to a portion of bronze wire—19, Bronze knife in horn handle—20, Bronze tube—
21 and 22, Vessels of pottery—23, Centre portion of a bronze horse-bit—24, Handle and
tip of bronze sword
Nos. 1, 6, and 12 after Vouga (B. 414d); 16 and 21 to 23 in Museum at Lausanne; 20
in Museum at Boudry; 24, Dr. Evans' Collection; the rest from Antiqua (1886, Pl. x., xi.,
and xii., and 1888, Pl. viii.)
56

12. — ESTAVAYER: No. 1, Sickle—2 and 3, Wheel ornaments—4, 12, 14, and 26, Various forms

of fibulæ—5, Comb—6 and 10, Pendants—7, Razor-knife—8, Saw—9, Button—11,
Double-legged pin—13, Portion of chain ornament—15, Amber bead—16, Gold earring
—17, 19, and 23, Bronze axes—18, 22, 24, 30, and 31, Various forms of bronze knives
—20, Perforated hammer—21, Vessel of pottery—25, Flint arrow-point—27, Disc-
shaped head of a pin—28, Portion of a spiral-headed pin—29, Horn object (see page
511). (All of bronze, except when otherwise specified)
Nos. 1 to 11, 17, 19, 21, 24, and 25 in Museum of Fribourg; 12, 13, 18, 20, 23, 30,
and 31 in Cantonal Museum, Berne; 15, 16, 22, and 29 after Keller (B. 336); 14 and 27
after Antiqua (B. 449); 26 after Vouga (B. 414c); 28 in Collection Gross.
62

13. — CHEVROUX, FOREL, AND PORTALBAN: No. 1, Flint dagger in wooden handle—2, Copper

chisel—3, Bronze pendant—4 and 6, Bone pins—5, Flint arrow-point—7, Amber bead—
8 and 14, Vases of coarse pottery—9, Bronze comb—10, Bronze fibula—11, Bronze
razor with handle—12, Globular head of bronze pin with perforations—13, 17, and 18,
Pendants of Horn—15, Iron Implement—16, Copper dagger—19, Implement of jawbone
of a deer—20, Horn bracelet—21, Bronze bracelet—22, Bronze rings (portemonnaie)
Nos. 1, 3 to 6, 8, and 14 in Museum at Lausanne; 2 and 16 in Cantonal Museum,
Berne; 10, 11, 12, and 17 to 20 after Vouga (B. 414b and 414d); 15 after Troyon (B. 31);
21 in Museum, Fribourg; 22 after Antiqua (B. 449).
65

LAKE OF MORAT.

14. — VALLAMAND AND GRENG-INSEL: No. 1, Iron knife, with the tang and portion of back of

bronze—2, 4, and 10, Bronze pendants—3, Fish-hook with portion of wire attached
(bronze)—5, Bronze rod, with oblong perforations and curved ends—6, Ornamented
bronze chisel—7, Bronze button—8, Bronze razor in wooden case—9, Portion of flint
dagger, beautifully chipped—11 and 12, Bronze combs—13 to 16 and 18, Specimens of
pottery—17 and 20, Objects of horn—19, Bronze dagger (Roman?)—21, Pin, with
portion of chain attached—longer in the actual specimen (bronze)
Nos. 1 and 3 after Heierli (B. 462); 2, 4 to 7, and 10 to 13 in Museum at Lausanne; 8,
14, 15 and 18 in Cantonal Museum, Berne; 9 and 17 in Museum at Morat; 16 after Keller
(B. 61); 19 and 20 in Museum at Avenches; 21, Collection Gross.
72

LAKE OF SEMPACH.

15. — Nos. 1 to 7 and 11, Various bronze implements and weapons—8, 9, and 10, Stone axes,

perforated and beautifully polished
All in Museum at Lucerne.
77

LAKES OF WAUWYL, ZUG, AND BALDEGG.

[Pg xx]

16. — No. 1, Perforated stone implement—2 and 3, Portions of stone axes, one showing

commencement of secondary perforation—4 and 5, Stone chisels, one in bone handle—6,
Bone dagger—7, Horn harpoon—8, Polished stone, curiously shaped and perforated for
suspension—9 to 11, Pottery—12, Cup made of staghorn
All in Museum at Lucerne, except No 8—Museum, Zürich.
79

LAKE OF GENEVA.

17. — MORGES, THONON, AND ST. PREX.—No. 1, Bit of pottery, with herring-bone pattern—2

and 3, Armillæ sacræ (see page 531)—4, Bracelet—5, Curious object—6, Fish-hook—
7, Sword—8, Mould—9, Pendant—10, Anklet—11, and 16 to 18, Various forms of
knives—12 to 15, Celts or axes. (All of bronze)
Nos. 1, 14, and 18 in Museum at Annecy; 2 to 6 after Keller (B. 286); 7 and 8 after
Troyon (B. 31); 9 and 10 after Rabut (B. 138); 16, after Perrin (B. 282); 11 to 13, and 17
in Museum at Lausanne.
84

18. — GENEVA AND TOUGUES (9, 10, 12, and 13): Nos. 1 to 4, and 10, Various forms of bronze

celts—5, Bronze knife—6, Stone mould—7, Portion of bronze fibula—8, 11, and 14 to
17, Bronze pendants—9, Bronze sickle with raised knob—12 and 13, Earthenware dishes
ornamented on the inner side—18 and 19, Bronze razors
All in the Museum of Geneva, except 9 and 19 in Museum at Annecy.
91

LAKE OF LUISSEL.

19. — Nos. 1 to 3, Handles of three bronze swords, with the tips of the first two—4, The bronze

tip of a scabbard—5, Small bronze ring
No. 1 in Museum at Lausanne; 2 and 3 in Cantonal Museum, Berne; 4 and 5 after
Troyon (B. 31).
94

LAKE OF BOURGET.

20. — Nos. 1 to 4, Socketed spear-heads—5, 12, and 15, Daggers—6, 7, 8, 13, and 14, Knives

—9 to 11, and 17, Hatchets—16, Sword handle—18, Socketed hammer with side loop—
19, Chisel—20 and 21, Sickles—22 and 23, Razors—24, Tweezers—25, Girdle clasp—
26, Stone mould. (All bronze except No. 26)
Nos. 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 20, in Museum of St. Germain: 2, 11, and 21, in the Collection at
Restaurant Lacustre (Port); 5, 8, 12, 14 to 16, 25 and 26, in Museum at Chambéry; 7,
Collection Rabut; 10 in Museum at Aix-les-Bains; 13, 17 to 19, 22 and 23, Collection
Costa de Beauregard (after Perrin, B. 179).
100

21. — Nos. 1 and 2, Bronze tubes with loose rings—3 to 6, and 12, Objects of unknown use—7,

Spiral finger ring—8, 11, and 14, Vessels—9, Needle—10, 18, 19, 21, 30 and 31, Pins—
13, 22 to 26, and 32, Various forms of arrow-points—15, Portion of clay ceiling
ornamented with concentric circles—16, 17, and 29, Ornamented bracelets—20, Bronze
tip of a sword sheath—27, Amber bead—28, Glass bead—33, Bronze button—34 to 37,
Pottery, portions of dishes and a percolator. (All bronze, except when otherwise specified)
Nos. 1, 2, 15 and 36, in Museum at Aix-les-Bains; 3, 7, 9 and 10, in Museum, St.
Germain; 4, 6, and 12, in Restaurant Lacustre (Port); 5, 8, 11, 23, 24, 26 to 28, 30, 32,
and 33, in Museum at Chambéry; 13, 14, 16, 18 to 22, 25 and 31, Collection Costa (after
Perrin. B. 179); 17, 29, 34, 35 and 37, after Rabut (B. 138).
101

LAKE OF ANNECY.

22. — No. 1, Bronze flat celt—2 Bronze pin—3, Copper bead—4, Bronze anklet (after Rabut)

—5, 6, and 7, Flint weapons—8, and 9, Stone axes—10, Arrow-point of clay schist
All in Museum at Annecy.
103

LAKE OF CLAIRVAUX.

23. — Nos. 1 to 4, Flint weapons—5, Horn chisel, with handle as part of the horn—6 and 8,

Stone axes in horn settings or handles—7, Horn hammer-axe, with portion of the wooden
handle still remaining—9, 13, and 14, Bone implements—10, A flat object of polished
stone with a small perforation at one end—11 and 12, Bronze dagger and chisel—15,
Wooden dish
No. 15, After Le Mire (B. 219), the rest from a collection exhibited at the Paris
International Exposition of 1890.
106

[Pg xxi]

[Pg xxii]

LAKE OF PFÄFFIKON.

24. — ROBENHAUSEN: No. 1, Flint arrow-point—2, Bone arrow-point—3, Pendant of red stone

—4, Copper celt—5 and 6, Small red stones, with a series of round perforations—7, Horn
cup—8, Stone celt in horn casing (Museum of Mayence)—9, Nephrite chisel in horn
handle (Museum, Munich)—10, Hammer stone—11, Bronze celt—12, Horn hammer
partially perforated—13, Perforated stone disc—14, Fragments of pottery (one from
Antiqua, 1885)—15, Wooden knife—16, 17, and 18, Earthenware dishes, one resting on
a clay ring—19 and 23, Stone axes with wooden handles—20 and 21, Clay weights—22,
Earthenware crucible—24, Implement of wood, supposed to be hook for picking up fishing
lines (Museum, Berne)—25, Roll of yarn (after Keller, B. 126)—26, Wooden club
All, except as above specifed, in the Zürich Museum.
115

25. — ROBENHAUSEN: Specimens of cloth, fringes, ropes, matting of bast, nets, etc.

All from Antiqua (1882-3, Pl. vii. and viii.; and 1885, Pl. ii.).
117

NIEDERWYL.

26. — No. 1, Flint saw in wooden handle—2, Inverted dish of earthenware, showing rudimentary

feet and an ornamentation of hollow dots in lines—3, Clay weight—4, 5, and 6,
Earthenware vessels—7, Stone hatchet in wooden handle—8 and 9, Stone axes—10,
Band of birch-bark, neatly punctured (B. 336, Pl. vi. 10)
Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, and 8 after B. 62; 2 after Antiqua, 1884, Pl. 36; the rest in the Zürich
Museum.
122

LAKE OF CONSTANCE.

27. — WANGEN: Nos. 1 to 3, Flint arrow-points—4, Flax comb of bones—5 and 6, Stone axes in

horn handles—7, 8, and 9, Perforated stone axes—10, Stone chisel—11 and 16, Various
forms of fish-hooks of bone—12 and 13, Ornamented spindle-whorls of earthenware—14,
Stone pendant—15, Flint saw in wooden handle—17 to 19, Specimens of earthenware
dishes—20, Perforated stone disc
Nos. 5, 7 to 9, and 20 from Museum at Sigmaringen; 14 and 18, Rosgarten Museum,
Constance; the rest in Zürich Museum.
126

28. — UNTERSEE, MINDLISEE, AND BUSSENSEE (the two latter lakes are in the vicinity of Lake

Constance): No. 1, Stone chisel in horn handle (Markelfingen)—2 and 3, Copper pins—4,
5, and 7, Bronze pins (Insel Weerd)—6, Bronze knife (Insel Weerd)—8, Amber disc
(Antiqua, 1884, Fig. 60)—9, Amber bead (Ibid., 1883, Fig. 20)—10, Perforated stone
implement—11, Copper dagger—12, Curious stone axe—13, Stone celt with small hole
for suspension (Steckborn)—14 and 15, Bronze implements (imperfect)—16, Metal
bracelet—17, Tortoise-shell, perforated with two holes—18, Bone whistle—19, Horn
harpoon (both the latter from Steckborn)
Nos. 1 and 16 from Museum at Friedrichshafen; 2 to 7, 10 to 12, 14, and 15 Rosgarten
Museum, Constance; 13, 18 and 19 after Antiqua, 1885, and 17 Ibid., 1883, Fig. 19.
131

29. — BAY OF CONSTANCE: No. 1, Bronze object—2 and 3, Bronze pins—4 to 6, Fragments of

ornamented pottery—7, 9, and 10, earthenware dishes—8, Neck of dish with graduated
holes (see Fig. 11, No. 21, and Fig. 14, No. 16)—11 and 12, Flint implements—13,
Fragment of stone axe partially perforated—14 and 15, Broken stone axes
All from Rosgarten Museum, except Nos. 14 and 15 from Friedrichshafen Museum.
134

30. — BODMANN: Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 14, Bone implements—3 and 5, Horn spears—9,

Bronze fibula (Roman)—11 to 13, Group of 3 bronze celts—15, Stone celt in horn handle
—16, Bone pointer in horn handle—17, Flint saw in handle of horn (reindeer?)—18, Clay
spindle-whorl (ornamented)—19, Fish-hook of bone—20 and 21, Earthenware vessels
Nos. 5, 6, 10 and 21 from Friedrichshafen Museum; 11 to 13 from Mr. Ley's Collection
at Bodmann; the rest from Rosgarten Museum, Constance.
137

31. — NUSSDORF, MAURACH, LÜTZELSTETTEN, etc.: Nos. 1 to 5, Flint implements and weapons—

6 and 7, Bone combs—8, Bone chisel— 9 to 13, Pendant, needle, and daggers of Bone—
14 and 15, Clay spindle-whorls—16 to 19, Copper celts (Maurach)—20, Forepart of
stone axe—21, Flat, circular pendant of stone—22, Fish-hook of boar's tusk—23,
Staghorn hammer, with portion of wooden handle—24, Nephrite knife in horn handle
(Dingelsdorf)—25, Flint saw in its handle—26 and 27, Pottery
Nos. 25 to 27 (Lützelstetten) from Rosgarten Museum, Constance, and all the rest from
the Antiq. Museum at Stuttgart.
140

[Pg xxiii]

[Pg xxiv]

32. — UNTER-UHLDINGEN: Nos. 1 to 3, 29 and 30, Bronze axes—4 to 8, 14, 24 and 25,

Ornamental pins of bronze—9 and 12, Bronze knives—10 and 13, Bronze chisel and awl
—11, Iron knife—15, Iron fibula—16, Clay bobbin—17, Socketed spear of bronze—18
and 19, Bronze fish-hooks—20, Spiral bronze arm-ring—21 and 22, Couple of bronze
bracelets—23, Bronze sickle—26, Iron spear—27, Fragment of pottery—28, Circular die
or stamp of earthenware
All from the Museum at Stuttgart, except No. 20—Rosgarten Museum, Constance.
143

33. — HALTNAU (3, 5 and 13) AND HAGNAU: Nos. 1 to 5, Various forms of flat bronze celts—6,

Bronze bracelet—7, 8, and 10, bronze pins—11, Curious implement of bronze—9, Bronze
knife—12 and 13, Bronze ring ornaments—14, Iron knife
Nos. 3, 4 and 9 from Museum at Friedrichshafen; the rest in Rosgarten Museum at
Constance.
145

FEDERSEE.

34. — SCHUSSENRIED: Nos. 1 to 8, Flint arrow-points and scrapers—9 to 12, Stone celts—13,

Broken stone polisher—14, Perforated stone hammer-axe—15 and 16, Implements of
horn and bone—17, 24 and 25, Fragments of ornamented pottery—18, Earthenware
spoon—19, Stone chisel in horn handle—20, Semilunar flint saw of Scandinavian type
(Museum of Nat. Hist., Stuttgart)—21 to 23, Vessels of earthenware
From Mr. Frank's Collection at Schussenried.
149

35. — SCHUSSENRIED: Nos. 1 to 5, Specimens of earthenware dishes—6, Peculiar scoop of horn

(similar objects have been found on the stations of Robenhausen, Wollishofen, and
Baldegg)—7, Horn pick, perforated
From Mr. Frank's Collection.
150

LAKE OF STARNBERG.

36. — Nos. 1, 2, and 7, Knives—3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 28 and 29, Various forms of pins—5 and 19,

Awl and chisel—8, Dagger, with three rivets—9, 12, and 20, Three varieties of axes—13,
Needle—14, Socketed arrow-point of a southern type. (The above are of bronze.)— 15,
Bone ornament or counter—16, Earthenware counter—17, Clay bead—18, Bronze sickle
—21 and 22, Fibulæ of bronze—23, Bead of variegated glass—24 and 30, Bone discs
(see page 527)—25, Fragment of an ornament of bronze plate—26, Neatly-wrought
object of horn, supposed to be for weaving purposes—27, Double fish-hook of bronze
154

37. — No. 1, Peculiar iron knife—2 and 3, Cheek-pieces of horse-bits of bone—4 to 10, Bronze

pins—11 and 13, Staghorn hammers (perforated)—12 and 17, Stone celts, one in horn
holder—14 and 15, Flint saw and arrow-point—16, Portion of a dish of dark earthenware
All the objects represented in Figs. 36 and 37 are in the Ethnographical Museum,
Munich.
155

MONDSEE AND ATTERSEE.

38. — MONDSEE: Nos. 1 and 6 to 12, Flint arrow-points, one (No. 10) with portion of stem

attached by asphalt—2 to 4, Flint saws (Krummesser)—5 and 9, Flint scrapers—13 to 15,
Stone axes—16, 27 and 28, Bone chisels, showing marks of usage—17 and 18,
Perforated teeth—19, Bone ornament—20, and 24 to 26, Bone and horn implements—21
and 22, Ornaments of white marble—23, Bone arrow-point
All from the Collection of Dr. Much, Vienna.
158

39. — MONDSEE AND ATTERSEE: Nos. 1, 2 and 5, Copper celts—3, 4, 6, and 17 to 19, Copper

or bronze daggers—7 to 12, Bone implements—13, Marble button—14, Copper fish-
hook—15, Clay figure—16, Necklace of marble beads, after Dr. Much (B. 287)—20 and
21, Flint knives—22, Fine specimen of perforated stone axe-hammer head
Nos. 17, 18 and 22 from Nat. Hist. Museum, Vienna; 20 and 21 after Count
Wurmbrand (B. 276); the rest from Dr. Much's Collection.
159

40. — MONDSEE: Nos. 1 to 8, Specimens of pottery—9, Circular stone, highly polished and

perforated
All from Dr. Much's Collection.
161

NEUSIEDLERSEE AND KEUTSCHACHERSEE.

[Pg xxv]

41. — Nos. 1 and 3, Stone hammer-axes—2, Hammer-stone, with finger mark—4 and 5, Flint

flakes—6, Fragment of polished celt—7, Small urn—8 to 10, Specimens of pottery
Nos. 1 to 9 after Count Bela (B. 283); 10 from the Rudolfinum Museum at Klagenfurt.
165

LAIBACH MOOR

42. — Nos. 1 to 5, Flint implements and weapons—6 and 16, Well-finished hooks of horn—7,

Peculiar object of bone, supposed to be a bait for catching fish—8, Ornament of horn—9,
Chisel of greenstone—10, Ornamented dish of earthenware—11, Clay figurine like a
hedgehog—12, Celt of nephrite—13, Horn object, perforated at the one end lengthways—
14, Piece of horn ornamented with a check pattern of incised lines—15, Bone needle—17,
Fragment of ornamented pottery with transverse perforation—18, Stone anvil with traces of
copper—19, Object of pottery open at both ends—20, Base of a dish marked with a
depressed cross—21, Object of pottery, conical at both ends—22, Mould of earthenware
—23 and 24, Portion of a figure of earthenware resembling the human form (see Fig. 195)
173

43. — Nos. 1 to 4, and 6 to 9, Specimens of pottery—5, Perforated cone of earthenware—10,

Stone hammer-axe
175

44. — Various forms of staghorn clubs or hammer-axes
176

45. — Nos. 1, 2 and 7, Bronze daggers—3 and 4, Handles of bronze swords—5, Winged celt of

bronze—6 and 8, Copper implements—9, Copper axe—10 and 11, Copper daggers—12
and 13, Bronze pins—14, Crucible of earthenware—15, Scoop or mould of earthenware
178

46. — Beaver-trap of oak, thirty-two inches long

All the objects represented in Figs. 42 to 46 are in the Landesmuseum at Laibach, with
the exception of Fig. 42, No. 20, which is in the Natural History Museum, Vienna.
179

47. — Wooden machine found in the Moor of Samow, North Germany, and preserved in the

Museum at Rostock. (After Professor Merkel in the Zeit. für Ethn. Verhand., 1874.)
180

47a. — Similar machine from the Valle di Fontega, North Italy, showing the two central valves

detached, and some sticks found along with it. (After Meschinelli, B. 467.)
181

47b. — Antique wooden implement from Ireland, showing upper and under surfaces. (From Ulster

Journ. Arch., vol. vii.)

183

LAKE VARESE.

48. — ISOLA VIRGINIA: Nos. 1 and 2, Flint knife and saw—3, Flint scraper in a horn handle—4,

Flake-knife of obsidian—5, Bronze knife—6, Bronze dagger—7 to 9, Bone needles, etc.
—10, Conical object of burnt clay, perforated like the neck of a bottle—11, Polisher of
serpentine, in the form of a stone celt (see p. 193)—12, Bronze fish-hook—13 to 17, 22
to 24, and 26 to 29, Specimens of pottery—18, Flat and circular stone, highly polished and
perforated in centre—19, Mould of sandstone—20, Square piece of wood, supposed to
have been used as a float for fishing net—21, The half of a spindle-whorl of earthenware—
25, Bone chisel
Nos. 25 to 29, after Ranchet and Regazzoni (B. 326), and the rest from Sig. Ponti's
Museum on the Isola Virginia.
191

49. — BODIO, CAZZAGO, AND BARDELLO: Nos. 1 to 7, Flint implements and weapons—8 to 11,

21 and 40, Bronze daggers—12, 22, 23, and 25 to 29, Bronze pins—13, Bronze chisel or
awl—14 and 39, Fragments of pottery—15, Stone celts—16, 32, 33, 35, 36 and 38,
Various objects of stone perforated with one or more holes, probably used as buttons or
beads—17 to 19, Bronze fish-hooks—20 and 44, Bronze celts—24 and 43, Socketed
spear-heads of bronze—30, Stone polisher (see p. 193)—31, Stone mould—34, Spindle-
whorl of earthenware—37, Fragment of a perforated stone axe—41, Ornament of thin
bronze—42, Chisel of serpentine
Nos. 1, 4 to 7, 10, 11. 30, 32 and 39, from Museo Civico, Milan; 2 and 3, from
Collection Castelfranco; 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 20 to 22, 25 to 29, and 43, from Sig. Ponti's
Museum, Isola Virginia; 14, 15, 17, 19, 23, 31, 33 to 38, 41 and 42, after Regazzoni (B.
327); 16, from Collection Quaglia, Varese; 24 and 44, from the Museum at Varese.
196

[Pg xxvi]

[Pg xxvii]

50. — TORBIERA DI CAZZAGO-BRABBIA: Nos. 1 and 2, Flint knives—3 to 6, Flint arrow-points—7

and 8, Flint spear-heads—9 to 15, bronze fibulæ (except No. 12—iron)—16, Portion of
bronze fibula—17, Bronze ornament—18, Curious object made of bronze rods—19,
Bronze ring—20, Copper celt—21, Bronze celt—22 to 28, Bronze pins—29, Spindle-
whorl of earthenware—30, 31, and 36, Wooden floats—32, Harpoon of horn—33, Stone
celt (chloromelanite)—34 and 35, Pottery
Nos. 1 (Torbiera di Mombello) and 11 (labelled "Bodio Centrale"?) are from the
Museum at Varese; 2 and 4 to 8 after Quaglia (B. 423); 3, Collection Castelfranco; 9, 14,
15, 17, 19, 23 to 27, 32 and 33, Collection Quaglia; 10, Museo Civico, Milan; 12, 13, 16,
20 to 22, 28 and 29, Collection Regazzoni, Como; 30, 31, and 34 to 36 after Regazzoni
(B. 327); 18, after Marinoni (B. 159).
199

THE TURBARIES OF BOSISIO, CAPRIANO, ETC.

51. — Nos. 1 to 7, Flint arrow-points—8, Flint lance-head—9 and 10, Bronze celts—11, Bronze

spoon—12, Bronze knife—13, Bronze pin—14 and 18, Bronze fibulæ—15 and 16,
Bronze bracelets—17, Bronze pendant—19, Spiral ring of bronze
Nos. 1 to 7 Collection Castelfranco; 8, 9 and 12, Prehistoric Museum in Rome; 10 and
11, Museo Civico, Como; 13 and 15 to 19, after Marinoni (Mem. Soc. It. di Sc. Nat., vol.
vi.); 14, Museo Civico, Milan.
205

THE TURBARIES OF MERCURAGO, SAN GIOVANNI, ETC.

52. — Section of a portion of the peat, showing arrangement of the piles
206

53. — Earthenware dish cover
206

54. — Flint arrow-heads
207

55. & 56. — Earthenware dishes, showing portions of string attached to small handles
207, 208

57. — Portion of a canoe
208

58. & 59. — Two wooden wheels
208, 209

60. — Nos. 1 and 3, Bronze daggers—2, 4 to 6, 10 and 11, Bronze pins—7 and 8, Flint knives

—9, Conical beads of vitreous paste—12, 13 and 14, Pottery—15, Bronze pendant
(Phallic)—16, Spindle-whorl of soapstone—17, A canoe and two paddles—18, Clay
weight—19 and 20, Stone celts—21, Wooden float of fishing-net—22, Spindle-whorl of
terra-cotta—23, Upper and under sides of an earthenware cover of a vessel
All after Gastaldi (B. 40, 168, and 294).
211

LAGOZZA.

61. — Nos. 1 to 4, Flint knives—5 and 6, Flint arrow-heads—7, Pendant of steatite—8, Stone

adze—9, Fragment of linen fabric 10, Stone celt—11, Wooden comb—12 to 17, Various
specimens of flat spindle-whorls made of dark earthenware
Nos. 1 to 4, 10 and 12 to 17 from Museum Civico, Milan; 9, Collection Castelfranco;
the rest from the Prehistoric Museum at Como.
214

62. — Nos. 1, 2, 4 to 6, 8, 9 and 15, Specimens of pottery—3, 10 and 13, Fragments of

ornamented plates—7, A fragment of pottery, showing handle of a dish with two transverse
holes—11 and 12, Two polished sandstone pebbles with scratchings on surface—14, Clay
weight, kidney-shaped, and perforated at both ends
Nos. 1, 8 and 14 from Museo Civico, Milan; 11 and 12 after Castelfranco (B. 354); 15,
Collection Castelfranco; the rest from Museum at Como.
215

LAKE GARDA.

63. — PESCHIERA. (Except when otherwise mentioned, all the objects represented in this figure are

of bronze): Nos. 1 to 5, Razors—6, A double-stemmed pin—7, A needle—8 to 18, and
20 to 27, Specimens of ornamental pins—19, Neck-ring—28, Comb—29, Comb of bone
—30, A small-winged celt—31 and 32, Bracelets—33, Sickle—34, A small pendant of
lead—35, An awl—36, A chisel
222

64. — PESCHIERA: Nos. 1 to 7, Daggers—8, and 22 to 25, Fibulæ—9, Chisel—10, Socketed

lance-head—11, Knife—12 to 16, Pins—17, Object of unkn...