Table Of Content

The Lake Chad Bird Migration Project: Malamfatori revisited UlfOttossona Christian HjorC andPhilipHallb , Le bassin du lac Chad, situe en grande partie dans le Sahel, est un site important pour les migrateurs palearctiques qui traversent le Sahara pour hiverner en Afrique occidentale et centrale. Un projet international, ayant pour objectif d’etudier le comportement et la condition physique des oiseaux migrateurs juste avant et apres leurtraversee du desert, a ete mis en oeuvre a Malamfatori, au Nigeria, surlariveoccidentaldulacChad, avecdesparticipantsvenantdeSuede, d’Allemagne, d’Angleterre, de Finlandeetd’ltalie. Enfevrier-maietaout-novembre2000,etpendantunvoyagedereconnaissanceen avril 1999, 5.822 oiseaux, dont 3-982 migrateurs palearctiques, ont ete captures, et leur mensurations, poids et niveau d’adiposite notes. L’analyse des donnees collectees est actuellement en cours et fera l’objetdepublicationssurlamue,lataxonomieetlezoogeographiedesmigrateurs.Pendantl’execution du projetenviron300especesd’oiseauxonteteobservees, donthuitetaientnouvellespourleNigeria. Ces demieres, qui seront documentees separement, comprennent l’Aigle pomarin Aquilapomarina, l’AigledessteppesA. nipalensis, l’EngouleventdoreCaprimulguseximius, l’Engouleventacollierroux C. ruficollis la Rousserolle verderolleAcrocephaluspalustris, la Prinia aquatique Priniafluviatilis, le , Craterope fauve Turdoidesfulvuset l’Etourneau caroncule Creatophora cinerea. The Lake Chad basin, which is situated largely these savannas are the final winter destination for within the dry Sahel zone immediately south of millions of Palearctic breeders. Around Lake Chad the Sahara, is a major topographical feature of the species such as Ruff Philomachuspugnax, Yellow northern savannas of Africa (Fig 1). The lake is of Wagtail Motacillajlava, Sand Martin Riparia riparia regional climatic significance andan importantfocal andCommonWhitethroatSylviacommunisare,during point for Palearctic migrants that cross the desert to periods of the European winter, as abundant as any winter in West and Central Africa. Many continue residentAfricanspecies,withthepossibleexceptionof theirmigrationsouthafterrefuellingintheSahel,but Sudan Golden Sparrow Passerluteus and Red-billed Quelea Queleaquelea. The area surrounding the lake is of equal importance for northbound migrants in spring.Manyspeciesarrivingfromthesouthremainfor some time to gain fat reserves (principally by taking saltbushSalvadorapersicaberries),beforeflyingacross the Sahara and the Mediterranean. During recentyears, partially underthe European Science Foundation’s 1994-96 network programme ‘Spatio-temporal course, ecology and energetics of WesternPalaearctic-Africansongbirdmigration’3,4much newworkhasbeenundertakensouthofthewesternmost Sahara,atDjoudjinSenegal13,16,17,19andatGinakinThe Gambia11,12 However,withtheexceptionoffieldwork . performed in Ghana5,10 and Nigeria23 almost a decade ago, and some within the Sahara itself2 there have , beennorecentbirdmigrationstudiesin,orsouth,ofthe central Sahara. During the concluding meeting ofthe European Science Foundation’s network programme, held at Sempach in Switzerland, in February 1997, it was suggested that field work be undertaken along the central flyway. Stephen Rumsey(UK) andCH(Swe- den), with support in Nigeria fromAP Leventis and PH, agreed to undertake this. Reconnaissance trips LakeChadBirdMigrationProject: Ottossoetat BullABC Vol8No2-121 were made in November-December 1997 and No- (Fig3).Thefacilitiesincluderunning(artesian)water vember 1998: the first surveyed the northern area andgenerator-drivenelectricity.Theprojectalsohas between Kano and Lake Chad, the second concen- two four-wheel-drive vehicles through the generos- trated on the area immediately west ofLake Chad. ity ofA P Leventis. Duringboth reconnaissance trips the old fishery research station at Malamfatori, at the edge of the Spring 1999 northern lake basin in extreme north-east Nigeria, During 1 to 26 April 1999 a pilot ringing study was wasvisited.Inthelate1960s,thiswasthebaseforthe initiated,toassessiftheareaaroundMalamfatoriwas British Ornithologists’ Union (BOU) expeditions still as suitable for such work as in the 1960s, working on Palearctic migrants6,8 At that time, the especiallygiventhatthelakewasnowsomedistance . station was on the lake’s shore, but it is now away. This was undertaken by a team of Swedish. surrounded by farmland at the edge of Acacia English and German ringers, and backed up by an woodland, which colonisedthe area afterthe north- Italian bird-ringing project performed simultane- ern basin dried out during the drought of the ously on several small islands in the central 1970-1980s(Fig2).Agricultural, ratherthanfisheries Mediterranean'^18 inwhichSwedishefforthasprevi- , studies, are now the focus ofthe station. ously focused on the bird observatory on Capri1'. Following the reconnaissance visits, it was de- Inall 1,307 individualswereringedatMalamfatori cidedtouseMalamfatoriasabaseforbirdmigration inApril 1999,comprising782Palearcticmigrantsof19 studies, principally because of the abundance of speciesand325individualsofresidentAfricanspecies. Salvadoraintheareaandtheavailableaccommoda- The dominant Palearctic migrants were Common tion. A building was placed at our disposal by the Whitethroat (650 ringed), Sand Martin (60), Sedge Lake Chad Research Institute, which we renovated WarblerAcrocephalusschoenobaenus(20) and Corn- Figure2. LakeChadduringitsdriestperiod, inthelate 1970s, withwaterremaininginonlythedeepestpartsofthesouthern basin, closetotheChariRivermouth. Thedarkareashowsthesizeofthelakeatitsgreatestinthemid-1960s. Theriver enteringthenorthernbasinfromthewestistheKomadouguYobe,whichconstitutestheborderbetweenNigeriaandNiger. Malamfatoriliesattheedgeofthelakebasinjustsouthofthisriver, andduringspring2000waterwasonly2 kmfromitsmid- 1960sshorelinehere. Notethesanddunesthroughouttheshallowbasin, createdduringdryperiods (UlfOttosson) 122-BullABC Vol8No2 LakeChadBirdMigrationProject: Ottossoetal monRedstartPhoeniciansphoenicurus(11).Common WhitethroatsandCommonRedstartswerecaughtamong Salvadora bushes, the berries ofwhich largely ripen during spring migration. SandMartins were caught in mist-nets placed in the open, as they migrated on a broad front on most mornings. Sedge Warblers and several other water-dependent species were caught close to the advancing lake, c6 kmfromthe station. The main project 2000 Itappearsthatrainfallisincreasingagainandbecause ofthis the waterlevel in Lake Chad has been slowly rising;byspring2000thewaterwaswithin2kmofthe oldfisherystation. Only20yearsbefore, in 1980, the Figure 3. Thebirdobservatoryatthe Lake ChadResearch lakewascl20kmaway(Fig2);ifthistrendcontinues, InstitutecompoundsouthofMalamfatori (UlfUttosson) the watermay soon reach the old Malamfatori jetty. The main field campaign ofthe Lake Chad Bird Migration Project was undertaken in 2000, in Febru- ary-MayandAugust-November, ledbyUO andRolf Gustafsson(Sweden),andusingpersonnelfromGer- Whitethroat many, Finland, Italy and Sweden. A total of 4,492 Date Figure 4. Bodyweights ofCommonWhitethroatSylvia communisplottedagainst date. Figure 6. RiverPriniaPriniafluviatilis(UlfOttosson) Sedge Warbler 20 ff 10.2 1.3 21.3 10.4 30.4 30.8 19.9 9.10 29.10 Date Figure 5. Bodyweights ofSedgeWarblerAcrocephalus Figure7. MarshWarblerAcrocephaluspalustris, schoenobaenusplottedagainstdate. Malamfatori, Nigeria, 16 September2000(UlfOttosson) LakeChadBirdMigrationProject: Ottossoetal BullABC Vol8No2- 123 individualswasringed,ofwhich3,200werePalearctic Recoveries and retraps migrants. Trappingwas performedatboth a drysite Sincethestartoftheprogramme, in 1999, therehave with Salvadora bushes and at a wet site near the been a surprising number of retraps of individuals rising lake. During spring, Common Whitethroats ringedbyourteamand byothers, aswell as several andSedgeWarblerswereagaintheprincipalspecies recoveries.Ofthe1,840CommonWhitethroatsringed, caughtandconstitutedalmost90%ofPalearcticbirds four have been recovered, in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt ringed.Inautumn,speciesdiversitywasmuchgreater, andPoland(theBOUexpeditioninthe1960syielded though Common Whitethroats and Sedge Warblers two recoveries from Libya and one from Egypt'). were still the most numerous (see Appendix 1). Additionally, four ringed by us were retrapped at The mainaimwasto studymigratory ecologyof Malamfatori following at least one crossing of the trans-Saharan migrants with the improved methods Sahara. Of the 1,057 Sedge Warblers ringed, three ofanalysis currently available. Ofparticular interest controlsweremadeofindividuals ringed in Finland, was how birds fatten up in spring (berries, insects, Estonia and Hungary. Also, two Reed Warblers physiologicaladaptationetc.)andthespatial pattern AavcephalusscirpaceuswereretrappedatMalamfatori. ofdeparturebydifferentspecies,ageandsexgroups. one from Yugoslavia and one from Italy. The latter Inautumn,westudiedthesequenceinwhichspecies wasincrediblytrappedbythesame personwhohad arrive, how they restore fat reserves following the originally ringed it, Ariele Magnani. desertcrossing, andwhenthosenotwintering in the Sahelproceedsouth. Muchofthis informationisstill New birds to Nigeria unknown. Other areas of interest were the DNA Given our intensive fieldwork over many months in characteristics of different populations of various an area subject to very little ornithological research species migratingthrough the area, and the diseases during the past 25 years, it was unsurprising to birds possess. discoverseveral new species forNigeria. Lake Chad liesattheborderbetweenWestandEastAfrica, with Results their slightly different bird faunas, increasing the Some data are currently under analysis, but others possibility ofdiscovering species at the extremes of have beenutilisedin a numberofpublications. One theirrange.AtleasteightadditionstotheNigerianlist study, by Waldenstrom & Ottosson21 illustrates the wereobserved,someofwhichmayevenprovetobe difficulty in sexing Common Whitethr,oat. By com- regular in the area (eg Steppe EagleAquila(rapax) paring the sex determined by the ringer with that nipalemisandGoldenNightjarCaprimulguseximius), from DNA tests, it is demonstrated that many indi- while River Prinia Priniafluviatilis (Fig 6) is almost viduals are incorrectly sexed and that without DNA certainlyresident.TwoMarshWarblersAcrocepbalus analysis such results would be wholly misleading. palustris were caught (Fig 7); the species had only Another study by the same authors22 demonstrates oncepreviouslybeenrecordedinWestAfrica"20 The . thatwintermoultofCommonWhitethroatinNigeria othernewspecieswere LesserSpottedEagleAquila is intermediatebetweenthosepatternsdescribedfor pomarina Red-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus , western and eastern races, and thus resembles the mficollis Fulvous Babbler Turdoides fulvus and , split-moultpatterndescribed, forexample, inBarred Wattled Starling Creatophoracinerea. Full details of WarblerSylvia nisoria9 and could be interpreted as these are to be published separately. Several beinghalfwaybetweenasummerandwintermoult. AfrotropicalspeciesandPalearcticwintervisitorsare Furtherdataanalysisisbeingundertakenonfattening morecommonthanpreviouslyconsidered,egFerru- and preparation fortrans-Sahara and Mediterranean ginous Duck Aythya nyroca Long-legged Buzzard , flights, onstopoverecology,moultinbothPalearctic Buteo rufinus, Booted Eagle Hieraaetuspennatus , and African species, bird malaria and population Grey-backedFiscalLaniusexcubitoroidesandBlack- systematics. Figs4-5depictspringandautumnbody headedGonolekLaniariuserythrogaster.Also,species massesforCommonWhitethroatandSedgeWarbler. of a more easterly origin, such as Isabelline Lanius Winter weight of Sylvia communis is cl3 g and isabellinus and Masked Shrikes L. nubicus were individualscommencefatstorageinMarch,complet- recorded on several occasions. ingthisinAprilbywhichtimebodyweightmayhave almost doubled. Winter weight of Sedge Warbler is Acknowledgements clO g and, as with Common Whitethroat, is almost Thanks areduetoAP Leventisforlogisticalsupport, doubled before spring departure. without which the project would have been less feasible;theWetlandTrust(UK),HasselbladFounda- 124-BullABC Vol8No2 LakeChadBirdMigrationProject: Ottossoetal tion,CarlTryggersFoundationandFriendsofOttenby stopover and moult of the Great Reed Warbler BirdObservatory(Sweden)forfinancialsupport;and AcrocephalusarundinaceusinGhana,WestAfrica. the Lake Chad Research Institute, in Maiduguri, for Ibis 135: 177-180. permitting us to use the facilities at Malamfatori. Its 11. Hjort, C., Pettersson, J., Lindstrom, A. and King, localdirector,JosiahOzueandhisstaffgavetheirfull J.M.B. 1996. Fuel deposition and potential flight support to the project. We also thank all those who ranges of Blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla and WhitethroatsSylviacommunisonspringmigration have participated in the project: Daniel Bengtsson, in The Gambia. OrnisSvecica6: 137-144. RolfGustavsson, Patrik Rhonstad, Martin Stervander 12. King. M. 2000. Noteworthy records from Ginak andJonasWaldenstromfromSweden,WilliamVelmala Island, The Gambia. Malimbus 22: 77-84. fromFinland,FransBairlein,JochenDierschke,Joachim 13. Ottosson, U., Rumsey, S. and Hjort, C. in press. Hoffman, Hans DieterMartens, Roland Neuman and MigrationoffourSylviawarblers throughnorthern Mathias Putze from Germany, Ariele Magnani and Senegal. Ring. &Migr. Fernando Spina from Italy, and David Fletcher, Alan 14. Pettersson,J.,Hjort, C., Gezelius,L. andJohansson, Martin, StephenRumseyandTrevorSquirefromUK. J. 1990. Spring Migration of Birds on Capri. The local army commander, Major Joshua Gidon, Degerhamn: Ottenby Bird Observatory. offeredhis supportandthe Bornu State Police Force 15. Pilastro, A. and Spina, F. 1997. Ecological and providingsecurityinthefield. Finally, MrMariMadu, morphological correlates ofresidualfatreserves in theformerFederalDirectorofForestry, inMaiduguri, passerinemigrantsattheirspringarrivalinsouthern organised the house renovation and much other Europe.J.AvianBiol. 28: 309-318. 16. Rodwell, S.P., Sauvage, A., Rumsey, S.J.R. and valuable assistance. ($) Braunlich,A. 1996.Anannotatedcheck-listofbirds occurring in the Parc National des Oiseaux du References DjoudjinSenegal1984-1994.Malimbus18:74-111. 1. Bairlein, F. 1985. Bodyweights and fat deposition 17. Sauvage,A., Rumsey, S.J.R. andRodwell, S.P. 1998. of Palearctic passerine migrants in the central Sa- RecurrenceofPalaearcticbirdsinthelowerSenegal hara. Oecologia66: 141-146. rivervalley. Malimbus20: 33-53. 2. BairleinF. 1992. Recentprospects oftrans-Saharan 18. Spina,F.,Massi,A.,Montemaggiori,A.andBaccetti, migration ofsongbirds. Ibis 134 (Suppl. 1): 41-46. N. 1993. Spring migration across the central Medi- 3. Bairlein, F. 1993. ESF Scientific networks. Spatio- terranean:generalresultsfromthe‘ProgettoPiccole temporalcourse,ecologyandenergeticsofWestern Isole’. Die Vogelwarte37, Sonderheft: 1-94. Palaearctic-African songbird migration. European 19. Stoate, C. andMoreby, S.J. 1995. Premigratorydiet Sci. Found. Comm. 29: 6-7. oftrans-Saharan migrant passerinesin thewestern 4. Bairlein, F. 1997. Spatio-temporal course, ecology Sahel. BirdStudy42: 101-106. andenergeticsofWesternPalaearctic-Africansong- 20. Urban, E.K., Fry, C.H. andKeith, S. (eds) 1997. The bird migration. Summary report. Strasbourg: Euro- BirdsofAfrica.Vol5.London,UK:AcademicPress. pean Science Foundation, & Wilhelmshaven: 21. Waldenstrom,J. and Ottosson, U. 2000. The accu- Vogelwarte Helgoland. racy of field sex determination in the Common 5. Bensch, S., Hasselqvist, D., Hedenstrom, A. and Whitethroat Sylviac. communis. OrnisSvecica 10: Ottosson, U. 199T Rapid —moult among Palearctic 67-70. 10. passerines in West Africa an adaptation to the 22. Waldenstrom, J. and Ottosson, U. in press. Moult oncoming dry season?Ibis 133: 47-52. strategies in the Common Whitethroat Sylvia c. 6. Dowsett, R.J. 1968'. Migrants at Malamfatori, Lake communis in northern Nigeria. Lbis. Chad,spring1968.Bull.Niger.Omitbol.Soc.5:53-56. 23. Wood, B. 1992. Yellow Wagtail Motacillaflava 7. Elgood, J.H. 1994. TheBirds ofNigeria: an anno- migration from West Africa to Europe: pointers tated check-list. BOU-checklistNo. 4. Second edi- towards a conservation strategy for migrants on tion. Tring: British Ornithologists’ Union. passage. Ibis 134 (Suppl.1): 66-76. 8. Fry, C.H., Ash, J.S. and Ferguson-Lees, I.J. 1970. SpringweightsofsomePalaearcticmigrantsatLake aOttenby Bird Observatory, PI 1500, SE-380 65 Chad. Ibis 112: 58-82. Degerhamn, Sweden. 9- Hasselqvist, D., Hedenstrom,A., Lindstrom,A. and hProNatura International, 27 Mekuwen Road, Ikoyi, Bensch, S. 1988. The seasonally divided flig—ht Lagos, Nigeria. feathermoultintheBarredWarblerSylvianisoria Correspondence should be addressed to: UlfOttosson, anewmoultpatternforEuropeanpasserines. Ornis 18A, ruedeMamer,L-8280Kehlen,Luxemburg.E-mail: Scand. 19: 280-286. [email protected]. Hedenstrom, A., Bensch, S., Hasselqvist, D., Lockwood, M. and Ottosson, U. 1993. Migration, LakeChadBirdMigrationProject: Ottossoetal BullABC Vol8No2-125 Appendix 1.Total numbersofbirds ringedduringthe YellowWagtailM.i.thunbergi 6 5 11 LakeChad Bird Migration Project. HoopoeUpupaepops 2 2 7 11 WoodchatShrikeLaniussenator 1 3 6 10 Taxon/Scientificname CD CCDD CCCDDD Cut-throatAmadinafasciata 2 7 9 CD C\J C NightingaleLuscinialuscinia 9 9 =<c= CCQCTO_> bCzD ^2. TAufrrtilceanDoSivlveerSbtilrlepLtoonpeclhiuaraturmtaulrabarica 2 1 95 98 CommonWhitethroatSylviacommunis 690 929 261 1880 BushPetroniaPetroniadentata 3 3 2 8 SedgeWarblerAcrocephalusschoenobaenus 703 334 1037 GreaterBlue-earedStarlingLamprotomischalybaeus 7 7 OlivaceousWarblerHippolaispallidalaeneni 95 174 92 361 Black-crownedTchagraTchagrasenegala 3 4 7 ReedWarblerAcrocephalusscirpaceus 1 129 24 154 LittleRush-WarblerBradypterusbaboecata 6 6 LesserWhitethroatSylviacurruca 38 99 137 Long-tailedNightjarCaprimulgusclimacurus 6 6 BeautifulSunbirdCinnyrispulchella 39 35 40 114 DidricCuckooChrysococcyxcaprius 1 5 6 GreatReedWarblerAcrocephalusarundinaceus 3 99 10 112 GreyWoodpeckerDendropicosgoertae 3 2 1 6 SudanGoldenSparrowPasserluteus 72 17 23 112 Black-rumpedWaxbillEstrildatroglodytes 6 6 SubalpineWarblerSylviacantillans 13 89 102 CrestedLarkGaleridacristata 5 1 6 Red-billedFirefinchLagonostictasenegala 60 17 17 94 Red-backedShrikeLaniuscollurio 6 6 SandMartinRipariariparia 60 28 88 CommonBulbulPycnonotusbarbatus 1 1 4 6 PygmySunbirdHedydipnaplatura 25 18 36 79 AfricanMourningDoveStreptopeliadecipiens 4 2 6 GardenWarblerSylviaborin 4 15 50 69 VillageIndigobirdViduachalybeata 4 2 6 WindingCisticolaCisticolagracilirostris 4 33 28 65 Chestnut-backedSparrowLarkEremoptehxleucotis 1 4 5 BleatingWarblerCamaropterabrachyura 15 26 22 63 GabarGoshawkMicronisusgabar 1 1 3 5 YellowWagtailMotacillaHavassp. 6 40 9 55 Spur-wingedPloverVanellusspinosus 2 3 5 VitellineMaskedWeaverPloceusvelatus 24 10 19 53 LittleBitternIxobrychusminutus 3 1 4 WoodSandpiperTringaglareola 9 40 2 51 BluethroatLusciniasvecica 4 4 AfricanReedWarblerAcrocephalusbaeticatus 23 8 16 47 Speckle-frontedWeaverSporopipesfrontalis 4 4 BlackScrubRobinCercotrichaspodobe 15 13 19 47 Richard'sPipitAnthusnovaesseelandiae 3 3 LesserSwampWarblerAcrocephalusgracilirostris 16 28 44 Kittlitz'sPloverCharadriuspecuarius 3 3 RufousScrubRobinCercotrichasgalactotes 7 11 21 39 Fan-tailedWidowbirdEuplectesaxillahs 3 3 RiverPriniaPriniafluviatilis 1 26 12 39 Chestnut-belliedStarlingLamprotomispulcher 3 3 YellowWagtail Motacillaf.Hava 25 12 37 SouthernGreyShrikeLaniusmeridionalis 1 2 3 MelbaFinchPytiliamelba 14 5 16 35 SingingBushLarkMirafracantillans 2 1 3 NorthernCrombecSylviettabrachyura 13 15 5 33 WoodWarblerPhylloscopussibilatrix 3 3 Blue-napedMousebirdUrocoliusmacrourus 18 2 13 33 OrpheanWarblerSylviahortensis 1 2 3 LittleWeaverPloceusluteolus 16 5 10 31 SahelParadiseWhydahViduainterjecta 3 3 IcterineWarblerHippolaisicterina 1 1 28 30 ShikraAccipiterbadius 2 2 LittleStintCalidrisminuta 3 24 27 MarshWarblerAcrocephaluspalusths 2 2 Grey-headedSparrowPassergriseus 7 11 9 27 AbyssinianRollerCoraciasabyssinica 1 1 2 Black-billedWoodDoveTurturabyssinicus 8 12 7 27 BarnSwallowHirundorustica 1 1 2 YellowWagtail M.f.feldegg 22 4 26 Tawny-flankedPriniaPriniasubflava 2 2 Black-headedWeaverPloceusmelanocephalus 11 14 25 BlackcapSylviaatricapilla 1 1 2 Red-billedQueleaQueleaquelea 7 11 7 25 GreenSandpiperTringaochropus 2 2 CommonRedstartPhoenicurusphoenicurus 12 3 9 24 GreaterSwampWarblerAcrocephalusrufescens 1 1 Red-cheekedCordon-bleuUraeginthusbengalus 7 5 10 22 TreePipitAnthustrivialis 1 1 Orange-cheekedWaxbillEstrildamelpoda 4 10 7 21 Temminck’sStintCalidristemminckii 1 1 AfricanCollaredDoveStreptopeliaroseogrisea 2 1 18 21 Klaas’sCuckooChrysoccocyxklaas 1 1 EthiopianSwallowHirundoaethiopica 7 11 1 19 DesertCisticolaCisticolaaridulus 1 1 ZittingCisticolaCisticolajuncidis 1 12 5 18 BlackHeronEgrettaardesiaca 1 1 WillowWarblerPhylloscopustrochilus 5 6 6 17 Black-shoulderedKiteElanuscaeruleus 1 1 White-rumpedSeedeaterSerinusleucopygius 6 11 17 AfricanRockBuntingEmberizatahapisi 1 1 Black-headedGonolekLaniariuserythrogaster 1 10 4 15 CommonKestrelFalcotinnunculus 1 1 Savi’sWarblerLocustellaluscinioides 11 4 15 Grey-headedKingfisherHalcyonleucocephala 1 1 NamaquaDoveOenacapensis 3 12 15 MaskedShrikeLaniusnubicus 1 1 CricketWarblerSpiloptiladamans 7 4 4 15 IsabellineShrike Laniusisabellinus 1 1 White-billedBuffaloWeaverBubalornisalbirostris 3 11 14 Standard-wingedNightjarMacrodipteryxlongipennis 1 1 NorthernRedBishopEuplectesorix 14 14 CarmineBee-eaterMeropsnubicus 1 1 NorthernWheatearOenantheoenanthe 4 10 14 LittleGreenBee-eaterMeropsorientalis 1 1 GreaterPaintedSnipe Rostratulabenghalensis 14 14 GambagaFlycatcherMuscicapagambagae 1 1 LaughingDoveStreptopeliasenegalensis 6 4 4 14 SpottedFlycatcherMuscicapastriata 1 1 OlivaceousWarblerHippolaispallidaopaca 10 3 13 RuffPhilomachuspugnax 1 1 GoldenOrioleOriolusoriolus 12 1 13 BlackWood-HoopoePhoeniculusaterrimus 1 1 WryneckJynxtorquilla 2 10 12 Bonelli’sWarblerPhylloscopusbonelli 1 1 White-throatedBee-eaterMeropsalbicollis 12 12 WhinchatSaxicolarubetra 1 1 VillageWeaverPloceuscucullatus 12 12 MarshSandpiperTringastagnatilis 1 1 SenegalCoucalCentropussenegalensis 5 6 11 BarnOwlTytoalba 1 1 Yellow-crownedBishopEuplectesafer 11 11 Vieillot’sBarbetLybiusvieilloti 6 4 1 11 Totals 126-BullABC Vol8No2 LakeChadBirdMigrationProject: Ottossoetal