The Laboratory Swine PDF
Preview The Laboratory Swine
www.crcpress.com preface Laboratory swine is a relatively unknown species, although the use of swine in research dates back centuries. However, the number of swine used in research stands no comparison with the number of rodents used. Recently, the pattern of animal use has changed because of a move toward replacement, reduc- tion, and refinement in animal experimentation. This has caused an increase in the number of swine, because swine, and min- iature swine in particular, are seen as an alternative to other nonrodent species such as dogs and primates. This book in the Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series was written to provide a source of information on laboratory swine. It is aimed at animal caretakers, technicians, and inves- tigators, but the laboratory animal veterinarian may also want to use this book as a reference. This book provides an overview, not an in-depth review of the use of swine. Extensive references are given for further study. It is our hope that this book will contribute to the humane use of laboratory swine with the housing, husbandry, veterinary care, and experimental techniques that are appropriate to the species-specific physiology and behavior of swine. ©1999 CRC Press LLC the authors Peter Bollen, B.Sc., M.Sc., has studied veterinary medicine at the University of Utrecht, the Netherlands, turning to labo- ratory animal science during the preclinical part of this study. He graduated as an experimental zoologist, after which he con- tinued his studies of laboratory animal science at the Royal Veterinary College in London, England, obtaining his M.Sc. degree in 1994. He joined Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs, a lab- oratory swine breeding station, where he is currently the scien- tific manager. In 1998, he began a research project determining the nutritional requirements of miniature swine, leading to a Ph.D. thesis. The work is supported by the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences, and is being carried out at the Biomedical Laboratory of the University of Southern Denmark in Odense, Denmark. Axel Kornerup Hansen, Dr.Vet.Sci., DVM, is professor of Laboratory Animal Science and Welfare at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University in Copenhagen, Denmark, from which he also graduated in veterinary medicine in 1985. After a period in small animal practice and a laboratory animal breed- ing center, he was appointed assistant director at the Depart- ment of Experimental Medicine at the University of Copenhagen, where he was in charge of the health monitoring laboratory. In 1996 he earned his doctorate with a thesis about health mon- itoring and microbiological quality of laboratory rats. In his present position, Dr. Hansen's main research interest is in lab- oratory animal infections, as well as methods for improving the welfare of animals used for research. Dr. Hansen has published ©1999 CRC Press LLC more than 100 scientific papers and chapters in textbooks, and has been involved in setting up European guidelines for health monitoring of a range of animal species. Helle Juul Rasmussen, DVM, is appointed as a veterinary surgeon at the Biomedical Laboratory of the University of South- ern Denmark in Odense, Denmark. She graduated in veterinary medicine from the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1991, and worked in veterinary practice from 1991 to 1996. Since 1997 she has worked in the field of laboratory animal science, and was appointed to the Department of Experimental Medicine at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. In 1998 she joined the Biomedical Lab- oratory of the University of Southern Denmark in Odense, Den- mark. She is currently involved in research and teaching programs dealing with surgery and microsurgery, anesthesia, and pain relief of laboratory animals. ©1999 CRC Press LLC contents 1 IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Breds The Landrace The Yorkshire or Large White The Duroc The Hampshire The Piétrain Other Breds Hybrid Breds Miniature Breds The Vietnamese Potbely Pig Nomenclature Behavior Anatomical and Physiological Features Integument and Skeleton Digestive System Abdominal Organs Cardiovascular System Pulmonary System Lymphatic and Endocrine System Normative Values 2 HUSBANDRY Housing Environmental Conditions Temperature and Humidity Ventilation Iluminaton ©1999 CRC Press LLC Noise Environmental Enrichment Group Housing Individual Housing Nutrition Nutrient Requirements Feding Levels Sanitation Frequency Methods Transportation Record Keping 3 MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY ASURANCE Microbiological Management and Quality Impact of Infections on Animal Research using Swine Zonotic Diseases Legal Regulations Precautions to Prevent Infections Comon Findings in Health Monitoring Genetic Monitoring Acreditation ALAC ISO 90 Other Organizations 4 VETERINARY CARE Clinical Examination of Swine Microbiological Sampling Diseases of Swine Therapeutic Treatment Pathological Examination Anesthesia and Analgesia Reactions of Swine to Sedation and Anesthesia Routes of Administration of Sedatives and Anesthetics Preanesthetic Management Premedication Anesthetic Induction Endotracheal Intubation General Anesthesia ©1999 CRC Press LLC Anesthetic Maintenance and Assessment of Anesthetic Depth Drugs used in Swine Anesthesia Analgesia Pain Control Pain Recognition in Swine Drugs used in Swine Analgesia Monitoring during Anesthesia Anesthetic Suport Anesthetic Emergencies Malignant Hyperthermia/Porcine Stres Syndrome Postoperative Management Euthanasia 5 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES Restraint Sampling Techniques Blod Sampling Urine and Feces Cerebrospinal Fluid Bile and Pancreatic Excretions Administration of Compounds Basic Surgical Procedures Catheterization Catheter Maintenance Laparotomy Safety Testing of Chemicals and Drugs Necropsy 6 RESOURCES Asociations Boks Journals Internet Resources Swine Diet and Equipment BIBLIOGRAPHY ©1999 CRC Press LLC 1 important biological features Swine are increasingly used as models in biomedical research. Developments in the field of immunology and xenotransplanta- tion prospects have renewed interest in this species, the anat- omy and physiology of which have notable similarities to those of man. Since their development at the beginning of the 1950s, miniature swine have been used in toxicity testing as a nonro- dent species. The small size of miniature swine is obviously advantageous for housing and handling, but also for the quan- tity of test compound, which usually is available in only small amounts. Moreover, pressure from society to reduce the number of monkeys and dogs in biomedical research has caused an increase in the use of (miniature) swine. breeds The wild boar, Sus scrofa, is the ancestor of all modern breeds of swine. First evidence of domestication in Europe is some 3500 years old, although the cradle of the domesticated swine is claimed to have been in China, about 10,000 years ago1. The American continent has no indigenous wild swine, except the distantly related Tayassuidae (peccaries). Sus scrofa is a member ©1999 CRC Press LLC TABLE 1.1: CLASSIFICATION OF SUIFORMES. Order Suborder Family Genus Species Artiodactyla Suiformes Hippopotamidea Hippopotamus amphibius (hippopothamus) Hexaprotodon liberiensis (pygmy hippopotamus) Tayassuidae Pecari tajacu (collared peccary) Tayassu pecari (white-lipped peccary) Catagonus wagneri (Chacoan peccary) Suidae Babyrousa Babyrousa babyrussa (babirusa) Phacochoerus Phacochoerus africanus (common warthog) Phacochoerus aethiopicus (Somali warthog) Potamochoerus Potamochoerus porcus (red river hog) Potamochoerus larvatus (bushpig) Hylochoerus Hylochoerus meinertzhageni (giant forest hog) Sus Sus scrofa (Eurasian wild boar) Sus salvanius (pygmy hog) Sus verrucosus (Javan warty pig) Sus barbatus (bearded pig) Sus celebensis (Sulawesi warty pig) Sus phillippensis (Philippine warty pig) Sus cebifrons (Visayan warty pig) ©1999 CRC Press LLC
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