The Laboratory Rat. Biology and Diseases PDF
Preview The Laboratory Rat. Biology and Diseases
AMERICAN COLLEGE OF LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE SERIES Steven H. Weisbroth, Ronald E. Flatt, and Alan L. Kraus, eds.: The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit, 1974 Joseph E. Wagner and Patrick J. Manning, eds.: The Biology of the Guinea Pig, 1976 Edwin J. Andrews, Billy C. Ward, and Norman H. Altman, eds.: Spontaneous Animal Models of Human Disease, Volume 1, 1979; Volume II, 1979 Henry J. Baker, J. Russell Lindsey, and Steven H. Weisbroth, eds.: The Laboratory Rat, Volume I: Biology and Diseases, 1979 In preparation Henry J. Baker, J. Russell Lindsey, and Steven H. Weisbroth, eds.: The Laboratory Rat, Volume II: Research Applications The Laboratory Rat Volume I Biology and Diseases EDITED BY Henry J. Baker Department of Comparative Medicine Schools of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alabama in Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama /. Russell Lindsey Department of Comparative Medicine Schools of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alabama in Birmingham and the Veterans Administration Hospital Birmingham, Alabama Steven H. Weisbroth AnMed Laboratories, Inc. New Hyde Park, New York ACADEMIC PRESS 1979 A SUBSIDIARY OF HARCOURT BRACE JOVANOVICH, PUBLISHERS New York London Toronto Sydney San Francisco COPYRIGHT © 1979, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: The Laboratory rat. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. CONTENTS: v.l. Biology and diseases. 1. Rats as laboratory animals. 2. Rattus norvegicus. I. Baker, Henry J. II. Lindsey, James Russell, 1933- III. Weisbroth, Steven H. QL737.R666L3 619Λ93 79-51688 ISBN 0-12-074901-7 AINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 79 80 81 82 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 HENRY HERBERT DONALDSON (1857-1938) From 1906 to 1938 this great scientist directed a multidisciplinary research program at the Wistar Institute in Philadel phia which laid the initial foundations for use of the rat in research. Thus, he i rsightfully considered to be the originator of the laboratory rat. But Donaldson was more than a great scientist; he was a man of exemplary personal qualities, as revealed in the following description by Conklin:* "Anyone who had once seen him could never forget his magnificent head, his steady sympathetic eyes, his gentle smile. With these were associated great-hearted kindness, transparent sincerity, genial humor... orderliness, persistence, serenity. His laboratory and library were always in perfect order, his comings and goings were as timely as the clock, he never seemed hurried and yet he worked Ohne Hast, Ohne Rast [no haste, no rest], " For these reasons, the editors dedicate this text to the memory o fH. H. Donaldson. (Photo by permission J. Comp. NeuroL) *E. G. Conklin, "Biographical Memoir of Henry Herbert Donaldson, 1857-1938. ' Biogr. Mem., Vol. XX. 8th Mem. pp. 229-243. Nati. Acad. Sci., Washington, D.C., 1939. List of Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors ' contributions Lyubica Dabich (105), Department of Internal Medicine, begin. University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michi gan 48109 Jerry K. Davis (243), Departments of Microbiology and Com Norman H. Altman (333), Papanicolaou Cancer Research parative Medicine, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Uni Institute, Miami, Florida 33136 versity of Alabama in Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama Miriam R. Anver (377), Unit for Laboratory Animal 35294 Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Ar Michael F. W. Festing (55), Medical Research Council, Lab bor, Michigan 48109 oratory Animals Centre, Carshalton, Surrey, England Dennis E. J. Baker (153), Department of Animal Science, Estelle Hecht Geller (401), Animal Institute and Department State University Agricultural and Technical College, Delhi, of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva New York University, Bronx, New York 10461 Henry J. Baker (169, 243, 411), Department of Comparative Dawn G. Goodman* (333), Tumor Pathology Branch, Car- Medicine, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of cinogenesis Testing Program, National Cancer Institute, Na Alabama in Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 tional Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Pravin N. Bhatt (271), Section of Comparative Medicine, Chao-Kuang Hsu (307), Division of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connec Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. ticut 06510 20007 W. Sheldon Bivin (73), Department of Anatomy, School of Robert O. Jacoby (271), Section of Comparative Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connec Rouge, Louisiana 70803 ticut 06510 N. R. Brewer (73), 5526 Blackstone Avenue, Chicago, Il Albert M. Jonas (271), Tufts University School of Veterinary linois 60637 Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111 Gail H. Cassell (243), Departments of Microbiology and Sam M. Kruckenberg (413), Department of Pathology, Col Comparative Medicine, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, lege of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Man University of Alabama in Birmingham, Birmingham, hattan, Kansas 66502 Alabama 35294 J. Russell Lindsey (1, 169, 243, 411), Department of Com Bennett J. Cohen (377), Unit for Laboratory Animal parative Medicine, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Uni Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Ar versity of Alabama in Birmingham and the Veterans Admin bor, Michigan 48109 istration Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 M. Pat Crawford (73), Department of Physiology, Phar macology, and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, ♦Present Address: Division of Pathology, Clement Associates, Inc., Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 Washington, D.C. 20007 X CONTRIBUTORS Daniel H. Ringler (105), Unit for Laboratory Animal Medi Adrianne E. Rogers (123), Department of Nutrition and Food cine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam Michigan 48109 bridge, Massachusetts Roy Robinson (37), St. Stephens Road Nursery, London W13 Steven H. Weisbroth (169, 193, 411), AnMed Laboratories, 8HB, England Inc., New Hyde Park, New York 11040 Preface The American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine physiology, and hematology and clinical biochemistry. It will (ACLAM), founded in 1957, is the board of the American be apparent that these chapters emphasize information of the Veterinary Medical Association for specialists in laboratory greatest importance to research applications. Chapters on nutri animal medicine. Along with its mission of certifying compe tion, reproduction, and husbandry include aspects of basic tent professionals in the field, the college maintains an aggres biology but emphasize matters of practical importance in the sive continuing education program. This book is a product of management of rats for laboratory investigation. Considerable that program. emphasis is given to spontaneous diseases because of their In 1969 ACLAM embarked on a bold and exciting project importance as complications in the use of rats as research sub to develop a series of comprehensive scientific texts on labora jects and because they may present unique models for the study tory animals. "The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit" was of disease mechanisms. Finally, the important zoonotic published in 1974 and "The Biology of the Guinea Pig" in hazards associated with the use of laboratory rats are de 1976. scribed. An authoritative reference work on the laboratory rat to Volume II chronicles topics of importance to research ap meet the needs of modern science has been long overdue. plications of the rat. Some chapters such as Research Relatively few books dedicated exclusively to this species have Methodology, Gnotobiology, and Wild Rats in Research are of ever been printed. Thirty years have now elapsed since Ed general interest. Others focus on the use of rats in specific mond Farris and John Griffith, assisted by twenty-nine con areas of research, ranging from dental research to toxicology. tributors, published the second (and last) edition of 'The Rat A few research specialties in which rats are important research in Laboratory Investigation." Thus, this book is intended to subjects, such as endocrinology and behavior, will be obvious fill a void of thirty years during which no similar text appeared by their omission. These topics were not intentionally over despite phenomenal progress in the biomedicai sciences and a looked and will, we hope, be included in another volume. parallel expansion in knowledge of the laboratory rat. Some chapter topics were presented at symposia sponsored The division of this work into two volumes was dictated by by ACLAM. Chapters on taxonomy, morphophysiology, the large volume of material to be included. The subjects hematology and clinical chemistry, nutrition, reproduction, sorted readily into two major groupings, Biology and Diseases and housing were presented at a symposium entitled "The and Research Applications, the focal points for Volumes I and Laboratory Rat: Biology and Use in Research" held in con II, respectively. junction with the 26th Annual Scientific Session of the Ameri Volume I details the more fundamental aspects of Rattus can Association for Laboratory Animal Science on November norvegicus as a species, its biology and diseases. Chapter 1, 19, 1975, in Boston, Massachusetts. Chapters on bacterial dis for the first time, brings together in a single narrative those ease, mycoplasmoses, parasitic diseases, lesions associated events and personalities involved in the development of the with aging, and spontaneous tumors were presented at the species as a laboratory animal. The basic biology of the rat is symposium "Spontaneous Diseases of Laboratory Rats as described in chapters on taxonomy, genetics, anatomy, Complications of Research" held during the 113th Annual xi XU PREFACE Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association on tributors. They were selected from the most knowledgeable July 20, 1976, in Cincinnati, Ohio. and experienced scientists in the world. As with all other texts This book is offered to a wide range of individuals con in this series, each author has contributed all publication royal cerned with the use of rats in research. It is hoped that students ties to the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine in graduate and professional curricula will find the broad for the purposes of continuing education. Officers and mem coverage of material useful for rapid introduction to complex bers of the College are acknowledged for their enthusiastic subjects. Commercial and institutional organizations involved support of this project. Finally, we are grateful for the patience in producing rats for research use will find these volumes a rich and assistance given by those on the staff of Academic Press source of practical information. Specialists in laboratory ani who have contributed so much to development of this work and mal science will welcome its addition to the volumes on rabbits to the success of the series. and guinea pigs. Animal care and research technicians should find topics on husbandry, reproduction, and research Henry J. Baker methodology of particular interest. Above all, investigators J. Russell Lindsey will find this broad-based reference work of great value. Steven H. Weisbroth The editors wish to express special appreciation to the con Contents of Volume II Research Applications Chapter 1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Chapter 9 IMMUNOLOGY Alan L. Kraus Philip B. Carter and Hervé Bazin Chapter 2 GNOTOBIOLOGY Chapter 10 IMMUNOGENETICS Henry L. Foster Donald V. Cramer, Heinz W. Kunz, and Thomas J. Gill, HI Chapter 3 DENTAL RESEARCH Juan M. Navia and Annie Jo Narkates Chapter 11 EXPERIMENTAL PARASITOLOGY Dickson D. Despommier Chapter 4 EMBRYOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY Allan R. Beaudoin Chapter 12 WILD RATS IN RESEARCH Christine S. F. Williams Chapter 5 TOXICOLOGY G. Bruce Briggs and Frederick W. Oehme Appendix 1 SELECTED NORMATIVE DATA Henry J. Baker, J. Russell Lindsey, and Chapter 6 EXPERIMENTAL ONCOLOGY Steven H. Weisbroth John C. Peckham Appendix 2 DRUGS AND DOSAGES Chapter 7 EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY Sam M. Kruckenberg Joe D. Burek and Car el F. Hollander Chapter 8 CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH Sanford P. Bishop Chapter 1 Historical Foundations J. Russell Lindsey I. Origin of the Laboratory Rat 2 A. Earliest Records 2 B. Earliest Experiments 2 II. The Wistar Institute 3 A. Background 3 B. Milton J. Greenman 3 C. Henry H. Donaldson 4 D. Contributions of Donaldson's Colleagues 6 E. The Wistar Rat Colony 6 F. Wistar under Edmund Farris 11 G. The Modern Era at Wistar 11 III. Nutrition and Biochemistry 11 A. McCollum and the McCollum-Pratt Institute 11 B. Osborne and Mendel 13 C. Henry C. Sherman 15 IV. Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology 16 Long and Evans 16 V. Cancer Research Institutes 19 A. The Crocker Institute of Cancer Research 19 B. The Detroit Institute for Cancer Research 22 C. The University of Miami and the Papanicolaou Cancer Research Institute 23 VI. Behavioral Research 23 A. Doctoral Students at Clark University 23 B. Watson and Meyer 24 VII. Genetics 25 A. Castle and the Bussey Institution of Harvard 26 B. Castle's Second Career 28 VIII. Other Stocks of Rats 29 A. Sprague-Dawley 29 B. Albany Strain 29 C. Hunt's Caries-Susceptible and Caries-Resistant Strains 29 IX. Genealogy of Major Rat Stocks and Strains 30 THE LABORATORY RAT, VOL. I Copyright © 1979 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. ISBN 0-12-074901-7
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