Table Of Content

The Journal of Infectious Diseases Volume 188 ¢ Number 1 1 July 2003 EDITORIAL COMMENTARY Human Immunoglobulin as a Treatment for West Nile Virus Infection Amy Guillet Agrawal and Lyle R. Petersen MAJOR ARTICLES AND BRIEF REPORTS VIRUSES 5 Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy of Human Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Treating West Nile Virus Infection in Mice David Ben-Nathan, Shlomo Lustig, Guy Tam, Shahar Robinzon, Shraga Segal, and Bracha Rager-Zisman Prevalence of SEN Viruses among Injection Drug Users in the San Francisco Bay Area Ruth M. Pfeiffer, Yasuhito Tanaka, Anthony E. T. Yeo, Takeji Umemura, Karen H. Seal, J. Wai-Kuo Shih, Harvey J. Alter, Brian R. Edlin, and Thomas R. O'Brien Noroviruses Bind to Human ABO, Lewis, and Secretor Histo-Blood Group Antigens: Identification of 4 Distinct Strain-Specific Patterns Pengwei Huang, Tibor Farkas, Séverine Marionneau, Weiming Zhong, Nathalie Ruvoén-Clouet, Ardythe L. Morrow, Mekibib Altaye, Larry K. Pickering, David S. Newburg, Jacques LePendu, and Xi Jiang Viral DNA Polymerase Mutations Associated with Drug Resistance in Human Cytomegalovirus Sunwen Chou, Nell S. Lurain, Kenneth D. Thompson, Richard C. Miner, and W. Lawrence Drew Identification of CD8' T Cell Epitopes in the Immediate Early 62 Protein (IE62) of Varicella-Zoster Virus, and Evaluation of Frequency of CD8' T Cell Response to IE62, by Use of IE62 Peptides after Varicella Vaccination Christian R. Frey, Margaret A. Sharp, Andrew S. Min, D. Scott Schmid, Vladimir Loparev, and Ann M. Arvin Development of a Cocktail of Recombinant-Expressed Human Rabies Virus—Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies for Postexposure Prophylaxis of Rabies Mikhail Prosniak, Milosz Faber, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Charles E. Rupprecht, D. Craig Hooper, and Bernhard Dietzschold High Frequency of Resistant Viruses Harboring Different Mutations in Amantadine-Treated Children with Influenza Kyoko Shiraishi, Keiko Mitamura, Yuko Sakai-Tagawa, Hideo Goto, Norio Sugaya, and Yoshihiro Kawaoka Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I and II Alleles and Response t» Interferon-a Treatment, in Taiwanese Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Ming-Lung Yu, Chia-Yen Dai, Shinn-Cherng Chen, Chao-Chin Chiu, Li-Po Lee, Zu-Yau Lin, Ming-Yuh Hsieh, Liang-Yen Wang, Wan-Long Chuang, and Wen-Yu Chang BACTERIA 66 Safety and Immunogenicity of a Bivalent Group B Streptococcal Conjugate Vaccine for Serotypes II and III Carol J. Baker, Marcia A. Rench, Marisol Fernandez, Lawrence C. Paoletti, Dennis L. Kasper, and Morven S. Edwards 74 Implications of Haemophilus influenzae Biogroup aegyptius Hemagglutinins in the Pathogenesis of Brazilian Purpuric Fever Sénia F. C. Barbosa, Sumie Hoshino-Shimizu, Maria das Gragas A. Alkmin, and Hiro Goto Effectiveness of the 23-Valent Polysaccharide Vaccine against Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Navajo Adults Andrea L. Benin, Katherine L. O'Brien, James P. Watt, Raymond Reid, Elizabeth R. Zell, Scott Katz, Connie Donaldson, Alan Parkinson, Anne Schuchat, Mathuram Santosham, and Cynthia G. Whitney Association of CD14 Promoter Gene Polymorphism and Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection Hock-Liew Eng, Chih-Hung Chen, Chou-cho Kuo, Jin-Shang Wu, Chiou-Huey Wang, and Tsun-Mei Lin Quantification of Staphylococcal-Collagen Binding Interactions in Whole Blood by Use of a Confocal Microscopy Shear-Adhesion Assay Lisa M. Mascari and Julia M. Ross Polymorphic Membrane Protein (PMP) 20 and PMP 21 of Chlamydia pneumoniae Induce Proinflammatory Mediators in Human Endothelial Cells In Vitro by Activation of the Nuclear Factor-xB Pathway Alexander Niessner, Christoph Kaun, Gerlinde Zorn, Walter Speid!, Zeynep Turel, Gunna Christiansen, Anna-Sofie Pedersen, Svend Birkelund, Susan Simon, Apostolos Georgopoulos, Wolfgang Graninger, Rainer de Martin, Joachim Lipp, Bernd R. Binder, Gerald Maurer, Kurt Huber, and Johann Wojta Horizontal Transfer of the Gene Encoding Outer Membrane Protein P2 of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, in a Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Thomas J. Hiltke, Andrew T. Schiffmacher, Antoinette J. Dagonese, Sanjay Sethi, and Timothy F. Murphy HIV/AIDS 118 Longitudinal Study of Mucosal Candida Species Colonization and Candidiasis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)—Seropositive and At-Risk HIV-Seronegative Women Suzanne E. Ohmit, Jack D. Sobel, Paula Schuman, Ann Duerr, Kenneth Mayer, Anne Rompalo, and Robert S. Klein, for the HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS) Group Longitudinal Study of Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Seropositive and At-Risk HIV-Seronegative Women Paula Schuman, Suzanne E. Ohmit, Robert S. Klein, Ann Duerr, Susan Cu-Uvin, Denise J. Jamieson, Jean Anderson, and Keerti V. Shah, for the HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS)G roup Rates of Disease Progression among Human Immunodeficiency Virus—Infected Persons Initiating Multiple-Drug Rescue Therapy Nelson Lee, Robert S. Hogg, Benita Yip, P. Richard Harrigan, Marianne Harris, Michael V. O'Shaughnessy, and Julio S. G. Montaner Factors Associated with Oropharyngeal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Shedding Richard A. Zuckerman, William L. H. Whittington, Connie L. Celum, Tarquin Collis, Aldo Lucchetti, Jorge L. Sanchez, James P. Hughes, Jose L. Sanchez, and Robert W. Coombs PARASITES 146 Killing of African Trypanosomes by Antimicrobial Peptides Bradford S$. McGwire, Cheryl L. Olson, Brian F Tack, and David M. Engman 153 Immunization with Recombinant Duffy Binding—Like-y3 Induces Pan-Reactive and Adhesion-Blocking Antibodies against Placental Chondroitin Sulfate A-Binding Plasmodium falciparum Parasites Fabio T. M. Costa, Thierry Fusai, Daniel Parzy, Yvon Sterkers, Marylin Torrentino, Jean-Bernard Lekana Douki, Boubacar Traoré, Stéphane Petres, Artur Scherf, and Jiirg Gysin FUNGI 165 Candida albicans Phospholipomannan Is Sensed through Toll-Like Receptors Thierry Jouault, Stella Ibata-Ombetta, Osamu Takeuchi, Pierre-André Trinel, Paola Sacchetti, Philippe Lefebvre, Shizuo Akira, and Daniel Poulain CORRESPONDENCE 173 Does the Risk of Abortion Increase in Women with High Human Herpesvirus-8 Antibody Titers? Loredana Sarmati, Carlo Ticconi, Rosse!la Santangelo, Marco Montano, Giovanni Rezza, and Massimo Andreoni 174 Reply Brad P. Brayfield, John T. West, Charles D. Mitchell, and Charles Wood Repetitive Mucosal Exposure to Human Herpesvirus-8 and Protection against Its Penile-Vaginal Transmission Jeffrey Laurence Norwalk Virus Infection and Disease Is Associated with ABO Histo—Blood Group Type Edmond Peter Hennessy, Andrew D. Green, Martin P. Connor, Robert Darby, and Pauline MacDonald Modification of Sexual Behaviors Is Important for the Prevention of Human Papillomavirus Infection Joshua R. Mann and Curtis C. Stine | Volume 188 * Number 2 15 July 2003 MAJOR ARTICLES AND BRIEF REPORTS HIV/AIDS 179 What Constitutes Efficacy for a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine that Ameliorates Viremia: Issues Involving Surrogate End Points in Phase 3 Trials Peter B. Gilbert, Victor G. DeGruttola, Michael G. Hudgens, Steven G. Self, Scott M. Hammer, and Lawrence Corey Comparison between Rules-Based Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genotype Interpretations and Real or Virtual Phenotype: Concordance Analysis and Correlation with Clinical Outcome in Heavily Treated Patients Carlo Torti, Eugenia Quiros-Roldan, Wilco Keulen, Luigia Scudeller, Sergio Lo Caputo, Charles Boucher, Francesco Castelli, Francesco Mazzotta, Fiera Pierotti, Anne Mieke Been-Tiktak, Giovanni Buccoliero, Michele De Gennaro, Giampiero Carosi, and Carmine Tinelli, for the GenPherex Study Group of the MaSTeR Cohort Epidemiology of Bloodstream Infections in a Bacille Calmette-Guérin—Vaccinated Pediatric Population in Malawi Lennox K. Archibald, Peter N. Kazembe, Okey Nwanyanwu, Charles Mwansambo, L. Barth Reller, and William R. Jarvis Correlates of Immune Activation Marker Changes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)—Seropositive and High-Risk HIV-Seronegative Women Who Use Illicit Drugs Alan Landay, Lorie Benning, James Bremer, Barbara Weiser, Harold Burger, Marek Nowicki, and Andrea Kovacs Safety and Immunogenicity of Combinations of Recombinant Subtype E and B Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein 120 Vaccines in Healthy Thai Adults Punnee Pitisuttithum, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Prasert Thongcharoen, Chirasak Khamboonruang, Jerome Kim, Mark de Souza, Thippawan Chuenchitra, Robin P. Garner, Darawan Thapinta, Victoria Polonis, Silvia Ratto-Kim, Penprapa Chanbancherd, Joseph Chiu, Deborah L. Birx, Anne-Marie Duliege, John G. McNeil, and Arthur E. Brown, for the Thai AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group A Tumor Necrosis Factor—a—Inducible Promoter Variant of Interferon-y Accelerates CD4’ T Cell Depletion in Human Immunodeficiency Virus—1—Infected Individuals Ping An, David Viahov, Joseph B. Margolick, John Phair, Thomas R. O’Brien, James Lautenberger, Stephen J. O'Brien, and Cheryl A. Winkler Disturbed Glutathione Metabolism and Decreased Antioxidant Levels in Human Immunodeficiency Virus— Infected Patients during Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy—Potential Immunomodulatory Effects of Antioxidants Pal Aukrust, Fredrik Miiller, Asbjarn M. Svardal, Thor Ueland, Rolf K. Berge, and Stig S. Fraland BACTERIA 239 Comparative Analysis of Type III Effector Translocation by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Expressing Native LerV or PcrV from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Jeanette E. Broms, Charlotta Sundin, Matthew S. Francis, and Ake Forsberg Evaluation of Intraspecies Interference Due to agr Polymorphism in Staphylococcus aureus during Infection and Colonization Christiane Goerke, Mirjam Kiimmel, Klaus Dietz, and Christiane Wolz Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibits Maturation of Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells In Vitro Willem A. Hanekom, Megan Mendillo, Claudia Manca, Patrick A. J. Haslett, M. Ruby Siddiqui, Clifton Barry Ill, and Gilla Kaplan Prematurity Is the Major Risk Factor for Late-Onset Group B Streptococcus Disease Feng-Ying C. Lin, Leonard E. Weisman, James Troendle, and Karen Adams 272 Synergistic Effect of Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors and Interleukin-1 Polymorphisms for the Development of Severe Histological Changes in the Gastric Mucosa Roland Rad, Christian Prinz, Bruno Neu, Mathilde Neuhofer, Marco Zeitner, Petra Voland, Ingrid Becker, Wolfgang Schepp, and Markus Gerhard Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Antibody Impairs the Therapeutic Effect of Ceftriaxone in Murine Pneumococcal Pneumonia Anita W. Rijneveld, Sandrine Florquin, Thomas Hartung, Peter Speelman, and Tom van der Poll PATHOGENESIS AND HOST RESPONSE 286 Murein Lipoprotein, Peptidoglycan-Associated Lipoprotein, and Outer Membrane Protein A Are Present in Purified Rough and Smooth Lipopolysaccharides Judith Hellman, Megan M. Tehan, and H. Shaw Warren PARASITES 290 Substance P Expression Correlates with Severity of Diarrhea in Cryptosporidiosis Prema Robinson, Pablo C. Okhuysen, Cynthia L. Chappell, Joel V. Weinstock, Dorothy E. Lewis, Jeffrey K. Actor, and A. Clinton White Jr. 297 Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Levels Associated with Decreased Malaria Parasite Density and Increased Hemoglobin Concentration in Pubertal Girls from Western Kenya Tjalling Leenstra, Feiko O. ter Kuile, Simon K. Kariuki, Christian P. Nixon, Aggrey J. Oloo, Piet A. Kager, and Jonathan D. Kurtis Experimental Pulmonary Aspergillosis Due to Aspergillus terreus: Pathogenesis and Treatment of an Emerging Fungal Pathogen Resistant to Amphotericin B Thomas J. Walsh, Vidmantas Petraitis, Ruta Petraitiene, Aida Field-Ridley, Deanna Sutton, Mahmoud Ghannoum, Tin Sein, Robert Schaufele, Joanne Peter, John Bacher, Heather Casler, Derek Armstrong, Anna Espinel-Ingroff, Michael G. Rinaldi, and Caron A. Lyman Aspergillus fumigatus Evades Immune Recognition during Germination through Loss of Toll-Like Receptor-4— Mediated Signal Transduction Mihai G. Netea, Adilia Warris, Jos W. M. Van der Meer, Matthew J. Fenton, Trees J. G. Verver-Janssen, Liesbeth E. H. Jacobs, Tonje Andresen, Paul E. Verweij, and Bart Jan Kullberg VIRUSES 327 Cellular Immune Responses to Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16 L1 in Healthy Volunteers Immunized with Recombinant HPV-16 LI Virus-Like Particles Ligia A. Pinto, Jessica Edwards, Philip E. Castle, Clayton D. Harro, Douglas R. Lowy, John T. Schiller, Dora Wallace, William Kopp, Joseph W. Adelsberger, Michael W. Baseler, Jay A. Berzofsky, and Allan Hildesheim | Volume 188 * Number 3 1 August 2003 = ee ee MAJOR ARTICLES AND BRIEF REPORTS BACTERIA 339 Immunizations with Pneumococcal Surface Protein A and Pneumolysin Are Protective against Pneumonia in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae David E. Briles, Susan K. Hollingshead, James C. Paton, Edwin W. Ades, Lea Novak, Frederik W. van Ginkel, and William H. Benjamin, Jr. Association between Interleukin-8 Gene Alleles and Human Susceptibility to Tuberculosis Disease Xin Ma, Robert A. Reich, John A. Wright, Heather R. Tooker, Larry D. Teeter, James M. Musser, and Edward A. Graviss Persistence of a Highly Resistant Strain of Tuberculosis in New York City during 1990-1999 Sonal S$. Munsiff, Beth Nivin, Galit Sacajiu, Barun Mathema, Pablo Bifani, and Barry N. Kreiswirth Rapid Diagnosis of Active Tuberculosis by Detecting Antibodiesfrom Lymphocyte Secretions Rubhana Ragib, Jubayer Rahman, A. K. M. Kamaluddin, S. M. Mostafa Kamal, Fauzia A. Banu, Shakeel Ahmed, Zeaur Rahim, Pradip K. Bardhan, Jan Andersson, and David A. Sack Combined Use of Serum and Urinary Antibody for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Krishna K. Singh, Yuxin Dong, Laura Hinds, Marc A. Keen, John T. Belisle, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Jacqueline M. Achkar, Arthur J. Nadas, Vijay K. Arora, and Suman Laal 378 Protection against Lethal Intra-abdominal Sepsis by 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylurea Begofia Ruiz-Perez, Ronald L. Cisneros, Tetsuya Matsumoto, Robert J. Miller, George Vasios, Pericles Calias, and Andrew B. Onderdonk HIV/AIDS 388 Long-Cycle Structured Intermittent versus Continuous Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Effects on Drug Toxicity and on Immunologic and Virologic Parameters Mark Dybul, Elizabeth Nies-Kraske, Marybeth Daucher, Kurt Hertogs, Claire W. Hallahan, Gyorgy Csako, Christian Yoder, Linda Ehler, Peter A. Sklar, Michael Belson, Bertha Hidalgo, Julia A. Metcalf, Richard T. Davey, Diane M. Rock Kress, April Powers, and Anthony S. Fauci Lack of Detectable Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type i Superinfection during 1072 Person-Years of Observation Matthew J. Gonzales, Eric Delwart, Soo-Yon Rhee, Rose Tsui, Andrew R. Zolopa, Jonathan Taylor, and Robert W. Shafer Comparative Prediction of Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission, Using Multiple Virus Load Markers Monty Montano, Matthew Russell, Peter Gilbert, Ibou Thior, Shahin Lockman, Roger Shapiro, Su-Yuan Chang, Tun Hou Lee, and Max Essex VIRUSES 414 Alanylation of Teichoic Acids Protects Staphylococcus aureus against Toll-like Receptor 2-Dependent Host Defense in a Mouse Tissue Cage Infection Model Sascha A. Kristian, Xavier Lauth, Victor Nizet, Friedrich Goetz, Birgid Neumeister, Andreas Peschel, and Regine Landmann Susceptibility of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type I to Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Shawn A. Hill, Patricia A. Lloyd, Shannon McDonald, Jennifer Wykoff, and David Derse Majority of Interferon-y—Producing CD4' Cells in Patients Infected with Human T Cell Lymphotrophic Virus Do Not Express Tax Protein Edward Mitre, Robert W. Thompson, Edgar M. Carvalho, Thomas B. Nutman, and Franklin A. Neva Differences in Participation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Adults and Neonates Subramaniam Krishnan, Mary Craven, Robert C. Welliver, Nafees Ahmad, and Marilyn Halonen Development of a Novel Vaccinia-Neutralization Assay Based on Reporter-Gene Expression Jody Manischewitz, Lisa R. King, Nicole A. Bleckwenn, Joseph Shiloach, Rolf Taffs, Michael Merchlinsky, Nancy Eller, Malgorzata G. Mikolajczyk, David J. Clanton, Thomas Monath, Richard A. Weltzin, Dorothy E. Scott, and Hana Golding PARASITES 449 Malaria Is Related to Decreased Nutritional Status among Male Adolescents and Adults in the Setting of Intense Perennial Transmission Jennifer F. Friedman, Jonathan D. Kurtis, Ramadhan Mtalib, Malachi Opollo, David E. Lanar, and Patrick E. Duffy Determinants of Response to Interleukin-10 Receptor Blockade Immunotherapy in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis Henry W. Murray, Andre L. Moreira, Cristina M. Lu, Jennifer L. DeVecchio, Maki Matsuhashi, Xiaojing Ma, and Frederick P. Heinzel High Rates of Trichomonas vaginalis among Men Attending a Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic: Implications for Screening and Urethritis Management Jane R. Schwebke and Edward W. Hook Ill Differential Expression of Candida albicans Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase and Phospholipase B Genes in Humans Correlates with Active Oral and Vaginal Infections Julian R. Naglik, Catherine A. Rodgers, Penelope J. Shirlaw, Jennifer L. Dobbie, Lynette L. Fernandes-Naglik, Deborah Greenspan, Nina Agabian, and Stephen J. Challacombe Volume 188 * Number 4 15 August 2003 MAJOR ARTICLES AND BRIEF REPORTS BACTERIA 481 Estimating Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccine Effectiveness in England and Wales by Use of the Screening Method Mary E. Ramsay, Jodie McVernon, Nick J. Andrews, Paul T. Heath, and Mary P. Slack Natural Variation in Populations of Persistently Colonizing Bacteria Affect Human Host Cell Phenotype Rahul A. Aras, Yongchan Lee, Sung-Kook Kim, Dawn Israel, Richard M. Peek, Jr., and Martin J. Blaser Plasminogen Enhances Virulence of Group A Streptococci by Streptokinase-Dependent and Streptokinase- Independent Mechanisms Jinmo Khil, Michael Im, Andrew Heath, Ulrika Ringdahl, Lakshmi Mundada, N. Cary Engleberg, and William P. Fay Genetic Susceptibility to Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Diarrhea: Polymorphism in the Interleukin-8 Promotor Region Zhi-Dong Jiang, Pablo C. Okhuysen, Dong-Chuan Guo, Rumin He, Terri M. King, Herbert L. DuPont, and Dianna M. Milewicz Genotypic and Phenotypic Analysis of Type III Secretion System in a Cohort of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteremia Isolates: Evidence for a Possible Association between O Serotypes and exo Genes Philippe Berthelot, Ina Attree, Patrick Plésiat, Jacqueline Chabert, Sophie de Bentzmann, Bruno Pozzetto, and Florence Grattard, for the Groupe d'Etudes des Septicémies a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm on Tampons and Menses Components Richard H. Veeh, Mark E. Shirtliff, Jili R. Petik, Janine A. Flood, Catherine C. Davis, Jon L. Seymour, Melanie A. Hansmann, Kathy M. Kerr, Mark E. Pasmore, and John W. Costerton HIV/AIDS 531 A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Intermittent Administration of Interleukin-2 and Prednisone in Subjects Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Jorge A. Tavel, Irini Sereti, Robert E. Walker, Barbara Hahn, Joseph A. Kovacs, Shyla Jagannatha, Richard T. Davey, Jr., Judith Falloon, Michael A. Polis, Henry Masur, Julia A. Metcalf, Randy Stevens, Adam Rupert, Michael Baseler, and H. Clifford Lane Clinical Impact of the M184V Mutation on Switching to Didanosine or Maintaining Lamivudine Treatment in Nucleoside Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitor-Experienced Patients Mark A. Winters, Ronald J. Bosch, Mary A. Albrecht, David A. Katzenstein, for the AIDS Clinical Trials Group 364 Study Team Antiretroviral Concentrations in Untimed Plasma Samples Predict Therapy Outcome in a Population with Advanced Disease Christopher S. Alexander, Jéréme J. Asselin, Lillian S. L. Ting, Julio S. G. Montaner, Robert S. Hogg, Benita Yip, Michael V. O'Shaughnessy, and P. Richard Harrigan Independent Levels of Cell-Free and Cell-Associated Human Immunodeficiency Virus—1 in Genital-Tract Secretions of Clinically Asymptomatic, Treatment-Naive African Women Laurent Andréoletti, Nicolas Chomont, Gérard Grésenguet, Mathieu Matta, Jean de Dieu Longo, Marie-Paule Carreno, Ali Si-Mohamed, Jéréme Legoff, Michel D. Kazatchkine, and Laurent Bélec Increased Risk of High-Grade Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions and Invasive Cervical Cancer among African Women with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and 2 Infections Stephen E. Hawes, Cathy W. Critchlow, Mame A. Faye Niang, Mame B. Diouf, Aissatou Diop, Papa Touré, Abdou! Aziz Kasse, Birama Dembele, Papa Salif Sow, Awa M. Coll-Seck, Jane M. Kuypers, and Nancy B. Kiviat VIRUSES 564 Pathogenesis of Enterovirus 71 Brainstem Encephalitis in Pediatric Patients: Roles of Cytokines and Cellular Immune Activation in Patients with Pulmonary Edema Shih-Min Wang, Huan-Yao Lei, Kao-Jean Huang, Jing-Ming Wu, Jen-Ren Wang, Chun-Keung Yu, lh-Jen Su, and Ching-Chuan Liu 571 Prevalence of Chronic Hepatitis B and Incidence of Acute Hepatitis B Infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus—Infected Subjects Scott E. Kellerman, Debra L. Hanson, A. D. McNaghten, and Patricia L. Fleming Quantification of the Influenza Virus Load by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction in Nasopharyngeal Swabs of Patients Treated with Oseltamivir Guy Boivin, Zoé Coulombe, and Cynthia Wat Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Glycoprotein B Genotypes and Response to Antiviral Therapy, in Solid-Organ— Transplant Recipients with CMV Disease Atul Humar, Deepali Kumar, Christian Gilbert, and Guy Boivin Selective Effects of Interleukin (IL)-15 on Antifungal Activity and IL-8 Release by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in Response to Hyphae of Aspergillus Species Richard M. Winn, Cristina Gil-Lamaignere, Emmanuel Roilides, Maria Simitsopoulou, Caron A. Lyman, Avgi Maloukou, and Thomas J. Walsh Hydrolytic Gene Expression during Oroesophageal and Gastric Candidiasis in Immunocompetent and Immunodeficient Gnotobiotic Mice David A. Schofield, Caroline Westwater, Thomas Warner, Peter J. Nicholas, Emily E. Paulling, and Edward Balish PARASITES 600 Novel Mechanism of Drug Resistance in Kala Azar Field Isolates Neeloo Singh, Ramsing Th. Singh, and Shyam Sundar 608 Infection of Placental Trophoblasts by Toxoplasma gondii Marjan Abbasi, Kinga Kowalewska-Grochowska, Mohammad A. Bahar, Ruhangiz T. Kilani, Bonnie Winkler-Lowen, and Larry J. Guilbert PATHOGENESIS AND HOST RESPONSE 617 Fc Receptor—Mediated Antibody Regulation of T Cell Immunity against Intracellular Pathogens Terri Moore, Charles 0. Ekworomadu, Francis 0. Eko, LuCinda MacMillan, Kiantra Ramey, Godwin A. Ananaba, John W. Patrickson, Periakaruppan R. Nagappan, Deborah Lyn, Carolyn M. Black, and Joseph U. Igietseme Volume 188 * Number 5 1 September 2003 | MAJOR ARTICLES AND BRIEF REPORTS HIV/AIDS 625 A Randomized Trial of 2 Different 4-Drug Antiretroviral Regimens versus a 3-Drug Regimen, in Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease Margaret A. Fischl, Heather J. Ribaudo, Ann C. Collier, Alejo Erice, Marina Giuliano, Marjorie Dehlinger, Joseph J. Eron, Jr, Michael S. Saag, Scott M. Hammer, Stefano Vella, Gene D. Morse, and Judith E. Feinberg, for the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group 388 Study Team Randomized Trial to Evaluate Indinavir/Ritonavir versus Saquinavir/Ritonavir in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients: The MaxCmin1 Trial Ulrik Bak Dragsted, Jan Gerstoft, Court Pedersen, Barry Peters, Adriana Duran, Niels Obel, Antonella Castagna, Pedro Cahn, Nathan Clumeck, Johan N. Bruun, Jorge Benetucci, Andrew Hill, isabel Cassetti, Pietro Vernazza, Mike Youle, Zoe Fox, and Jens D. Lundgren, for the MaxCmin1 Trial Group Multistate Evaluation of Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases in Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Serotype and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in the United States A. M. Fry, R. R. Facklam, C. G. Whitney, B. D. Plikaytis, and A. Schuchat Enhanced Prediction of Lopinavir Resistance from Genotype by Use of Artificial Neural Networks Dechao Wang and Brendan Larder Levels of Interleukin-15 in Plasma May Predict a Favorable Outcome of Structured Treatment Interruption in Patients with Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Massimo Amicosante, Fabrizio Poccia, Cristiana Gioia, Carla Montesano, Simone Topino, Federico Martini, Pasquale Narciso, Leopoldo P. Pucillo, and Gianpiero D’Offizi Pulmonary Immunoglobulin Responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae Are Altered but Not Reduced in Human Immunodeficiency Virus—Infected Malawian Adults Stephen B. Gordon, David E. Miller, Richard B. Day, Tom Ferry, David S. Wilkes, Carol T. Schnizlein-Bick, Eduard E. Zijlstra, Robert C. Read, Malcolm E. Molyneux, and Homer L. Twigg Ill VIRUSES 671 Efficacy of Virosome Hepatitis A Vaccine in Young Children in Nicaragua: Randomized Placebo- Controlled Trial Orlando Mayorga Pérez, Christian Herzog, Martina Zellmeyer, Arnoldo Lodisiga, Gert Frosner, and Matthias Egger 678 Multiple Human Herpesvirus-8 Infection Mohammed M. Beyari, T. A. Hodgson, R. D. Cook, W. Kondowe, E. M. Molyneux, C. M. Scully, C. G. Teo, and S. R. Porter 690 Systemic Cytokine Responses in Patients with Influenza-Associated Encephalopathy Jun-ichi Kawada, Hiroshi Kimura, Yoshinori Ito, Shinya Hara, Masahiro Iriyama, Tetsushi Yoshikawa, and Tsuneo Morishima VIRUSES/PRIONS 699 Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effects of Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonate in Scrapie-Infected Mice Suzette A. Priola, Anne Raines, and Winslow Caughey BACTERIA 706 Quorum-Sensing Control of Biofilm Factors in Staphylococcus epidermidis Cuong Vuong, Christiane Gerke, Greg A. Somerville, Elizabeth R. Fischer, and Michael Otto 719 Shiga Toxin—Producing Escherichia coli in Montana: Bacterial Genotypes and Clinical Profiles Jill K. Jelacic, Todd Damrow, Gilbert S. Chen, Srdjan Jelacic, Martina Bielaszewska, Marcia Ciol, Humberto M. Carvalho, Angela R. Melton-Celsa, Alison D. O'Brien, and Phillip |. Tarr Expression of Biofilm-Associated Genes in Staphylococcus epidermidis during In Vitro and In Vivo Foreign Body Infections Stefaan Johan Vandecasteele, Willy Eduard Peetermans, Rita Merckx, and Johan Van Eldere Crucial Role of Antibodies to Pertactin in Bordetella pertussis Immunity Sandra M. M. Hellwig, Maria E. Rodriguez, Guy A. M. Berbers, Jan G. J. van de Winkel, and Frits R. Mooi Vaccination with Nontoxic Mutant Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 Protects against Staphylococcus aureus Infection Dong-Liang Hu, Katsuhiko Omoe, Sanae Sasaki, Hiroshi Sashinami, Hirotake Sakuraba, Yuichi Yokomizo, Kunihiro Shinagawa, and Akio Nakane Transcutaneous Immunization with Tetanus Toxoid and Mutants of Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin as Adjuvants Elicits Strong Protective Antibody Responses Rob Tierney, Anne-Sophie Beignon, Rino Rappuoli, Sylviane Muller, Dorothea Sesardic, and Charalambos D. Partidos Phylogenetic Origin and Virulence Genotype in Relation to Resistance to Fluoroquinolones and/or Extended- Spectrum Cephalosporins and Cephamycins among Escherichia coli Isolates from Animals and Humans James R.-schnson, Michael A. Kuskowski, Krista Owens, Abby Gajewski, and Patricia L. Winokur 769 Local Impairment of Anti—-Neutrophil Elastase Capacity in Community-Acquired Pneumonia Catherine Greene, Clifford Taggart, Gregory Lowe, Paula Gallagher, Noel McElvaney, and Shane O'Neill 777 Mannose-Binding Lectin Polymorphisms in Clinical Tuberculosis Christian Soborg, Hans 0. Madsen, Ase B. Andersen, Troels Lillebaek, Axel Kok-Jensen, and Peter Garred PARASITES 783 Foot and Mouth Epidemic Reduces Cases of Human Cryptosporidiosis in Scotland Norval J. C. Strachan, lain D. Ogden, Alison Smith-Palmer, and Keith Jones 787 Risk of Gallstone Disease in Advanced Chronic Phase of Fascioliasis: An Experimental Study in a Rat Model Maria Adela Valero, Mercedes Santana, Maria Morales, Jose Luis Hernandez, and Santiago Mas-Coma CORRESPONDENCE 794 Virus Load and Cytolitic Responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: What Is Cause and What Is Effect José M. Benito, Mariola Lopez, and Vincent Soriano Reply Charles Hicks and Susan Sufka Volume 188 * Number 6 15 September 2003 EDITORIAL COMMENTARY 797 Whipple Disease of the Central Nervous System W. Michael Scheld MAJOR ARTICLES AND BRIEF REPORTS BACTERIA 801 Cultivation of Tropheryma whipplei from Cerebrospinal Fluid Matthias Maiwald, Axel von Herbay, David N. Fredricks, Cleber C. Ouverney, Jon C. Kosek, and David A. Relman 809 Immune Response to Group A Streptococcal C5a Peptidase in Children: Implications for Vaccine Development Anita Shet, Edward L. Kaplan, Dwight R. Johnson, and P. Patrick Cleary Molecular Genetic Analysis of 675 Group A Streptococcus Isolates Collected in a Carrier Study at Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas Nancy P. Hoe, Kathleen E. Fullerton, Mengyao Liu, John E. Peters, Gary D. Gackstetter, Gerald J. Adams, and James M. Musser BACTERIA/PARASITES 828 Whipple Disease Associated with Giardiasis Florence Fenollar, Hubert Lepidi, René Gérolami, Michel Drancourt, and Didier Raoult PARASITES 835 An Outbreak of Trichinellosis Due to Consumption of Bear Meat Infected with Trichinella nativa, in 2 Northern Saskatchewan Communities Roberta S. Schellenberg, Ben J. K. Tan, James D. Irvine, Donna R. Stockdale, Alvin A. Gajadhar, Bouchra Serhir, Juri Botha, Chery! A. Armstrong, Shirley A. Woods, Joseph M. Blondeau, and Tammy L. McNab Metabolites of the Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Malawian Children with Malaria Isabelle M. Medana, Nicholas P. J. Day, Houta Salahifar-Sabet, Roland Stocker, George Smythe, Lloyd Bwanaisa, Alfred Njobvu, Kondwani Kayira, Gareth D. H. Turner, Terrie E. Taylor, and Nicholas H. Hunt HIV/AIDS 850 The Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus—1 Infection in Twin Pairs Born to Infected Mothers in Africa Robert J. Biggar, Sharon Cassol, Newton Kumwenda, Valentino Lema, Michelle Janes, Richard Pilon, Vincent Senzani, Frances Yellin, Taha E. T. Taha, and Robin L. Broadhead Influence of Human Leukocyte Antigen-B22 Alleles on the Course of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in 3 Cohorts of White Men M. Tevfik Dorak, Jianming Tang, Shenghui Tang, Ana Penman-Aguilar, Roel A. Coutinho, James J. Goedert, Roger Detels, and Richard A. Kaslow Decreasing Sensitivity to RANTES (Regulated on Activation, Normally T Cell-Expressed and —Secreted) Neutralization of CC Chemokine Receptor 5—Using, Non-Syncytium-Inducing Virus Variants in the Course of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Fransje A. Koning, David Kwa, Brigitte Boeser-Nunnink, Jos Dekker, Jose Vingerhoed, Harry Hiemstra, and Hanneke Schuitemaker Presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus—1—Specific CD4 and CD8 Cellular Immune Responses in Children with Full or Partial Virus Suppression Emmanouil Papasawas, Johan K. Sandberg, Richard Rutstein, Elizabeth C. Moore, Agnieszka Mackiewicz, Brian Thiel, Maxwell Pistilli, Rayford R. June, Kimberly A. Jordan, Robert Gross, Vernon C. Maino, Douglas F. Nixon, and Luis J. Montaner VIRUSES 883 Epstein-Barr Virus Replication in Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: Response, Persistence, and Resistance to Treatment with Valacyclovir Dennis M. Walling, Catherine M. Flaitz, and C. Mark Nichols Increased Hepatitis C Virus Load among Injection Drug Users Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type II Michie Hisada, Nilanjan Chatterjee, Mingdong Zhang, Robert J. Battjes, and James J. Goedert Evaluation of Serological and Virological Tests in the Diagnosis of Clinical and Subclinical Measles Virus Infections during an Outbreak of Measles in The Netherlands Robert S. van Binnendijk, Susan van den Hof, Hans van den Kerkhof, Robert H. G. Kohl, Frits Woonink, Guy A. M. Berbers, Marina A. E. Conyn-van Spaendonck, and Tjeerd G. Kimman Variants of the Chemokine Receptor CCR5 Are Associated with Severe Bronchiolitis Caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus Jeremy Hull, Kate Rowlands, Elizabeth Lockhart, Catrin Moore, Mike Sharland, and Dominic Kwiatkowski Relevance of Peptide Avidity to the T Cell Receptor for Cytomegalovirus-Specific Ex Vivo CD8 T Cell Cytotoxicity Maria C. Villacres, Simon F. Lacey, Catherine Auge, Jeff Longmate, John M. Leedom, and Don J. Diamond PATHOGENESIS AND HOST RESPONSE 919 Correlation between Mortality and the Levels of Inter-Alpha Inhibitors in the Plasma of Patients with Severe Sepsis Yow-Pin Lim, Kresimir Bendelja, Steven M. Opal, Edward Siryaporn, Douglas C. Hixson, and John E. Palardy Imidazolineoxyl N-Oxide Prevents the Impairment of Vascular Contraction Caused by Interleukin-16 through Several Mechanisms Marta Soler, Mercedes Camacho, and Luis Vila Heterozygous Toll-Like Receptor 4 Polymorphism Does Not Influence Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Release in Human Whole Blood Sonja von Aulock, Nicolas W. J. Schroder, Katja Gueinzius, Stephanie Traub, Sebastian Hoffmann, Kathrin Graf, Stefanie Dimmeler, Thomas Hartung, Ralf R. Schumann, and Corinna Hermann CORRESPONDENCE 944 Severe Hepatitis E Virus Infection after Ingestion of Uncooked Liver from a Wild Boar Hiroyuki Matsuda, Katsuo Okada, Kazuaki Takahashi, and Shunji Mishiro Volume 188 * Number 7 1 October 2003 EDITORIAL COMMENTARY 945 Varicella Vaccine: Rare Serious Problems—but the Benefits Still Outweigh the Risks Anne A. Gershon