The Jewish Jesus: How Judaism and Christianity Shaped Each Other

368 Pages·2012·4.058 MB·English

by  Peter Schäfer

The Jewish Jesus
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The Jewish Jesus
How Judaism and Christianity
Shaped Each Other
Peter Schäfer
Princeton University Press
Princeton & Oxford
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Copyright © 2012 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press,
41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street,
Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW
press.princeton.edu
Jacket illustration: David Anoints Samuel, paint on plaster.
WC3 1936.127.14. Courtesy of Yale University Art Gallery,
Dura-Europos Collection.
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Schäfer, Peter.
The Jewish Jesus : how Judaism and Christianity
shaped each other / Peter Schäfer.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: 978-0-691-15390-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Judaism—Relations—
Christianity—History. 2. Christianity and other religions—Judaism—
History. 3. Messiah—History of doctrines. I. Title.
BM535.S26 2012
232.9´0609015—dc23 2011035535
British Library Cataloging- in- Publication Data is available
This book has been composed in Adobe Garamond Pro
Printed on acid- free paper. ∞
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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For Lily, Sebastian, Maximilian, Otto, Marie, and Sophia
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Contents
List of Figures ix
Acknowledgments xi
Abbreviations xiii
Introduction 1
1. Different Names of God 21
Offerings 22
Creation 24
R. Simlai’s Collection of Dangerous Bible Verses 27
The Bavli Collection 37
R. Simlai and Christianity 42
2. The Young and the Old God 55
3. God and David 68
Aqiva in the Bavli 70
The David Apocalypse 85
David in Dura Europos 94
4. God and Metatron 103
Rav Idith and the Heretics 104
Metatron the Great Scribe 115
The Celestial High Priest 116
The Prince of the World 123
The Instructor of Schoolchildren in Heaven 125
Two Powers in Heaven 127
Akatriel 131
Metatron in Babylonia 138
Metatron and Christianity 141
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viii  contents
5. Has God a Father, a Son, or a Brother? 150
6. The Angels 160
When Were the Angels Created? 160
God’s Consultation with the Angels 165
Angels and Revelation 179
Veneration of Angels 188
7. Adam 197
8. The Birth of the Messiah, or Why Did Baby
Messiah Disappear? 214
The Arab 220
Elijah 222
The Messiah 223
The Mother of the Messiah 227
Christianity 228
9. The Suffering Messiah Ephraim 236
Pisqa 34 238
Pisqa 36 242
Pisqa 37 261
Christianity 264
Notes 273
Bibliography 329
Index 343
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Figures
1. Western wall of the Dura Europos synagogue 96
2. Original tree design, with objects to its left and right,
painted on the two panels above the Torah shrine 97
3. Decorations painted later on the upper part of the original
tree design 98
4. Decorations painted later on the lower part of the original
tree design 99
5. Edgings added later divide the two main parts of the tree
design 100
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