The Japanese Informal Empire in China, 1895-1937

492 Pages·1991·35.306 MB·English

by  Peter Duus, Ramon H. Myers, Mark R. Peattie

THE JAPANESE INFORMAL EMPIRE IN CHINA,
1895-1937
This book is based on a conference sponsored
by the Joint Committee on Japanese Studies and
the Joint Committee on Chinese Studies
of the American Council of Learned Societies
and the Social Science Research Council.
T H E J A P A N E S E
I N F O R M A L E M P I R E
IN CHINA, 1895-1937
Edited by
Peter Duus, Ramon H. Myers,
and Mark R. Peattie
CONTRIBUTORS
Bantto Junji Sophia Lee
Barbara J. Brooks Ramon H. Myers
Alvin D. Coox Mark R. Peattie
Peter Duus Douglas R. Reynolds
Albert Feuerwerker Mizoguchi Toshiyuki
Nakagane Katsuji William D. Wray
Kitaoka Shin'ichi
Princeton University Press / Princeton, NewJersey
Copyright © 1989 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press,
41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press,
Oxford
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Japanese informal empire in China, 1895-1937 / edited by Peter Duus,
Ramon H. Myers, and Mark R. Peattie.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-691-05561-0 (alk. paper)
I. Japan—Foreign relations—China—Congresses. 2. China—Foreign relations—Japan—
Congresses. 3. Japan—Foreign economic relations—China—Congresses. 4. China—
Foreign economic relations—Japan—Congresses. 5. Japan—Foreign relations—1868-
1912—Congresses. 6. Japan—Foreign relations—1912-1945—Congresses. 7. China—
Foreign relations—1912-1949—Congresses. I. Duus, Peter, 1933-
II. Myers, Ramon Hawley, 1929- . III. Peattie, Mark R., 1930- .
DS849. C6J33 1989
327.52051—dcl9 88-28311
CIP
ISBN 0-691-00869-8 (pbk.)
Second printing, for the Princeton paperback edition, 1991
9 8 7 6 5 4 32
Publication of this volume has been assisted by a grant
from thejapan Foundation
This book has been composed in Linotron Bembo
Clothbound editions of Princeton University Press books
are printed on acid-free paper, and binding materials are
chosen for strength and durability
Paperbacks, although satisfactory for personal collections,
are not usually suitable for library rebinding
Printed in the United States of America by
Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey
This volume is dedicated to Marius B. Jansen
whose distinguished and pioneering scholarship
on Sino-Japanese relations has provided departure points
for much of what has been written in these pages.

Contents
Preface ix
Introduction / Japan's Informal Empire in China, 1895-1937: An
Overview. Peter Duus xi
PART I: Trade and Investment 1
Chapter 1 / The Changing Pattern of Sino-Japanese Trade, 1884—
1937. Mizoguchi Toshiyuki 10
Chapter 2 / Japan's Big-Three Service Enterprises in China, 1896—
1936. William D. Wray 31
Chapter 3 / Zaikabo: Japanese Cotton Mills in China, 1895-
1937. PeterDuus 65
Chapter 4 / Japanese Imperiahsm in Manchuria: The South
Manchuria Railway Company, 1906-1933. Ramon H. Myers 101
Chapter 5 / Manchukuo and Economic Development.
Nakagane Katsuji 133
PART π: Culture and Community 159
Chapter 6 / Japanese Treaty Port Settlements in China, 1895-
1937. Mark R. Peattie 166
Chapter 7 / Training Young China Hands: Toa Dobun Shoin and
Its Precursors, 1886—1945. Douglas R. Reynolds 210
Chapter 8 / The Foreign Ministry's Cultural Agenda for China:
The Boxer Indemnity. Sophia Lee 272
PART HI: Experts and Subimperialists 307
Chapter 9 / Japanese Industrialists and Merchants and the Anti-
Japanese Boycotts in China, 1919—1928. Banno Junji 314
Chapter 10 / China Experts in the Army. Kitaoka Shin'ichi 330
Chapter 11 / China Experts in the Gaimusho, 1895-1937.
Barbara J. Brooks 369
Chapter 12 / The Kwantung Army Dimension. Alvin D. Coox 395
viii — Contents
PART iv: Commentary 429
Chapter 13 / Japanese Imperialism in China: A Commentary.
Albert Feuerwerker 431
Contributors 439
Index 443
Preface
By the summer of 1937, when the Marco Polo Bridge Incident erupted
into the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese flag could be found
flying over a vast expanse in East Asia and the western Pacific: the colo­
nies of Taiwan, Korea, and Sakhalin; the island mandates in the Pacific;
the satellite regime of Manchukuo in Northeast China; and a network of
treaty port settlements in China. This mix of formal and informal empire
had been created rapidly, in the space of a generation, beginning with the
First Sino-Japanese War of 1894—1895.
This volume, a companion to The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945
(published in 1984), focuses on the evolution of Japan's informal empire
in China between the two Sino-Japanese wars. As editors, we have ad­
dressed several broad themes: How well did the Japanese exploit their
treaty rights in China? Why were the Japanese able to overtake the other
foreign powers so rapidly? What was the nature of the Japanese commu­
nity in China? How did Japan's expanding informal empire in China in­
fluence decision making in business and politics and the management of
affairs of state in Japan?
The contributors to this volume were asked to address these issues. The
resulting studies were presented at a conference held in August 1985 at
the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford Univer­
sity, sponsored by thejoint Committee on Japanese Studies and the Joint
Committee on Chinese Studies of the American Council of Learned So­
cieties and the Social Science Research Council, with funds provided by
the Ford Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and
the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. These institutions pro­
vided funds to help us prepare this volume for publication, and we are
grateful for their generous support.
Douglas Reynolds wishes to acknowledge his great debt to Professors
Eto Shinkichi, president of Asia University of Tokyo, and Hirano
Ken'ichiro, University of Tokyo, for their generous guidance and assis­
tance during his years of research and teaching in Tokyo, 1976-1980. He
is also indebted to the efficient staff of Gaik5 Shiryokan in Tokyo; to the
staff of Waseda University Library, which houses a rich collection of
China-related published works; and to Kurai Ryozo, president of Toa
Gakuin and senior board member of Kazankai in Tokyo, "successor" or-
χ — Preface
ganizations to Toa Dobunkai. He also wishes to thank Frank Drago, car­
tographer of the Department of Geography, Georgia State University,
for his fine maps.
Sophia Lee wishes to thank Professors Abe Hiroshi, Eto Shinkichi, and
Hirano Kenichiro for their help and encouragement. In addition to par­
ticipants at the conference, Professors Noriko Kamachi, Ernest P.
Young, Steven Ericson, and Robert Borgen provided valuable comments
on her chapter.
Ted Bestor of the Joint Committee on Japanese Studies of the Social
Science Research Council was very helpful in the planning of the confer­
ence. Maxine Douglas, secretary of the East Asian Collection of the Hoo­
ver Institution, helped to plan and manage the conference, as well as to
handle the voluminous correspondence between the editors, participants,
and other relevant parties. Margaret Case, the East Asian editor of
Princeton University Press, provided generous assistance with arranging
publication. We are grateful for the assistance of all the above and partic­
ularly to Princeton University Press for publishing this volume, which
we hope will stimulate more research on the complex issues raised in this
study.
We gratefully acknowledge the permission by Kadokawa Shoten and
Uchio Shobo to display photographs contained in their publications
showing the Japanese presence in China before World War II. We also
thank Cambridge University Press for its permission to use four maps
from the Cambridge History of China, Vol. 12, Part 1, Republican China
1912-1949, edited by John K. Fairbank.