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318 Pages·2003·1.753 MB·English
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The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 1746–1759 Doron Zimmermann StudiesinModernHistory GeneralEditor:J.C.D.Clark,JoyceandElizabethHallDistinguishedProfessor ofBritishHistory,UniversityofKansas Titlesinclude: JonathanClarkandHowardErskine-Hill(editors) SAMUELJOHNSONINHISTORICALCONTEXT BernardCottret(editor) BOLINGBROKE’SPOLITICALWRITINGS TheConservativeEnlightenment RichardR.Follett EVANGELICALISM,PENALTHEORYANDTHEPOLITICSOFCRIMINALLAWREFORM INENGLAND,1808–30 AndrewGodley JEWISHIMMIGRANTENTREPRENEURSHIPINNEWYORKANDLONDON1880–1914 PhilipHicks NEOCLASSICALHISTORYANDENGLISHCULTURE FromClarendontoHume MarkKeay WILLIAMWORDSWORTH’SGOLDENAGETHEORIESDURINGTHEINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINENGLAND,1750–1850 WilliamM.Kuhn DEMOCRATICROYALISM TheTransformationoftheBritishMonarchy,1861–1914 KimLawes PATERNALISMANDPOLITICS TheRevivalofPaternalisminEarlyNineteenth-CenturyBritain MarisaLinton THEPOLITICSOFVIRTUEINENLIGHTENMENTFRANCE NancyD.LoPatin POLITICALUNIONS,POPULARPOLITICSANDTHEGREATREFORMACTOF1832 KarinJ.MacHardy WAR,RELIGIONANDCOURTPATRONAGEINHABSBURGAUSTRIA TheSocialandCulturalDimensionsofPoliticalInteraction,1521–1622 MarjorieMorgan NATIONALIDENTITIESANDTRAVELINVICTORIANBRITAIN JamesMuldoon EMPIREANDORDER TheConceptofEmpire,800–1800 W.D.RubinsteinandHilaryRubinstein PHILOSEMITISM AdmirationandSupportforJewsintheEnglish-SpeakingWorld,1840–1939 JuliaRudolph WHIGPOLITICALTHOUGHTANDTHEGLORIOUSREVOLUTION JamesTyrrellandtheTheoryofResistance LisaSteffen TREASONANDNATIONALIDENTITY DefiningaBritishState,1608–1820 LynneTaylor BETWEENRESISTANCEANDCOLLABORATION PopularProtestinNorthernFrance,1940–45 DoronZimmermann THEJACOBITEMOVEMENTINSCOTLANDANDINEXILE,1746–1759 StudiesinModernHistory SeriesStandingOrderISBN978-0-333-79328-2 (outsideNorthAmericaonly) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddressbelowwithyour nameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesandtheISBNquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS,England The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 1746–1759 Doron Zimmermann QDoronZimmermann2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 978-1-4039-1291-6 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noparagraphofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,90 TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2003by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XSand 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,N.Y.10010 Companiesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld PALGRAVEMACMILLANistheglobalacademicimprintofthePalgrave MacmillandivisionofSt.Martin’sPress,LLCandofPalgraveMacmillanLtd. MacmillanTisaregisteredtrademarkintheUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom andothercountries.PalgraveisaregisteredtrademarkintheEuropean Unionandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-51153-2 ISBN 978-0-230-50636-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230506367 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Zimmermann,Doron,1970- TheJacobitemovementinScotlandandinexile,1746–1759/ DoronZimmermann. p.cm.–(Studiesinmodernhistory) Includesbibliographicalreferences(p.)andindex. 1.Jacobites.2.Scotland–History–18thcentury.3.Scots–Foreign countries–History–18thcentury.4.British–Foreigncountries–History–18th century.I.Title.II.Studiesinmodernhistory(Palgrave(Firm)) DA813.Z562003 941.107’2–dc21 2003040549 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12111009080706050403 To my father, Erich Zimmermann, sine qua non When everything has been said, if we have not understanding, the history of all the ages may bring us no benefit; for it may only give us a larger canvas for our smudging,awiderworldforourwilfulness.Historyisallthingstoallmen.Sheis at the service of good causes and bad. In other words she is a harlot and a hireling, and for this reason she best serves those who suspect her most. There- fore, we must beware even of saying, ‘History says .. . ’ or ‘History proves .. . ,’ as though she herself were the oracle; as though indeed history, once she had spoken, had put the matter beyond the range of mere human enquiry. Rather we must say to ourselves: ‘She will lie to us till the very end of the last cross- examination.’Thisisthegoddessthewhigworshipswhenheclaimstomakeher the arbiter of controversy. She cheats us with optical illusions, sleight-of-hand, equivocal phraseology. If we must confuse counsel by personifying history at all, itisbesttotreatherasanoldreprobate,whosetricksandjuggleriesarethingsto be guarded against. In other words the truth of history is no simple matter, all packedandparcelledreadyforhandlinginthemarket-place.Andtheunderstand- ingofthepastisnotsoeasyasitissometimesmadetoappear. HerbertButterfield,TheWhigInterpretationofHistory Contents Acknowledgements ix ListofAbbreviations xi NotesonDatesandSpelling xii 1 TheHistoriansandtheLastPhaseofJacobitism: FromCullodentoQuiberonBay,1746–1759 1 Introduction 1 TheModernHistoriographicalDebateonJacobitism 3 MethodologyandStructure 13 TheManuscriptSources 16 TheMainBodyoftheBook 19 2 SuppressionandResistance:Hanoveriansand Jacobitesin1746–1747 21 Introduction 21 JacobiteResistanceafterCulloden:Ruthven,the MuirlagganResolutionandLochiel’sLastStand,1746 23 TheChangingNatureofJacobiteResistanceinthe ScottishHighlands,1746 31 TheJacobiteRecoveryinBritain,1747 38 Conclusion 44 3 TheJacobiteMovementinExileafterCulloden,1746–1748 48 Introduction:TheLastJacobiteExile 48 ReturntoFrance,1746 50 TheJacobiteDiaspora,1746–1747 52 TheJacobiteSchism,theScots’ResurgenceandCharles’ Expulsion,1747–1748 61 Conclusion 71 4 ThePlotthatAlmostHappened:TheJacobiteMovement, theBritishGovernmentandtheElibankConspiracy, 1749–1754 75 Introduction 75 TheLocharkaigTreasure:AssetorSetback? 76 TheElibankPlot:TheFirstPhase,1749–1750 81 TheElibankPlot:TheSecondPhase,1750–1751 84 TheElibankPlot:TheLastPhase,1752–1753 97 vii viii Contents ThePlotthatAlmostHappened 102 TheAftermath 110 Conclusion 114 5 TheLastAttempt:TheJacobitesand the’Fifty-Nine,1756–1759 120 Introduction:TheContextoftheSevenYears’War 120 TheStateoftheJacobiteMovementattheBeginning oftheSevenYears’War 122 AGenealogyofJacobitePlans,1754–1759 126 TheFranco-JacobiteNegotiations,1757–1759 132 BritainandtheJacobiteFactor,1755–1759 146 Conclusion:TheInvasionAttemptof1759andthe EndoftheJacobiteThreat 154 6 AJacobiteRenaissanceorEpitaph,1746–1759? 159 Addendum:UniversityofNottinghamLetters 170 Notes 174 Bibliography 287 Index 299 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my father Erich Zimmermann, and my grandmother AnnaZimmermann-Pfeiffer,fortheirunfalteringloyaltyandsupport.Forhis caring guidance, sagacity, patience, and kindness, I owe a major debt of gratitudetomysupervisorandmentoratCambridge,DrMarkA.Goldie. Mostpeopleattemptingtoresearchandwriteabookareboundtodevelop afewintrovertedtraitsandannoyinghabitsinthecourseoftheirwork;this maymystifythepeopleclosesttothem.Inthissense,Iwouldliketoexpress mydeepappreciation for thelove, generosity, humourand patience of my wife,PetraBuchtaZimmermann. All people writing and finishing a book based on a doctoral dissertation end up owing a considerable debt to many individuals and institutions. Above all, many thanks are due to my parents, siblings, friends and col- leagueswho,inassistingme,havegonebeyondthecallofduty:Donatella Richtman-Cinquini,DanielRichtman,ImanuelOmarRichtman,MichalOse´ Richtman, Monika Andraska, Dr E´amonn O´’Ciardha, Dr Alan Orr, Dr Ariel Hessayon,DrThomasBiskup,AugustZemo,AntonXavierDemian,Michael Doujak, Steven Loesche, Philip Baker, Christine Schmidt, Carlo Bertoli, Dr Thomas Ahnert, Professor Laura C. Stevenson, Toni Nuspl, Professor ThomasRedden,MatthewandJessica O’Pray-Lefkowicz,Professor Timothy F. Little, Professor Dana Howell, Dr William Acres, Mr Jon Stuart, Michael ‘Jim-Bob’GallmannandDavidKing. ForthemanychallengingandinterestingconversationsabouttheMonde Jacobitian, the intellectual fruits of rigorous research, and kind encourage- ment, I would like to acknowledge a debt to Dr Eveline Cruickshanks, Professor Howard Erskine-Hill, Professor J. C. D. Clark, Professor Daniel Szechi, Professor Paul Kle´ber Monod, Dr Paul A. Hopkins, Dr John Morill, Professor Allan I. Macinnes, Professor Breandn O´ Buachalla, John Sibbald Gibson, and especially to an outstanding historian I have not yet had the pleasuretomeet,butwhoseworkIhaveadmiredsincebeforemydaysasan undergraduate: Dr Frank J. McLynn. None of the above are responsible for themistakes,imprecisionandtheGermanismsthatfollow. My sincere thanks and acknowledgment are also due to Godfrey Waller, MrsAnnToseland,thestaffandlibrariansinthemanuscriptandrarebooks departmentsattheCambridgeUniversityLibrary;thestaffandlibrariansat the Scottish Record Office; Sir Donald Cameron of Lochiel, KT, CVO, TD, 26thChiefofClanCameron(and9thBaronLochielintheJacobitepeerage), and Lady Margaret Cameron; Dr Louise Yeoman, Dr John Scally and the TrusteesoftheNationalLibraryofScotland;HerMajestytheQueenforHer permissiontomakeuseofthemicrofilmsoftheoriginalmanuscriptslodged ix

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