The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 1746–1759 PDF
Preview The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 1746–1759
The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 1746–1759 Doron Zimmermann StudiesinModernHistory GeneralEditor:J.C.D.Clark,JoyceandElizabethHallDistinguishedProfessor ofBritishHistory,UniversityofKansas Titlesinclude: JonathanClarkandHowardErskine-Hill(editors) SAMUELJOHNSONINHISTORICALCONTEXT BernardCottret(editor) BOLINGBROKE’SPOLITICALWRITINGS TheConservativeEnlightenment RichardR.Follett EVANGELICALISM,PENALTHEORYANDTHEPOLITICSOFCRIMINALLAWREFORM INENGLAND,1808–30 AndrewGodley JEWISHIMMIGRANTENTREPRENEURSHIPINNEWYORKANDLONDON1880–1914 PhilipHicks NEOCLASSICALHISTORYANDENGLISHCULTURE FromClarendontoHume MarkKeay WILLIAMWORDSWORTH’SGOLDENAGETHEORIESDURINGTHEINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINENGLAND,1750–1850 WilliamM.Kuhn DEMOCRATICROYALISM TheTransformationoftheBritishMonarchy,1861–1914 KimLawes PATERNALISMANDPOLITICS TheRevivalofPaternalisminEarlyNineteenth-CenturyBritain MarisaLinton THEPOLITICSOFVIRTUEINENLIGHTENMENTFRANCE NancyD.LoPatin POLITICALUNIONS,POPULARPOLITICSANDTHEGREATREFORMACTOF1832 KarinJ.MacHardy WAR,RELIGIONANDCOURTPATRONAGEINHABSBURGAUSTRIA TheSocialandCulturalDimensionsofPoliticalInteraction,1521–1622 MarjorieMorgan NATIONALIDENTITIESANDTRAVELINVICTORIANBRITAIN JamesMuldoon EMPIREANDORDER TheConceptofEmpire,800–1800 W.D.RubinsteinandHilaryRubinstein PHILOSEMITISM AdmirationandSupportforJewsintheEnglish-SpeakingWorld,1840–1939 JuliaRudolph WHIGPOLITICALTHOUGHTANDTHEGLORIOUSREVOLUTION JamesTyrrellandtheTheoryofResistance LisaSteffen TREASONANDNATIONALIDENTITY DefiningaBritishState,1608–1820 LynneTaylor BETWEENRESISTANCEANDCOLLABORATION PopularProtestinNorthernFrance,1940–45 DoronZimmermann THEJACOBITEMOVEMENTINSCOTLANDANDINEXILE,1746–1759 StudiesinModernHistory SeriesStandingOrderISBN978-0-333-79328-2 (outsideNorthAmericaonly) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddressbelowwithyour nameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesandtheISBNquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS,England The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 1746–1759 Doron Zimmermann QDoronZimmermann2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 978-1-4039-1291-6 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noparagraphofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,90 TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2003by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XSand 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,N.Y.10010 Companiesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld PALGRAVEMACMILLANistheglobalacademicimprintofthePalgrave MacmillandivisionofSt.Martin’sPress,LLCandofPalgraveMacmillanLtd. MacmillanTisaregisteredtrademarkintheUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom andothercountries.PalgraveisaregisteredtrademarkintheEuropean Unionandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-51153-2 ISBN 978-0-230-50636-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230506367 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Zimmermann,Doron,1970- TheJacobitemovementinScotlandandinexile,1746–1759/ DoronZimmermann. p.cm.–(Studiesinmodernhistory) Includesbibliographicalreferences(p.)andindex. 1.Jacobites.2.Scotland–History–18thcentury.3.Scots–Foreign countries–History–18thcentury.4.British–Foreigncountries–History–18th century.I.Title.II.Studiesinmodernhistory(Palgrave(Firm)) DA813.Z562003 941.107’2–dc21 2003040549 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12111009080706050403 To my father, Erich Zimmermann, sine qua non When everything has been said, if we have not understanding, the history of all the ages may bring us no benefit; for it may only give us a larger canvas for our smudging,awiderworldforourwilfulness.Historyisallthingstoallmen.Sheis at the service of good causes and bad. In other words she is a harlot and a hireling, and for this reason she best serves those who suspect her most. There- fore, we must beware even of saying, ‘History says .. . ’ or ‘History proves .. . ,’ as though she herself were the oracle; as though indeed history, once she had spoken, had put the matter beyond the range of mere human enquiry. Rather we must say to ourselves: ‘She will lie to us till the very end of the last cross- examination.’Thisisthegoddessthewhigworshipswhenheclaimstomakeher the arbiter of controversy. She cheats us with optical illusions, sleight-of-hand, equivocal phraseology. If we must confuse counsel by personifying history at all, itisbesttotreatherasanoldreprobate,whosetricksandjuggleriesarethingsto be guarded against. In other words the truth of history is no simple matter, all packedandparcelledreadyforhandlinginthemarket-place.Andtheunderstand- ingofthepastisnotsoeasyasitissometimesmadetoappear. HerbertButterfield,TheWhigInterpretationofHistory Contents Acknowledgements ix ListofAbbreviations xi NotesonDatesandSpelling xii 1 TheHistoriansandtheLastPhaseofJacobitism: FromCullodentoQuiberonBay,1746–1759 1 Introduction 1 TheModernHistoriographicalDebateonJacobitism 3 MethodologyandStructure 13 TheManuscriptSources 16 TheMainBodyoftheBook 19 2 SuppressionandResistance:Hanoveriansand Jacobitesin1746–1747 21 Introduction 21 JacobiteResistanceafterCulloden:Ruthven,the MuirlagganResolutionandLochiel’sLastStand,1746 23 TheChangingNatureofJacobiteResistanceinthe ScottishHighlands,1746 31 TheJacobiteRecoveryinBritain,1747 38 Conclusion 44 3 TheJacobiteMovementinExileafterCulloden,1746–1748 48 Introduction:TheLastJacobiteExile 48 ReturntoFrance,1746 50 TheJacobiteDiaspora,1746–1747 52 TheJacobiteSchism,theScots’ResurgenceandCharles’ Expulsion,1747–1748 61 Conclusion 71 4 ThePlotthatAlmostHappened:TheJacobiteMovement, theBritishGovernmentandtheElibankConspiracy, 1749–1754 75 Introduction 75 TheLocharkaigTreasure:AssetorSetback? 76 TheElibankPlot:TheFirstPhase,1749–1750 81 TheElibankPlot:TheSecondPhase,1750–1751 84 TheElibankPlot:TheLastPhase,1752–1753 97 vii viii Contents ThePlotthatAlmostHappened 102 TheAftermath 110 Conclusion 114 5 TheLastAttempt:TheJacobitesand the’Fifty-Nine,1756–1759 120 Introduction:TheContextoftheSevenYears’War 120 TheStateoftheJacobiteMovementattheBeginning oftheSevenYears’War 122 AGenealogyofJacobitePlans,1754–1759 126 TheFranco-JacobiteNegotiations,1757–1759 132 BritainandtheJacobiteFactor,1755–1759 146 Conclusion:TheInvasionAttemptof1759andthe EndoftheJacobiteThreat 154 6 AJacobiteRenaissanceorEpitaph,1746–1759? 159 Addendum:UniversityofNottinghamLetters 170 Notes 174 Bibliography 287 Index 299 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my father Erich Zimmermann, and my grandmother AnnaZimmermann-Pfeiffer,fortheirunfalteringloyaltyandsupport.Forhis caring guidance, sagacity, patience, and kindness, I owe a major debt of gratitudetomysupervisorandmentoratCambridge,DrMarkA.Goldie. Mostpeopleattemptingtoresearchandwriteabookareboundtodevelop afewintrovertedtraitsandannoyinghabitsinthecourseoftheirwork;this maymystifythepeopleclosesttothem.Inthissense,Iwouldliketoexpress mydeepappreciation for thelove, generosity, humourand patience of my wife,PetraBuchtaZimmermann. All people writing and finishing a book based on a doctoral dissertation end up owing a considerable debt to many individuals and institutions. Above all, many thanks are due to my parents, siblings, friends and col- leagueswho,inassistingme,havegonebeyondthecallofduty:Donatella Richtman-Cinquini,DanielRichtman,ImanuelOmarRichtman,MichalOse´ Richtman, Monika Andraska, Dr E´amonn O´’Ciardha, Dr Alan Orr, Dr Ariel Hessayon,DrThomasBiskup,AugustZemo,AntonXavierDemian,Michael Doujak, Steven Loesche, Philip Baker, Christine Schmidt, Carlo Bertoli, Dr Thomas Ahnert, Professor Laura C. Stevenson, Toni Nuspl, Professor ThomasRedden,MatthewandJessica O’Pray-Lefkowicz,Professor Timothy F. Little, Professor Dana Howell, Dr William Acres, Mr Jon Stuart, Michael ‘Jim-Bob’GallmannandDavidKing. ForthemanychallengingandinterestingconversationsabouttheMonde Jacobitian, the intellectual fruits of rigorous research, and kind encourage- ment, I would like to acknowledge a debt to Dr Eveline Cruickshanks, Professor Howard Erskine-Hill, Professor J. C. D. Clark, Professor Daniel Szechi, Professor Paul Kle´ber Monod, Dr Paul A. Hopkins, Dr John Morill, Professor Allan I. Macinnes, Professor Breandn O´ Buachalla, John Sibbald Gibson, and especially to an outstanding historian I have not yet had the pleasuretomeet,butwhoseworkIhaveadmiredsincebeforemydaysasan undergraduate: Dr Frank J. McLynn. None of the above are responsible for themistakes,imprecisionandtheGermanismsthatfollow. My sincere thanks and acknowledgment are also due to Godfrey Waller, MrsAnnToseland,thestaffandlibrariansinthemanuscriptandrarebooks departmentsattheCambridgeUniversityLibrary;thestaffandlibrariansat the Scottish Record Office; Sir Donald Cameron of Lochiel, KT, CVO, TD, 26thChiefofClanCameron(and9thBaronLochielintheJacobitepeerage), and Lady Margaret Cameron; Dr Louise Yeoman, Dr John Scally and the TrusteesoftheNationalLibraryofScotland;HerMajestytheQueenforHer permissiontomakeuseofthemicrofilmsoftheoriginalmanuscriptslodged ix
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