The Irish of West Muskerry, Co. Cork

87 Pages·1988·67.647 MB·Irish

by  Brian Ó Cuív

THe Irish of West Muskerry, Co. Cork
THE IRISH OF WEST
MUSKERRY, Co. CORK
A PuHonetic Stupy
BY
Brian O Cufv
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DUBLIN
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THE DUBLIN INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES
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1988
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CONTENTS
Page
Chapter
PRM cinmooreewenemersec eccmtucseeen apsmcress 1X
PART I
(THE DUBLIN INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES
PHONETIC DESCRIPTION AND TEXTS
First Published 1944
1
L. INTRODUCTORY 2000 cee ee
Reprinted 1968, 1975, 1988.
The System Employed 920.000.0000... I
The Classification of Vowels...............- 2
PFongue POSiONS: <cccnansesnpereeneraenccen eases 3
Lip Positions 2.0... cess ee cseceeresnee 3
Description of Vowels...........:0:0005 3
Description of Diphthongs.............. 5
The Classification of Consonants | .......-.. 5
The Phoneme System......0 00ers 7
The Diaphone ......00...: cs: ete 8
Basis of Description ......0.00. eee - 9
SUMMAyyooeeeeeeecce cee eeeee este ee ees taee ceneeectee te tteces 9
JI. PRINCIPLES OF TRANSCRIPTION © o.....:cc00 certs 10
VOWS cccsstssisseccosccecsssansacerscceves wenccborsntarsnanton seneeees 10
Diphthongs 2.0... teee eee eee eentt tenes teens 10
Consonants ..........00-6 ep eeecad se sey isp eC . 10
SETeSS:) eecscesavsecen: cescsdiessresesexerenrren cree nmmnnrreere . 12
III. PHoxetic DESCRIPTION OF THE VOWELS............ 3
13
i Vowel No. i
14
Vowel No.
i
15
Vowel No.
i
16
Vowel No.
17
Vowel No.

18
Vowel No.
18
Vowel No.
1y
Vowel No.
i
20
Vowel No.
it
20
Vowel No.
:
21
Vowel No.
:
22
Vowel No.
i
23
Vowel No.
i
:

é
i
;
Words
CONTENTS vii
Page . 3
Page
Chapter
8
;
Chapter
, NETIC DESCRIPTION OF THE DIPHTHONGS .... 24 XII. STRESS Sei AERIS TAN Fgpahicenr saver veengrNEV eect hs. cc 6
IV. PHO 8 BB scqsansecnnnnsNanrcvsioeneetovensseey 2 Simple Words 657
ple ooo. ceccesccsescsessesessesescesssee,
4
Diphthong No. I: i sescesavecensesnansneoseeeaaesnnenavaenengs
67
Compound Words .u..cececccccusssssesseeteseesessees
Diphthong NO. 2 1 BB cessssessssescasen crsseereeneenssnecenvene 25
68
Sentence Stress .ccccccsseesesnecsseenesssees
26
Diphthong No. 3: WO .-verscesereeseeerenere
27
No. 4: oi cesve we neat SSTETRITTE MATSUI
Diphthong
Diphthong No. 5: 8b rset 28 XIII. INTONATION oesoseneanennventananeneacectessennvannnssnseeeees 71
71
System Ol, NOPAHIOM: scencrscrsaeuermmeiermidcdenans
Diphthong NO. 6 1 QW. sseceeceeeee ee reeeeeetente tenes ncnees 28
71
QueésliONs sscosmsssessmmermerernensamueneaiens
29
Diphthong NO. 71 OW. ccsscsssssreecesoseeereeesseeeeenetnny
74
Commands and Requests
SRG 30 {
FUGanncssaysszorrsonnnnnn stnznanreereonennsahssinabaReSRESE
Statements ............. eeessasacsasseseseuevsessscsesescesscsases 75
TNTRODUGTORY
.
|
.... 31
OF THE CONSONANTS
V. PHoPnaeltaitacliDzaEtSiCoRnIPaTnIdONVelarization .........s 31 | XIV. TEXTS eee cceneneeeceseeeeenscseeeenanicese sasseseseeeeneas 80
Voicing of Comsomants ....--....sesec erties iectees 31
PART II
32
Aspiration of Consonants «0.0...
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Consonant Phonemes.........:.::cceseeeseseeeeeteeeee ese 32
5
Sr. Terneumatoae
Plosive Consonants (b’, b, p’, p, a’, d, t’, t, S <ccnememmecneeeeneeeewees 9
92.) EK) sesscneentene So . 33

— +alls “a hd i ; : XVI. VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS. ... veces 98
PoE KD) cecceesseeseeeneeesecnsecentnsnneeeeereenin 39 Long Vowels 98
a ee
Affricate Consonant (tf) .....:ccccceceeseeeeenens 44 i Diphthongs.....eeeennneeennssntenssetseneeeunnnsnnnarennessne 100
Nasal Consonants (m’, m,n’, n, hn’, hn, ’, 9)... 45
| Vowel Shortening .........ccccccceecseseteeetereeeseneeees 100
L ; , i
ateral Consonants (1’, 1, bl’, hil) .............. ee 4497 {i Short Stressed Vowels ........cccccccccscessesseseseeeeenees IOI
R-Sounds (r’, r, hr’, br)
Short Unstressed Vowels (Posttonic, Pretonic) 104
aa aaa
Epenthetic Vowels ....:
NMEGODES: scesencemearcas res:...namerenmreeereneey 52 Vowels in Hiatus
VII. NASALIZATION ooo. cccccscccesscesesacsecsesecscacecensnesenscsssceeees 54 XVIL.. CONSONANTS. ....0.n.-issseuercermmranrermversencsennnnennnanen inti
Plosive Consonants
|
VIL. SANDHT oo ccccsssssnsessenscessonsnsnsenecsassresseeeesenseseneeet 57 | Fricative Consonants
DH, GH. csesesssvervivssesvsvesccsnssneneeneenensesenneonesennees
i
BH, ME cesssssssssscsscsssssssscsssssssesssssscessseenissnsten
IX. ELISVIoOwNelooEo eiccso.i..on gy60 | TH oo mmnnnetl
seeeaseeee eee eenenees
ta Secceuscecceescceecccuseeeceeeessecsseseees
61
Consonant EVSION ooooecccoccce ccccecccecececcccecececceceveree
erences
sree
BE
SS coeceuccscescacenss aeusescecacsescenesenseecsesensnenssansenenaneneee®
i
X DEGREES OF LENGTH IN VOWELS coccccocsoccocoon 62 E SH coccsnssssssssssssssssessssscesssssssssssesnanseanesrssenenacneascsseaee
S
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XI. Sytra
BLE Drvision 63
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THE IRISH OF WEST MUSKERRY
viii

Chapter
PREFACE
I2r
Tue accurate and systematic recording of all the features
I21I
of the different Irish dialects—phonology, accidence, syntax,
R-Sounds 122
etc.—has long been recognized as being of the utmost importance
Vowels ‘in Position’ before R-Sounds ............ 122
in any attempt to oreserve or restore our national language.
With the advancing tide of English the small “ islands” in
XVIII. INTERCHANGE OF CONSONANTS ... 124 which Irish is still the native language are gradually being
Interchange of Palatal and Non-palatal
submerged, and the familiarity with the language which,
Consonant... eeeeeseeeeeneeeeeneeees 124
according to statistics, is shown by hundreds of thousands of
Variation of Initial Consonants 125
school-children and adults alike in the English-speaking areas
of the country, is a poor substitute for that mastery of his
127
native tongue which the Irish speaker in any Gaéultacht in
Ireland showed a generation ago. Any such contribution to
129
our knowledge of the dialects should, then, be welcome not
only to those interested from the point of view of general
159
linguistics, but also to those who seeking the restoration of
our language, look to the speech of the Gaéultacht as our source
and aim.
The present work is an attempt to make available an accurate
description of the phonology of the Irish of the barony of West
Muskerry in Co. Cork. This barony extends roughly from the
Kerry border and the Pass of Keimaneigh in the west to Macroom
in the east, and from the barony of Duhallow in the north to
the barony of East Carbery in the south. At present Irish
as the native language is confined mainly to parts of the parishes
of Ballyvourney, Inchigeelagh, Clondrohid, and Kilnamartery.
The district of Coolea in the parish of Ballyvourney, which
has been chosen as a centre for this study, is within a few miles
of the Kerry border, but speakers from other districts,
particularly the Ballingeary district, have also been examined.
Most of what is said here of the Irish of Coolea applies to the
dialect of West Muskcrry in general, and indeed much of it
applies to the Irish of Munster as a whole. The language is
substantially the same as that of our greatest modern prose-
ix
we IRISH OF WEST MUSKERRY
PREFACE xi
T
1
Peadar 6 Laoghaire, who was born at of listening to many other speakers, too numerous to mention
ht miles to the north-east of Coolea in
poth in Ballyvourney and Iveleary. ,
se influence it is undoubtedly due
The first part of this work was begun under the guidance
became so prominent about the beginning
of Miss Eileen E. Evans, of University College, London. Since
From the point of view of phonetic investiga-
then circumstances have deprived us of that guidance, so that
of this century.
and the
dialect has also received a pee I alone am responsible for the phonetic descriptions in this
our
tion
oO an um Letiriti Shimpli have provided
book.
publications ofen eein simplified spelling which far exceeds
In the second part of the work a special interest has been
a body of ail ofphonetic texts publishedfor all other dialects,
taken by Dr. T. F. O’Rahilly, whose advice and expert
in oe eiudy has been divided into two parts. In the first
knowledge have been available from thestart. Apart from
the ound of the living speech and their usage have been
this, his own work on Irish dialects has provided a foundation
described. In the second an attempt has been made to show from which it has been comparatively easy to deal with the
how the sounds of Early Modern Irish have developed in the historical developments in the dialect of West Muskerry. I am
dialect. In this part there may be exceptional words and indcbted to him for the keen interest which he has taken in
but it must be
developments which have been overlooked, the whole work and for the great’ help which he has so generously
remembered that the primary aim here has been to deal with given.
the broader lines of development. The Irish spelling employed Mythanksare also due to Professor Daniel Jones of University
is, as a rule, based on that of classical or Early ModernIfish. College, London, for permission to utilise and summarise certain
‘An endeavour has been madeto distinguish late words or word- chapters of his ‘ Outline of English Phonetics ’ in the preparation
forms, not admitted into classical Irish, by prefixing an astcrisk of the introductory chapter in Part I, and also for his kindness
to them, but it will be understood that this is at best only in reading the manuscript of that chapter and suggesting some
approximative. Theasterisk, it should be added, is not employed alterations; to the Minister for Education and to the Royal
in phrases, nor in the transliteration of the phonetic texts. Irish Academyfor permission to examine the Docgen gramaphone
In accordance with the phonetic system employed, as sum- records and to publish a transcript of one of them in Chapter XIV.
marised in § 38, the phonetic description in Part I is based Le muintir Mhusgrui agus go h-dairithe lem chairde ar Cuil
on the speech of one speaker who is typical of the dialect. For Ao agus i mBéal Atha’n Ghaorthaidh gabhaim baochas 6 chruf.
this purpose I have chosen Amhlaoibh O Loingsigh (A. O L.)
Mara mbeadh an ctinamh a thugadar dhom go fial agus go
|
|
of Coolea. He is 71 years of age, was born in Coolea, and has fonnamhar nuair a loirigios eélas ortha, ni bhcadh an obair
lived there practically all his life. He is a very careful speaker, seo 4 thuirt chun criche agam a n-aochor.
is a well-known seanchut, and has won manyprizes at feiseana
Brian O Cufv
and at An {-Oireachtas.
|
I have also consulted Domhnall Ban O Ceéilleachair (D. B.),
a coeval of Amhlaoibh O Loingsigh, who was oneof the subjects
of a phonetic investigation carried out by Alf Sommerfelt twenty
years ago, Donnchadh O Suibhne, Bean Thaidhg { Mhulldin,

and Bean [ Rioghbhardain, all of Coolea ; Conchubhar O Muimh--
oe of Ballingeary; Séamus © Muimhneachdain of
Concise . well as his son Aindrias now living in Dublin;
Othe ar hEaluighthe of Scrahanmore; and Padraig
urchadha of Gortnaloughra. I have had an opportunity
PART I
PHONETIC DESCRIPTION AND
TEATS
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY
THE SYSTEM EMPLOYED
1. The system of phonetic description employed in this work
is based on that used by Professor Daniel Jones in ‘ An Outline
of English Phonetics ’ (1936).1 For a detailed discussion on
general phonetics and on his ‘system readers should consult
that work.
2. Our aim is to describe the sounds of the dialect as accurately
as possible, either in relation to certain fixed sounds, namely
cardinal sounds or other well-known sounds such as those of
Southern English,? or by describing organically their formation.
In particular in the case of vowel sounds the former is very
convenient. Thus an organic description of the formation of
a vowel in itself may conveylittle, but if the relation which
it bears to a well-known vowel is added,it is a much simpler
matter for the reader to estimate and reproduce the sound.
In the following pages the system is described in detail.
3. For the purpose of phonetic description the roof of the
mouth may be divided into three parts—the teet h-ridge
oralveolar ridge immediately behind the upper teeth,
thehard palate, and the soft palate. The tongue

.
1 Published by Heffer, Cambridge.
*The sounds of Irish-English are not suitable for this purpose since
they vary considerably (just as do the sounds in the dialects of Irish)
and hence no fixed values have been assigned to them.
THE IRISH OF WEST MUSKERRY INTRODUCTCRY 3
accurately only from someone who can repeat them correctly
may conveniently be divided into tthhereetiCopr)rewshpiocnhdinngorPmaarltlsy and can indicate the differences between them and the vowels
(including
These are the blade ‘a one’s own speech, or failing that, from gramaphonerecords.}
lbieens ebatehneatthhe htaherd tepeatlha-trei,dgaen, dthtehe fbraocntk wwhhiicchh nnoorrmmaallllyy lliieess
beneath the soft palate. TONGUE PosITIONS
jo. The tongue positions of the eight cardinal vowels may
Tue CLASSIFICATION OF VOWELS be represented diagrammatically as in j
u
4. The classification and description of vowels is based on Fpiogs.iti1o. ns Heofre tthhee hdiogthsessthopwoitnhtesreloaftitvhee © o
a scale of eight cardinal vowels which are represented in the tongue during the articulation of each & 2
International Phonetic Script by the symbols ie €aaqodou. vowel. In the case of a the front of a 4
These vowels are fixed, since their tongue and lip positions the tongue 1S held as low as possible om Ge oe
and their acoustic qualities are known. the front of the mouth, while in the pocitions of the
5. Cardinal vowel No. 1 (i) is formed by raising the front case of a the back of the tongue is as low Cardinal Vowels.
of the tongue as high as possible towards the roof of the mouth and as far back as possible.
without, however, crossing the vowel limit.1. The lips are 11. In classifying these vowels according to the height of
spread. This is the sound of French i in ‘ici’. the tongue we distinguish four classes :_close vowels
6. Cardinal vowel No. 5 (a) is formed by holding the back (i, u), half-c lose vowels (e,0), half-open vowels
of the tongue as low down andas far back as possible consistently (e, 9), and open vowels (a, 4).
with the sound being a vowel. The lips are neither rounded 12. In classifying them according to the part of the tongue
nor spread. which is raised highest we use the terms front (i, e, € a),
7. Cardinal vowels Nos. 2, 3 and 4 (e, €, a) form a regular
and back (a, 9, 0, U).
acoustic sequence between vowels 1 and 5, each being equally
separated from the next. This acoustic sequence is produced
by varying the tongue andlip positions, the tongue being lowered Lip PosITIONS
through approximately equal intervals, and the lips being
13. The lips may be spread, rounded, or neutral
gradually opened, in passing from vowel 1 to vowel 5.
Paha — Nos. 6, 7, and 8 (9, 0, u), together with during the formation of vowels. As we have already seen
cardinal i is formed with spread lips, cardinal u with closely-
eemcen 5 (a) form an acoustic sequence of back vowels
rounded lips, while cardinal a has neutral lips.
No. 6 is leachcee the series of equidistant vowels. Vowel
lipround with open lip-rounding, No. 7 with fairly close
ing, and No. 8 with very close lip-rounding. The
DESCRIPTION OF VOWELS
tongue is again raised thr ; h
equal thoug
smaller i‘i ntervals. ‘ouggh h approximately 14. When we come to describe vowels other than the eight
dewLnAtelat,ve,thoensee mcuarsdti: nralemevmowbeelrs thhaatvethetyhecafnixbeed levaarlnueeds ctoarwdihniaclhvotwheelst,onwgeuecains rcaliassesdi,fy (iti)heamcc(oir) daicncgortdointghetopatrhte hofeigthhte
abo‘vTehewhviocwhelthleimittitonij s an ii magi= nary l.ine below the roof of the mouth, rec1oTrhdeDCAaJrOdin1a-l2,Vopwuebllisshheadvebybetehne LreicnogrudaepdhonbeyInPrsotfi. tDuatneie(l207JoRneegseonnt
.
4
succhh as would resultguien caaundniobtle befrircatiion, wi: thout causing obstruction
Street, London, W. 1.).
B
——
HE IFIS H OF WEST MUI PERRY
4 INTRODUCTORY
5
hich is raised, and (i) according to the position of 17. For practical purposes it will in general be found
tihe liips.a fn c. onnection wiiotnhs thaiss ssyhsotwenmain siFmipgl.if2iedisreupsreeds,enta. convenient in descritang the quality of vowels, to mention
tion of the tongue posit their relation to the nearest cardinal vowel of alternatively
tO
regard
16. With the relation they bear to Southern English of French vowels.
the height to which the
tongue 15 raised, we can
describe a vowel fairly
Description of DirntHoxes
accurately with the terms
close, half-close, 1%. A diphthong consists of a continuous movernent of the
etc, A vowel, in the speech-organs from one vowel-position to another in one emission
formation of which the of breath.
tongue is raised to a m.. ine 1g. Diphthongs will be described in terms of the principal
intermediate vowels of which they are composed, ie, the starting and finishing
position
between any two of these Cardinal Vowels, points. It should be remembered that the end-pant of a
.
points, may be more diphthong is liable to vary, since the movement may be stopped
aEcgc.urianteSloyutdheesrcnriEbnegdlibsyh ggivaisnginit‘ smpaonsi’t,itonhe ifnrornetlaotfiontheto ttohnegmu.e bmeafkoerse vteheryenlidt-tlpeoidnitffedreesnccreibteod tihse rseoacuhnedd.. Such a variation
is raised to a position about mid-way between half-open and 20. Diphthongs are classed as falling or rising
according as the first or the second element respectively is the
open.
"6 So far we have dealt with vowels in the formation of more prominent. They are also described as imperfect
when either element is lengthened before or after the vocalic
which either the.front or the back of the tongue has been raised.
movement. A further classification into narrow and
When the central part of the tongue is highest, vowels having
wide diphthongs refers to the amount of movement between
an obscure quality are usually the result. Thus in passing
the starting and finishing points.
from i to win the close position we come to a stage where vowels
are intermediate between the front and back vowels. The rounded
central vowel (&) is intermediate between the rounded front
vowel (y) and u ; the unrounded central vowel (i) is intermediate THE CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS
between i and the unrounded back vowel (uz). Such vowels
21. A description of the organic formation of a consonant
are said to be central and may be placed withinthe triangle
is of much greater practical value than that of a vowel,
in Fig. 2. This triangle represents the central vowel area.
particularly since consonants as a rule fall into groups having
In the case of open vowels, when the central part of the tongue
certain characteristics in common which distinguish them
is highest the vowel is not obscure but is midway in quality
from other groups.
between a and a. Thus the terms front, central and
22. The importantparticulars in the description of a consonant
back may be used to describe vowels with regard to the part are (i) the primary point of articulation, (ii) the secondary
of the tongue raised. The term centralised may be point of articulation, (iii) the state of the air-passage at the
teeat vowels which are intermediate in position between
primary point ofarticulation, (iv) whether voiced or voiceless.
retracted central and ba ck and central vowels. The terms 23. The chief classes distinguished under (i) for our purpose
and advanced may also be applied to are bilabial, labio-dental, dental, alveolar,

such vowels. Thus French a as in ‘bas’ is advanced from post-alveolar, palato-alveolar, palatal,
the Cardinal 5 position.
THE IRISH OF WEST MUSKERRY 7
INTRODUCTORY
6
as
These may be briefly defined for a plosive, but subsequently releasing the breath slowly so
elar and glottal.
a
\ as to produce friction. This is a combination of a plosive
lows : e.g. Ir. +p.
articulated by the two lips, lip against and the corresponding fricative. E.g. Southern English tf
riabial! ; by the lower
- articulated
abio-dental in ‘ church’.
the upper teet ha,rtei.cgu.laSteoduthbeyrn thEengltiisph o£f. the tongue against at Ntahessaalm:e ftoirmemeldeabvyinmgatkhiengsofat cpoamlpalteetleocwleorseudresoinasthteo mpoeurtmhi,t
Dental:
eg. Ir. ¢ in td. the free passage of breath through the nose, e.g. 0.
atghaeAirlnuosvptspetetor-hleataletrevet:echt,ohalrartiirdc:gue,l,ata¢er.dt8-ibcuySloatuthteedhetrbinyp oEtrnhgelbiltsaihdpe tooffintthh‘eetitnt’oo.nngguuee csiednLetsaretofeofrtahtehle:tmonogfuuoterh,m,eedb.gu.tby1.leoabvsitnrgucatifnrege tphaessaagier-cahtanonneel orin bottheh
agaPinaslt attheob-aaclk vpearotloaf rt:he taerettihcurliadtgeed, eb.gy. StohuethebrlnadEengolfishthre. (usRuoalllyletdhe atonndgueFltiap)ppmeadki:ng foarmreadpidbysuacncesesliaosnticofortgaapns
traoinPsgeaudle atatogawaialnrs:dts tahtrehteitceuheltaahrtderdidpbgayleatwteih,tehe.ftgrh.oentmIra.oifnfitbhonedy ostfo.fnguthee atgoanignuset oarre26aa. cscUionngmdlpeearntiahepedadrbieynspgevco(tiiicvve)eloiyrs, ntoeh.teg.. qusIeonsmtgeieonnFerswaolhuenitndhseo.rurccoonnssoonnaanntts
the hard palate, e.g. French p in ‘digne’. system we have both types of consonant occurring in pairs
Velar: articulated by the back of the tongue against the corresponding to one another in most other respects, e.g. b, PB;
g, k.
sofGt lpoatlattea,l:e.g.arItri.cuklatiend coisn. the glottis, the space between 27. There is a further characteristic which is of importance
tahne2d4.vovTceahlelaccrolraidszss,eesded..ig.stiInrT.ghuiheshienddisuctnhideneacrnt(ai.ioin) baeretwpeeanlatthaesleiztewdo iotnfhethafseopirarrmattioicfuolnaatiacofontneotrfinpculeaornstciaveien ocfopnltoshsoeinvaenbstr.se,atTnhhaimasfetleayrspttihhreeatoipcolcnousrirtoeannkceiess
complete.
quaiities is of great importance in Irish.
Palatalization of consonants whose primary point
THE PHONEME SYSTEM
of articulation is other than at the hard palate is caused by
raising the front of the tongue towards the hard palate 28. In order to appreciate as a whole the phonetic system
simultaneously with the narrowing or closure at the primary employed in the following study, it will be necessary to under-
point of articulation. stand the differences between the speech-sounds described
Velarization of consonants is caused by raising the therein and the groups into which certain of these sounds fall.
back of the tongue towards the soft palate simultaneously Such groups are called -phonemes.
with the narrowing or closure at the primary point of articulation. 29. A phoneme hasbeen defined as ‘a family of sounds
25. The classes distinguished under (iii) are plosiveé, consisting of an important soundof the language(i.e. the most
“8Plkosiivne.e. Theeyemnay bneasdaelfi,ned laastefroalllo,ws:rolled rferleaqtueedntlsyouunsdesd wmheimcbhertaokfe thiatst fpalmaicley)intogpeatrhteirculwairthsooutnhde-r
asiurd-dpeanslcyagewitahn ia.seqbuyenmtalky inrgeleaascinogmpltehtee ccolmopsurreesseodf tahlet sbeuiq3du0.heencFaeorsre”’ed.x!iaffmeprleen,t iinn qouuarlidtiyalefcrtomthoenei’sanionthtehre, wbourtdsthbety aanrde
SrittAipefe e.g. b, » 0 members of the same phonemesince their occurrence depends
narrowin e air-passa
‘
as to produce audible friction, eg. f, f. et —
Affri ' closure 4° 1 Jones, § 191.
a complete
by making
formed
Ticate: