The Iranian Languages (Routledge Language Family Series)

948 Pages·2010·12.18 MB·English

by  Gernot Windfuhr

ROUTLEDGEL ANGUAGE FAMILYS ERIES
Eacvho luimne thicso nsteaarinine ssip nt-ahdcc eouonftt hmee mbeorfss o moef
thweo rlmdo'ssit m porltnaagnautg fea miielWsr.i tbtyee nx peirnet asc lhag nuage,
thesaec csesibalcceo unptrso viddeet ailliendg uainsatliyacsn idds e spctriion.
Thec onteanrtcesa r uelf1sytc rtuurteocd o vtehrne at ursayls toefcm l assoinfi:c ati
phonloogmyo,pr holyo,s gynt\aexx,si esm,a ndtiicaslo,eg cyta,no dsl ocioilsitnigcus.
Evervyo lucmoen taeixntse nbsiibvlei ogfroaerpa hcilhea sn agguea, d etailed
indaenxdt ab,la ensdm apasn de xampflreostm h lea gnugaetso d emotnrsatthee
lingufiesattibucer iednseg s crTihbeec do.n sifsotremnaatlt l ocwosm parsattuidvye,
nootn ly betthlweae neagngu eisne acvho lubmuet, aaclrsoaosl ts1h v eo luminet sh e
series.
TheA ustronLeasniggauenaos f TheM ongoLlaincg gueas
Asiaan dM adagascar EdtiebdyJ uhJaa nhnu na
EditbeyNd i kloaHuism melm&{/ l1n
SandeArd elaar TheM undLaa nggueas
GregDo.rS. yA nedrson
TheB antLua nguages
EdtiebdyD erNeukr &s e TheO ceanLiacn guages
GeraPrhldiip pson Editbeyd JLoyhnncM hal.c oRloms s
& TerrCyr owley
Thel anggueosaft hCea ucasus
EditbeydA ilcHear ris TheR omanLcaen guages
EditbeydM artHiarnr &i s
TheC elLtaincg ua2g.ees NiglVe icnent
MartJi Bna l& lN icoMliliele I'
TheS emitic Languages
TheD raviLdainagnu ages
Editbeyd RoHbeetrztr OI1
EdtiebdyS afnorBd. Steever
TheS nio-TibLeatgnauna ges
TheG ermaLnaincg uages
EditbeydG rahTahumr ogdo&
EditbeydE k khearKdon i&g
Johvaandn e Alu'ew ra RandJ yLa polla
TheS lvaonLiacn guages
TheI ndo-ALraynagngu eas
EdtiebdyG egoerC arndao& BernaCromdr i&e
DhanK.e sJha in GrielvGl Ceo rtbte
TheI ndo-oEpueran LanguagesT heT a-iKadLaain ggueas
EditbeydP a olRoa malA n&n a EditeAdnh tboynD yi ller
GicaaolnRea mat
The rTkuiLca nguages
TheI ranLiaanng uages Edtiebdy ECvsaat& o
EditbeydG ernWOilni dlfilr LarJso hanson
TheK hoeslananga uges TheU ralLiacn guages
Edtiebdy RaViosisleenr Edtiebdy DaAnbioeonlld o
T HE
IRANIAN
LANGUAGES
Editbeyd
GernoWti ndfuhr
I�
��o�;!�n���up
LONDOANN DN EWY ORK
Firpsutbh lei2ds0 09
byR outel edg
2 PSaqrakur Mei,ol nt PAabrikn,g OdxooOnnX, I 44R NU,K
Simultapnuebholeuiidsstn lh yUe S Aa nCda nada
byR outel edg
270 MaAdviesnNouenew Y, or kN,Y 1 0016
Roultedigase n i mrpion/tt Thaey lor Grouapni, n /obrumsai ness
& Francis
200G9e rolnW indfuhr
(g
TypesieTnti mNeeswR omabny
RefinaetCcLhi miBtuenadyg,S, u ffolk
Prinatnebddo uinGndr eBarti tbay in
ThMe PGB ooGkr o,uB podmCionr,n wall
Alrli grhetssde N.rov pe artt hboiofso m ka ybe r epriornr teepdr oduced
oru tiliinazn feyrod m o rb ya neyl ectmreocnhiacno,iro c tahmlee,ra ns,
nokwn oownrh ereiafntveerin ntceld,pu hdoitnogc aonprdye icnogr ding,
ori na nyo rimnaftstioornoa rrg eet rsiyesvtwaeilmt ,h out permission in
writfirnotgmhp eu bslheirs.
BritLiisbhrC aatrayl ogiunPi unbgl icDaattiao n
A catalroegcuforoert dh bioso iks avaitlhaBebr lietL iifbsrrhoa mr y
Libr0a/Cr oyn grCeastsa loignPi unbgl icDaattiao n
Ac atarleocgfo ortrdh bioso hkab se erne quested
IBSNI:93 78-0--701103-741( hbk)
ISBIN39:87 -0-62401337--6( ebk)
BRIEFC ONTENTS
Li0s/itul sltrations lix
Notoencs o ntributors lxv
Foreword lxix
Li0sa/tb breviations lxxi
1 IntrodtuoTc htleil'U onniLa ann guages 1
GernoWitdn /uhr
2 DilaectoalnTdoop giyc s 5
GernoWti dn/uhr
3 OlIdr anian 43
ProOdkst Sokja:rr vo
4 MiddWleesI tar nian 169
ProOdkst Sokrjr a:vo
5 Sogdian 279
YutakYaos ihda
6 Khwarezmian 336
DesomnDdu rkint-eMreeirsnst
7 Khotesaaenn Tdu mshuqese 377
RonaE. lEdm merickt
8 Persainadn Tajik 416
GenroWti dn/uahnrJd oh nR .P erry
9 Zazaki 545
LudwPiaugl
10K urdish 587
ErnN.e sMtc Carus
11B alochi 634
CariJnahaa annid AKgornne s
12P arachi 693
CharlMe.Ks ie ffer
13P ashto 721
BarbRaorbasa onHnda bilbauThleg ety
14Tah e PLaamnigru ages 773
D. (JoyE)d ealnma nLde iRl.Da o dykhudoeva
I
V
BREIFC ONTENTS
vi
14Sbh ughni 787
D.( Jyo)I .Ed elmaallL1led i Rl.Da o ydkuhdoeva
15W akhi 825
EleBla1sah ir
Notes 859
Ackonwledgements 859
Bilobigraapnhrdye ferences 860
Idnex 863
FULL CONTENTS
Liosfti u lsltrations lix
NotOeiscl Of lrlibutors Ixv
Foreword Ixix
Liosfta bbreviations Ixxi
ItnroidoutncoT ht [em llLiaagllulla geGse rnoWtid nfuhr
Overview I
Biobglriaphy 3
2 Dilaectaonltdoo gpyiG ecrosntW idnfuhr 5
Itnroduction 5
1.O1r igTihnCese :n tArsailca onm ponent 5
12. Ancineonn-taI nricaonn tlaacntg uages 8
13. ListoifIna rngi laagnnu ages 9
14. PredeceMsosdoerIrrs na noilfnaa gnu ages 15
15. Modernno nr-aIncioannt lanacgtu ages 15
2 Phonology 18
21. EarIlaryn idaina lects 18
2.2We sIt rancioanns ondaenvteallo pments 18
2.3I nvnaotiSoWnd srt:iv fsN.W 20
2.4E asatnW de sIta rnian 21
2.5S tress 21
3 Morphgoyal nosdy ntax 22
31. Gendaenrad n imacy 22
3.2C asaenspd e rseonncalli tics 23
3.3De ixis 23
3.4T hvee rqbuacilu nnsxy stem 24
3.5M arkerass poefc t 25
3.6P resmeanrtk* e-ra nt 26
4 Syntax 27
41. Wordo rdteyrp olaodgjye:cn toiupvnha rla se 27
41..D1ic ahrony 28
41.2. UrartainaEdnl amsibutset rates 28
41.3. Iarniaasn" bau effrz one" 29
4.2B undlWeisnItgr aniisaong losses 29
4.3T hIear niearng actoinvset ruction 31
4.4D iffereonjbtemicaatrl king 33
4.5C laucsoem plementation 35
Biobglriaapnhrdyee frences 35
A Seletcotpeirdce eafrle nces 35
B Alpbheatical 36
vii
viiFiU LCLO NTENTS
3 OlIdr anPiraonOd kst oSrkj a;rva 43
Inrtoduction 43
1.T1h Oel Idar nilaann guages 43
1.1T.hOe1l adn Ydou nAgv esOtlaadn, Yd o unAgve stan 44
1.21 T.hoer baalc kgrooftu hnAevde sttaenx t 44
1.31 T.hAev estaalnpb heat 45
I.ISAta ogfeA vse stan 46
1.51 O.lPde rsian 46
11..T6h Oel Pde rssicarni pt 47
1.71 O.lIdr angiraanm mars 47
12. Thpeh olnoogoyf dion-lranian 48
12.1. Consonants 48
12..11 .II.V relars 48
12.1.2. II. rAffricates 48
12.1..3I rI. 48
sz
12..1Alr IT.h lea ryngeals 49
12..1I.rl5L. i quaindndsa sals 49
12..V2ow els 49
12..P3r oItnod-o-Iprhaonnieiamnnev entory 49
12.A Ablaut 49
13. Thpeh oongooylf P ortor-aInian 50
IAE arIlrya ndiiaanl ects 50
1.W5r itsiynsgt ems 51
15..T1h Aev estsacnr ipt 51
15..T2h Oel Pde rssicarni pt 52
2 Phonology 53
21. Thpeh olnoogoyfA vestan 53
21..V1ow esly stems 54
21..1N.o1t est hvoeon w els 54
21..21 V.ocalleincg th 54
2..131 .Diphthongs 55
21..IHAi atus 55
21..51 I.l. r 55
r
2..161 .Nasalviosweedl s 55
21.2. Consosnyasntte ms 56
2..121 .Notoenst hceo nsonants 56
21..2.S2i bilants 57
21..2.'3S hibilants' 57
2..142 .Distribution 57
2.2T hpeh ongoyol fo OPlerds ian 58
2.12 T.hveo wealt,,s Ii 58
2.2C.o2n sonants 58
2.21. N2ot.eosnt hceo nsonants 58
2.2L.a3tO el Pde rsian 59
2.3T hmeo rphopohgooynfA ov elstaannOd l Pde rsian 59
2..31Vo wels 59
2.13..C1e ntraolfai ii,s i>(n gfJ );J 59
23.1..R2o undoifan ii,g �o> r J 60
FULCLO NTENTiSx
2.1.32.Oal Adve stianni it·i<a'a lii- -/ii- 60
2.133.. Raisoifn ago,ii f> 60
e
2.134.. Combicneendit sraialnnrgda isainndg
roundoifa n g 61
23..1S.h5o rtoefiina i nnldge ngthoefan ing 61
2.3C.o2n sonants 62
2.23..1As simialnaddti isosni milation 62
2.3l.aV2 o.iacses imilation 62
2.31. '2baB. rtholloamwa'e 's 62
2.23l..cG emitneas 63
2.3l.dD2 i.ssimilation 63
2.3.S2p.i2r antisation 63
2.3a. U2n.v2oiscteoadpn std h uen voifircceadt ives
lex 63
2.3b. V2oi.c2setdo bpd s a nvdo iscepdi rpac5 n ts6 3
g y
2.3.C2o.n3s ognraonuatpn asdn aptyxis 64
2.23..3Gar ouaptms o rphbeomuen dary 65
2.3b.A 2n.pa3tyixnOil sPd e srian 65
2.3.P2a.l4a talainlsdaa btiiaolnoi fcs oantsioonna nts6 5
2.23..4iaa- nud- epenitnAhv eesstiasn 65
2.23.b.4 Dissimoifilaj a ntdi too9n j ,a nadj , 65
ttlj 9lj
2..32.E4pce ntihnOe lsPdie sr sian 66
2.3.G2l.i5d es 66
2.3.S2i.m6p altiifioocfcn o nsognraonutp s 66
2.3S.a3n dhi 67
2..3.1A3 npatyixnsi asn dhi 67
2.3.F3i.nv2ao lw eldsi pahndti honsn agnsd hi 67
2.3S.t4r estsea-dlr teelranations 67
2.3M.et5r o-phonology 68
23..15 D.isbyillclo anvgo wealndsdi phthongs 68
2.3.S5i.e2vl earw' s 69
2.3P.h6o nogoilcchaaln gest eawdsi stiohnc filaeacntdi on
endings 69
3 Morphgoyil N:oo mimnoarlp ohgoyl 70
3.1No uns 71
31..G1e nder 71
3.21 N.umbaenrcd a se 71
31.3. Stecml asasndedes c slieonns 71
31.3.1. Derifveeimdn iandej ecatnindvo eusn s 72
31.4. Protehryos-ta,en rhdoo -lo-kdiencseliteoinncs 72
3.1C.a5se en dings 72
3..15.T1h e ending 73
zero
31..5.E2n diinbng- s 74
31..5.A3d de-ifd 75
3.61 I.ndivdieldceunasli ons 75
31.6..1Th iea- nud- stems 75
31..6.M2o onsyblialcna pdo lybsiyaclia l-naadu -stems7 5
31..6.H3o l-okinsetteimcs 76
31..6.r4- stems 76
FULLC ONTENTS
x
3..16.S5t eomr-mfacnotnst aining 77
11
31..6.S5taei mns 77
-(111-
3..16b. S5teimn-sj (ll1- 77
31..6c. S5teimn-s U (l-I1a-n,- Hall- 77
11J -,
3..16d. S5teimn-s a nt- 78
31..6e. S5teimn-sy ua-nlt1-1-,mH latn-t,- 78
3..16.S5tfe imn-sH an-ki,H ank- 78
3..16.S6t eimn-sa h-j-i,a -hy-u,a h- 78
3..16.N7e uter rln-stems 78
3..168 .Steimnls a ryngeals 78
31..6.O9t hceorn sosntaenmts 79
31..160S. upplsetteimv-es ystems 79
3.2A djteicvceosm:rp aatainvsdeu perlative 79
3.3A dverbs 80
3.4P ornouns 80
34..P1e rspornoanlo uns 81
34.2. Possepsrsooinuvn(esa djectives) 82
3.4D.e3m osntraptriovneo uns 82
3.4R.e4l aptriovneo un 82
3.4I.tn5re rogaatniidnv ed eefip nriotnouns 82
3.4R.e6fl expirvoen oaunnrdes c iprocity 82
34..P7r onomcianseaenl d ings 83
3.5A dpositions 83
3.6N umeraalnmsde ase ur 84
3.16 .'Otno'oe fu'r ' 84
36..T2h ree mnaiinngu merals 85
3.6D.e3r ived numerals 86
36..13 .uMl taitpilviecs 86
36..3'.-2tt ihm e' 86
3.6.F3r.ta3ic ons 86
4 MorphoiliVoe:rg byma olr pohgoyl 86
4.1S tecml asses 87
41..P1r essetnetm s 87
4.11. A1t.hemparteisscet netm s 87
4.112.. Themaptriecss etnetm s 88
4.11..T3h feu tsutreem 88
41..41 P.asssitveem 89
4.15. C1a.usasttievme 89
4..161 .Denominsatteimv e 89
41.2. Aorsitsetm s 89
4.1P.e3r fsetcetm s 89
41.4. Supplievstet esmy stems 90
41.5. Periphfrroamsattiico ns 90
4.2M oods 90
42.1.T hsebu ujnctive 90
4.2T.h2oe p tative 90
4.3V oice 90
43..T1h pea ssiin-vj -ea 90
4.3T.h2e s3irndg pualsasirin- v ie 91
FULLC ONTNETS
xi
4.4P ersmoanr k(ienngd ings) 91
4.5P reverbs 93
4.6N omifnroamlos ft hvee rb 93
4.16 P.articiples 93
4.16..P1r esfeuntetau ,nr ado raicsttpi avret iciple9s3
4.162.. Perfaeccttpi avret iciples 93
4.163.. Middplaer ticiples 94
4.164.. Paspta rtiicn-i Ipal-es 94
4.6V.er2b aadlj ecitn-i Ova-e-Os,fJ - oai--i, 94
4.6I.n3fi inviets 94
5 SyntWaoxr odir :d erc laansudts reu cture 94
51. Worodr der 94
51..A1d positions 95
51.2. Preverbs 95
51.3. Repetoifpt rieovnie ntr mbe sis 96
5.2To pilciasa'triaoinas:ni 'dnl go'w ering' 96
5.12 R.aisoifvn egr b 97
5.2R.a2i soifdn iegrc tj eocbt 97
5.2L.o3w eroifsn ujgbe ct 97
5.42 .Loweorfdi ienrcgnt d/eiicrotbj ect 97
5.2L.o5w eroifan dgv ercboimapll ements 98
5.3S pectiyapolefc s l auses 98
5.3Q.u1e stions 98
5.3E.x2h ortaantdi ocnosm mands 99
5.3P.a3rt ehnetcilcaauilsn e nsto hmeit niave 99
5.43 .Reported speech 99
6 SynNtaomxi niail:s 100
61. Specifreiefcrietnyc ea nd 100
61..T1h Yeo unAgve staannOd l Pde rscioannn ercetliantgi ve
antdh ree laptairvtei cle 100
61..1A.n1t eceoduetnsttih rdeee l apthirvaes e 101
61.1. .a W1i tihn varyiaa1b le \10
61..21 A.nteceidnestnihtdre ee lapthirvaes e 101
6.2N umber \01
62..N1e uetrp lural \10
6.2D.u2a l \20
6.3G rammactoinccaolr d \20
6.13 G.ender \20
6.3D.u2ad le terminants \20
6.3P.l3u sruajblea cntsd i ngvuelrabr \30
6.4U seosf ctahsee s 130
6.14 N.omitniave \30
6..41.Th1e POelrds nioamnit ninavaem ipnhgr ase 140
6.4V.o2c ative \40
6.4A.c3c usative 150
6..43.D1ie rcotb jaencpdtr ediocfda ietrcoetjb ect \50
6.4.D3i.r2oe jbcetc wtistn ho unsa dajnedce txipvreess sing
actions \50
6.4.D3ou.b3al cec usative \60