The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century PDF
Preview The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century
THE INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY University of Pennsylvania Press MIDDLE AGES SERIES Edited by EDWARD PETERS Henry Charles Lea Professor of Medieval History University of Pennsylvania T HE I N V E S T I T U RE C O N T R O V E R SY Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century UTA-RENATE BLUMENTHAL Translation by the Author UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRES S Philadelphia English translation Copyright © 1988 by the University of Pennsylvania Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Copyright © 1982 by Verlag W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart, Berlin, Cologne, and Mainz, by arrangement with EULAMA, Rome. The maps included in this volume are based on maps in William R. Shepherd, Shepherd's Historical Atlas, 9th edition, revised and updated, 1980. Permission is granted by Barnes & Noble Books, Totowa, New Jersey. Second paperback printing 1995 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Blumenthal, Uta-Renate, 1935- [Investiturstreit. English] The investiture controversy: church and monarchy from the ninth to the twelfth century / Uta-Renate Blumenthal; translation by the author. p. cm.—(Middle Ages) Translation of: Der Investiturstreit. Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 0-8122-8112-8 ISBN 0-8122-1386-6 (pbk) 1. Investiture. 2. Monasticism and religious orders—Europe— History. 3. Church and state—Europe—History. 4. Europe—Church history—Middle Ages, 600-1500. I. Title. II. Series. BX1198.B5813 1988 262'.12—dc19 88-10600 CIP Maps by Anne Marie Palagano FOR BARBARA This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface to the English Edition ix General Bibliography xi Maps xv Abbreviations xxi 1 Piety and Monastic Reform During the Tenth and Early 1 Eleventh Centuries Churches and Monasteries in the Ninth Century 1 The Beginnings of the Monastic Reform in Lotharingia 7 The Beginnings of Cluny 11 Monastic Reform and the Eremitical Movement in Italy 19 Bibliography for Chapter 1 22 Collected Papers • General • Viking Invasions • Ecclesiastical Constitutions, the Proprietary Church, and Monastic Exemption • Monastic Reform • Lotharingia and Germany • Cluny • Monastic Renewal in Italy • Monastic Renewal in England • Monastic Renewal in Other Countries 2 The German Emperors and the Legacy of Rome 28 The Monarchy Under the Ottonian and Early Salian Dynasties 28 The Successors of the Ottomans 41 The First Salians 45 Bibliography for Chapter 2 58 Social Structure • German Kingship • The Ottomans • Henry III 3 Reform and Rome 64 Monastic Renewal and Reform of the Church at Large 64 Pope Leo IX, His Collaborators, and Reforms at the Curia 70 The Papacy and the Normans 79 The Papacy and Germany During the Minority of Henry IV 84 Bibliography for Chapter 3 99 General • Cluny and the Reform • Peter Damian • Humbert of Silva Candida • The Regular Canons • Canon Law • College of Cardinals • The Normans • Milan and the Pataria • viii CONTENTS The Papacy • The Papal Election Decree of 1059 • The Papal Chancery • The Papal Administration • Simony 4 Henry IV and Gregory VII 106 The Minority of Henry IV, 1056-1065 106 The Saxon Revolts 110 The Struggle Between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII 113 Bibliography for Chapter 4 127 General • The Episcopacy • Pope Gregory VII • Dictatus Papae • Canossa • Monastic Reform and the Nobility • Saxony • Polemics 5 The Controversy Over Investitures in England, France, 135 and Germany Under Gregory's Successors Pope Urban II, Investiture, and Hominium 135 The Investiture Conflict in England 142 France and the Investiture Question 159 The Peace Between Church and Empire: The Concordat of 167 Worms Bibliography for Chapter 5 174 General • England and Normandy • France • The Crusades The Worms Agreements Index 183 PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION As succinctly as possible this book describes the roots of a set of ideals that effected a radical transformation of eleventh-century European so- ciety that led to the confrontation between church and monarchy known as the investiture struggle or Gregorian reform. Ideas cannot be divorced from reality, especially not in the Middle Ages. I present them, therefore, in their contemporary political, social, and cultural context. Because of the brevity of this book, I was able in only a few instances to discuss the background in any detail, and I particularly regret that I could not give more space to social and urban developments. However, the bibliogra- phies at the end of each chapter provide an introduction to the extensive historiography pertaining to the various topics touched on in the text. This book, a result of many years of research in connection with work on the later reform, does not intend to replace text- and handbooks. Some of them are excellent. The text indicates where my views are particularly in- fluenced by the work of other scholars or where we disagree. Necessary translations of quotations into English are my own. Chapter 5 and the bibliography of the original German edition have been extensively revised. Der Investiturstreit grew out of stimulating con- versations with Professor Peter Herde, Würzburg, and I would like to thank him here once again. This English translation would never have been completed without the invaluable help and encouragement of my sister, Barbara Motyka. I dedicate the book to her with profound grati- tude. I would also like to thank Professor Ed Peters, who kindly read the manuscript, and Mrs. Jo Mugnolo of the University of Pennsylvania Press. Hyattsville, Maryland June 1987
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