The Invasive Plants of North America—A Primary Analysis

2011·1.1 MB·

by  Ma Jin Shuang

云 南 植 物 研 究 , :
暋2010 Suppl灡桗桏 1~18
ActaBotanicaYunnanica
暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋 暋暋暋暋暋暋
TheInvasivePlantsofNorthAmerica APrimaryAnalysis
—
*
MAJin灢Shuang
(ShanghaiChenshanPlantScienceResearchCenter,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Shanghai201602,China)
Abstract
:Basedonvariousreportsbothinprintandonline,533specieshavebeenselectedasinvasivespecies
orpotentialinvasiveplantsfromNorthAmerica.Inordertobetterunderstandtheirinvasivenature,thepri灢
marydataontheseinvasiveorpotentialinvasiveplantsinNorthAmericaarereported,includingthecomposi灢
tionofplanttaxa,theirhabits,invasiveorigin,introducedtime,meaningsofintroduction,mostinvasive
habitats,invasivegrades,anddistributionineachstates/provincesofNorthAmerica.
Keywords
:Invasiveplants;NorthAmerica;Analysis
CLCnumber DocumentCode ArticleID
:Q948暋暋暋暋 :A暋暋暋 暋暋 :0253灢2700(2010)Suppl灡桗桏灢001灢18
Introduction
UShasupto1365nonnativespecies,65%,
NorthAmericanorthofMexicoistheyoun灢 comparedto735nativespecies,35%.Howev灢
gestcontinentandalsotheonethathasseenthe er,thereare46789weedsspeciesworldwide,
mostimmigrationinthe world,notonlyin 70% ofallweedspecies,asopposedto2083
termsofhumansfrom worldwide,butalsoin weedsspeciesin US,whichis30%.Among
termsofcultivatedplantswereintroducedalong North America Northof Mexico,California,
withthem.Theseplantswereintroducedeither Hawaii,Illinois,New YorkandPennsylvania
intentionallyoraccidentallyinvariousways,ev灢 arethehigheststatesofnonnativespecies.Esti灢
ersincethefirstimmigrantsarrivedfrom Eu灢 matedFederalAgencyExpendituresonInvasive
ropeinthelate1600s.However,mostofthese Plants(FY1997)recordedGeneralWeedsRe灢
invasiveplantsweremainlyimportedduringthe search (ARS,FS,USGS)costingmorethan
pasttwohundredyearsbetween1800s-1900s. $18million.WeedBio灢control(ARS)recorded
Theywerenotconsideredinvasivespeciesuntil morethan$7million,theNationalForestSys灢
itwastoolate,whenmajoreconomicalandeco灢 tem(FS)recordedmorethan$4million,Bio灢
logicaldamageandinfluenceonsettledlandoc灢 controlProjects(APHIS)recordedmorethan
curredbroadlyandsignificantly. $2million,andtheWitchweedEradication(A灢
Mostofthedataontheseinvasiveplantsof PHIS)recordedabout$2million,asidefrom
NorthAmericanorthofMexicoisspreadover communitydamage(bothphysicalandecologi灢
various publications worldwide and different cal)orlossofvariousplantcompositions(Jen灢
documentsonline(Loweetal灡,2000;Mack, kinsandPimm,2003;Huston,2004;Levine,
2003;Timmons,2005),butthereisnoreport 2000;LohrerandWhitlatch,2002;Macketal灡,
onwholehow,when,wheretheywereintro灢 2000;Maronetal灡,2004;McKinney,2004;
ducedinhistoryandwhatisbeingcausedtoday PetersonandVieglais,2001;Pimentaletal灡,
(Rejmanek,2005;Sutherland,2004).TheFed灢 2000;Pimentaletal灡,2005;Pine,2002;Pysek
eralInteragencyCommitteefortheManagement etal灡,2002);insomecases,itisverydifficult
ofNoxiousandExoticWeeds(1998)statedthat toassessor estimate (Whiteand Schwarz,
thenumbersofnativeandnonnativeweedsin 1998;Zalbaetal灡,2000).
* Authorforcorrespondence;E灢mail:jinshuangma@gmail灡com
云 南 植 物 研 究 增刊
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Materials
WorstWeedsintheWest(http://www灡weed灢
Basedonvariousreportsbothinprint(Al灢 center灡org/inv_plant_info/worst灡html)
lenand Humble,2002;Bartonetal灡,2004; 9,Hawaii曚s MostInvasive Horticultural
Macketal灡,2000)anddocumentsonline(see PlantsofHawaii灢PacificWeedRiskAssessment
belowfordetails),atotalof533specieshave byCurtDaehler (Universityof Hawaii)and
beencollectedasInvasivePlants(seeappendix JulieDenslow(USDAForestService)at(http://
fordetail),includingthosenotoriousinvasive www灡state灡hi灡us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/)
species,thosewithsmallareainvasivenessor 10,PlantConservation Alliance曚s Alien
thosewiththepossibilitytobecomeinvasivein PlantGroupLeastWanted灢FactSheets(http://
thefuture(Foxetal灡,2003;Goodwinetal灡, www灡nps灡gov/plants/ALIEN/fact灡htm)
1999;Higginsetal灡,1999).Theconceptofin灢 暋暋11,GlobalInvasiveSpeciesDatabase(http:
vasivecitedheremainlyistakenfromtheExec灢 //www灡issg灡org/database/welcome/)
utiveOrder13112ofFebruary3,1999,signed 12,TheGlobalInvasiveSpeciesTeam (ht灢
byPresidentWilliamClinton(PresidentialDoc灢 tp://www灡invasive灡org/gist/index灡html)
uments1999),withseveralrelateddocuments 13,NationalInvasiveSpeciesInformation
orreports(Huennekeetal灡,1988;Lonsdale, Center灢USDANAL(http://www灡invasivespe灢
1999;NationalInvasiveSpeciesCouncil,2006; ciesinfo灡gov/index灡shtml)
RicciardiandCohen,2007;Richardsonetal灡, 14,NatureServe(http://www灡natureser灢
2000).Theonlineresourcesforthisanalysisin灢 ve灡org/explorer/index灡htm#)
cludes,butnotlimited,tofollowing栙: Andprintedresourcesaremainlyfrom,but
1,WeedsGoneWild:AlienPlantInvaders notlimited,following:
ofNaturalArea(http://www灡nps灡gov/plants/ 15,InvasivePlants:WesternNorthAmeri灢
alien/) ca,CenterforInvasive Plant Management,
2,InvasivePlantsoftheEastern United JamesKavanagh,2003,12pages,Waterford
States:identificationandcontrol(http://www灡 PressLtd.
invasive灡org/eastern/) 16,WorldWeeds灢naturalhistoriesanddis灢
3,SoutheastExoticPestPlantCouncilIn灢 tribution,LeRoyHolm,JerryDoll,EricHolm,
vasivePlantManual(http://www灡se灢eppc灡org/ JuanV.Pancho,&JamesP.Herberger,1997,
manual/index灡html) 1129pages,JohnWiley&SonsInc.
4,InvasivePlantsofCalifornia曚s Wild灢 17,InvasiveSpeciesinthePacificNorth灢
west,P.D.Boersma,S.H.Reichard,& A.
lands,C.C.Bossard,J.M.Randall& M.C.
N.VanBuren,2006,276pages,Universityof
Hosbovsky,UniversityofCaliforniaPress,2000.
WashingtonPress.
5,InvasivePlantsofNaturalHabitatsin
18,SynthesisoftheNorthAmericaFlora
Canada (http://www灡cws灢scf灡ec灡gc灡ca/publi灢
(CDedition),JohnT.KarteszandChristopher
cations/inv/cont_e灡cfm)
A.Meacham.
6,FloridaExoticPestPlantCouncil曚s2005:
19,ManualofCultivatedTreesandShrubs,
ListofInvasiveSpecies(http://www灡fleppc灡
AlfredRehder,2ed,1940,996pages,The
org/list/05List灡htm).
MacmillanCo.
7,InvasivePlantsoftheThirteenSouthern
States,J.H.Miller,E.B.Chambliss& C.
栙 Mostofthedatawascollectedduring2005-2009when
T.Bareronat(http://www灡invasive灡org/sew灢
theauthorworkedattheBrooklynBotanicGarden,but
eeds灡cfm,2009)
notallofthesewebsitescouldbeaccessedfromany灢
8,CenterforInvasivePlantManagement灢 whereintheworldforvariousreasons.
增刊
桗桏暋暋暋暋暋暋MAJin灢Shuang:TheInvasivePlantsofNorthAmerica—APrimaryAnalysis暋暋暋暋暋暋暋3
20,Manualof WoodyLandscapePlants, (farmland,cultivatedfield,vegetablefield,
MichaelA.Dirr,ed.5,1998,1187pages,Sti灢 etc.),aquatic(waterway,canal,river,reser灢
pesPublishing,L.L.C. voir,lakes,wetland,etc.;HoulahanandFind灢
lay,2004),desert(arid,dryorsemi灢wildarea,
Methods
: especiallyinswNorthAmerica),forest(mar灢
Followingstandardswereusedinthisreport: gin,undershade,orshine,etc.(Richardson,
1,Nativeareasfrom whencetheinvasive 1998),landscape(gardens,nurseries,arboreta,
plantscameweredividedintothefollowingcate灢 turf,etc.),pastures(grassland,meadows,for灢
gories,throughtheseweredifferentingeogra灢 age,etc.),shoreline (beach,sanddunenear
phy(Sax,2001;Stohlgrenetal灡,1999;Telfer beach,etc.),urban(residentialarea,wastear灢
etal灡,2002):Pantropics,Old World:Tropic ea,roadsideordisturbedarea,etc.),wetland
&Temperate,Eurasia,Europe,Asia(e,s,c, (marsh,bogs,ricefield,ponds,etc.),andin
w,n),Africa,Austrasia,Australia,NewZeal灢 thewild(morethan3varioushabitatscombina灢
and;andNew World:CentralAmerica,South tionofabovebutwithoutonemajoridentifying
America,NativeinNorthAmerica:s,se,e,n, habit;McKinney,2002).
ne,nw,s,sw. 5,InvasiveGrades:Followingfivegrades
2,IntroducedTime:Plantimmigrantsin hasbeenusedinthispaper.I:mostaggressive
NorthAmericaarrivedfrom Europewiththe andcausingthemosteconomicandenvironmen灢
firsthumanimmigrants,mostlyproductsofthe tallosses (Pimental,2000;Pimentaletal灡,
intenseincentiveearlycolonistsfelttotransplant 2005),suchasEuphorbiaesulain midwest
Europeanagricultureintothe western Hemi灢 NorthAmerica,andPuerariamontanainsouth灢
sphere(Mack,2003;McKinney,2002).The eastUSA;II:aggressivewithecologicandeco灢
invasiveplantsintoNorthAmericaweredivided nomicloss,butlesslargelyorbroadly,suchas
intofollowingperiods:Beforecolonialtime,Co灢 Centaurea (Asteraceae),Tamarix (Tamari灢
lonialtime,Detailtimebyyear,Beforecertain caceae),etc;III:commonweedsorunwelcome
timebyyear,andn/a:nodataavailable. treesorshrubs,withlessornotsoevidentdam灢
3,MeansofIntroductionweredividedinto age,suchasAgrostic (Poaceae),Artemisia
twomajorsources:Intentionally,butwithdif灢 (Asteraceae),etc.;IV:locallyaggressive,es灢
ferentmeansofintroduction:byagriculturalin灢 peciallyinHI,FL,PR,VI,andCAetc;V:in灢
troduction,forest,horticultural(landscape,or灢 vasiveoccasionally,rarely,sparsely,scattered,
nament,bonsai,etc;RichardandWhite,2001; oronceinvasiveorwidespreadbutnowfeweror
McKinney,2002),food (culinary,vegetable, lessinvasive,ornoinvasiveyetbutwithpoten灢
drink,etc.),grass,environmentalindustry tialinthefuture(includingthoseonthewatc灢
(sand,erosion soilcontrol,etc),medicine hinglist).
(herbs,etc.),fiberindustry,forage,crops(oil 6,PlantsHabits:Tree,shrub,annual,bi灢
crop,etc.);andAccidentally:introducedwith ennial,perennial,vine(includingbothwoody
boat,ballast,inputviasea way,etc.,with andherbal),parasite(includingsemi灢parasite),
food,seeds,plants,etc.,withpeoples,immi灢 aquatic(includingannual,biennialandperenni灢
gration,etc.,withgoods(porcelain,.etc),not al,andwetlandetc)havebeenusedasusual.
applicable:nativetonorth America,andun灢 However,somespeciesmayhavemorethanone
known. characteristicsuchasbothbiennialandperennial
4,TheHabitatofInvasivePlantsinNorth sothetotalforindividualcharacteristicsmaybe
Americaisdividedintofollowing:Inagriculture morethanthetotalnumberinstatistics.
云 南 植 物 研 究 增刊
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7,Distributiondatainthestatesandprov灢 cies(644calculatedsincesometaxawithmore
incesofNorthAmericaweremainlycollected thanonehabits),followinghabitsarerepresen灢
fromtheonlineresourcesfromtheUSDAPlant tedby mosttaxa:Perennial212 (including5
Database(http://plants灡usda灡gov/),andNa灢 ferns),annual143,shrubandsubshrub95,
tureServe.Org(http://www灡natureserve灡org/) trees77,vine45(includingherbvine27,and
sinceSeptember2005,buttherewasalsosome woodyvine18),biennial36,aquatic28,and
informationcollectedfromlocalreportsandon灢 semi灢parasitic8.
Origin
lineresources. 3,
Amongthetotalinvasiveplantsof533spe灢
Analysis
cies,followingoriginarerepresentedbymost
Asia
Basedonabovedataandsources,following taxa: 135species(CaucasustoCentralAsia
analysishasbeencarriedinthiswork: 2,W Asia1,S&SEAsia8,CentralAsia1,
Taxa
1, East& NorthAsia2,EastAsia62,including
Total533speciesofinvasiveplantsinNorth 10fromChina,2fromJapan,and1fromHima灢
Eurasia Europe
America(seeappendix)hasbeenselectedinthis layaonly), 97species, 73spe灢
OldWorld
work,andtheyarerepresentedbyfollowing cies, 45species(OldTropics17and
Africa
characters. OldTemperate5), 41species(including
a,LargestFamilies:Amongthetotalinva灢 14fromSAfrica,and2fromMadagascaronly),
TropicalAsia Australia
siveplantsof533speciesinNorthAmerica,fol灢 40species, 14species
Mediterranean
lowingfamiliesarerepresentedbythelargest (includingNewZealand1), 35
NorthTemperate BothHemi灢
taxa(morethan9species):Poaceae188spe灢 species, 11,and
spheres
cies,Asteraceae54species,Fabaceae44spe灢 5 (including1from Pantropics,and3
cies,Rosaceae39species,Brassicaceae18spe灢 fromTropics).
cies,Lamiaceae14species,Polygonaceae11 However,thenumberofinvasiveplants
species,Solanaceae11species,andScrophurali灢 fromtheNew Worldisverysmall,especially
aceae10species. comparedwiththeOldWorld.Theyinclude4
b,LargestGenera:Amongthetotalinva灢 speciesfromtheNew World,22speciesfrom
siveplantsof533species,followinggeneraare CentralAmerica(Mexico3,Central& South
representedbythelargesttaxa (morethan3 America9),23speciesfromSouthAmerica,17
species):Centaurea10species (Asteraceae), speciesfrom Tropical America (Central &
Solanum8species(Solanaceae),Bromus7spe灢 NorthAmerica1,NewTropics2),and16spe灢
cies(Poaceae),Lonicera7species(Caprifoli灢 ciesfromNorthAmericaitself(includingE&N
aceae),Cuscuta6species(Cuscutaceae),Penn灢 America7;McKinney,2002).
Time
isetum6species(Rosaceae),Ligustrum5spe灢 4,
cies(Oleaceae),Rosa5species (Rosaceae), SincethediscoveryoftheAmericas,nearly
Tamarix5species(Tamaricaceae),Carduus4 400yearshavepassedfromthetimethefirstin灢
species(Asteraceae),Cyperus4species(Cyper灢 vasiveplantwasbroughtintoNorthAmericaby
aceae),Eragrostis4species(Poaceae),Lolium humanactivities.However,mostofthemwere
4species(Poaceae),Poa4species(Poaceae), introduced during pasttwo hundreds years
Polygonum4species(Polygonaceae),Rubus4 (Timmons,2005).Amongthetotal533species
species(Rosaceae),andSetaria4species(Poaceae). ofinvasiveplants,129specieswereintroduced
MostHabits
2, during1800-1899,and134specieswereduring
Amongthetotalinvasiveplantsof533spe灢 1900-1999.However,duringtheearly200
增刊
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yearsfrom1599-1799,thepercentageofinva灢 laverticillata(Hydrocharitaceae),Lythrumsal灢
siveplantsintroducedintoNorthAmericaisless icaria (Lythraceae),Myriophyllumspicatum
than25,withabout94speciesonly,besides141 (Haloragaceae),Puerariamontana(Fabaceae),
unknownand36notapplicable(native). Reynoutriajaponica (Polygonaceae).Among
MeaningsofIntroduction
5, them,4speciesareasaquatic(includingwet灢
Therearebasicallytwomajorwaysforthe land),3speciesaspastures,2speciesasagri灢
invasivespeciestofindtheirwayintoNorthA灢 cultureandurbaneach,and1speciesasforest.
mericafromtheiroriginalplaceornativedistrib灢 Anotherinterestingfactoristhatmostofthem
utedarea:intentionallyoraccidentally.Oura灢 (8/12species)haveasexualreproductionoreven
nalysisshowsthattheintentionalintroductionis bothsexualandasexual.
representedbyabout2/3oftotalinvasivespe灢 Grade2:Total33species(6灡18%),with
cies,andaccidentalintroductionisbyabout1/ greatfinanciallossesincurredfromcontrolling
3,representedby440speciesand220speciesre灢 orremovingthem,orgreatecologicaldamage,
spectively (morethan533usedbecausesome andtheyare:Acroptilonrepens(Asteraceae),
specieshasmorethanonepurposeofintroduc灢 Albiziajulibrissin (Fabaceae),Alternanthera
tion,suchashorticultureandmedicinetogeth灢 hiloxeroides (Amaranthaceae),Avenafatua
er;McKinney,2002).Amongthesepurposes, (Poaceae),Carduusnutans (Asteraceae),
followingobjectsarethemost:243speciesas Celastrusorbiculatus(Celastraceae),Centaurea
horticultural,49speciesasforage,44speciesas diffusa(Asteraceae),Centaureajacea (Aster灢
medicinal,30speciesasindustrial,20speciesas aceae),Cirsiumvulgare(Asteraceae),Conium
food,12speciesasfruits,forestandenviron灢 maculatum (Apiaceae),Convolvulusarvensis
menteach,7speciesasvegetable,5speciesas (Convolvulaceae), Echinochloa crus灢galli
crops,4speciesaspastures,and2speciesasa灢 (Poaceae),Egeriadensa (Hydrocharitaceae),
quatictrade.Andamongthoseaccidently:112 Elaeagnusangustifolia(Elaegnaceae),Fallopia
specieswithseeds,82specieswithpeople,14 aubertii(Polygonaceae),Heracleummantegaz灢
specieswithaquatics,4specieswithfood,3 zianum (Apiaceae),Myriophyllumaquaticum
specieswithmedicine,2specieswithanimals,2 (Haloragaceae),Onopordumacanthium (As灢
specieswithindustry,and1specieswithforage, teraceae),Panicumrepens(Poaceae),Pastina灢
besides36speciesnotapplicableand15species casativa (Apiaceae),Phragmitesaustralis
whoseoriginsareunknown. (Poaceae),Salviniamolesta(Salviniaceae),Se灢
Grades
6, tariafaberi(Poaceae),Solanumviarum (So灢
Accordingtobotheconomicandecological lanaceae),Sorphumhalepense(Poaceae),Tae灢
damagecausedbyinvasiveplantsinNorthA灢 niatherumcaput灢medusae (Poaceae),Tamarix
merica,following5gradeshavebeenclassified: chinensis (Tamaricaceae),Tamarix gallica
Grade1:Total12species(2灡25%),with (Tamaricaceae),Tamarixparviflora (Tamari灢
the mostandthebiggestdamage,especially caceae),Tamarixramosissima(Tamaricaceae),
withagreatamountoffinanciallossormoney Thlaspiarvense(Brassicaceae),Tripleurosper灢
spenttocontrolorremovethem,andtheyare: mumperforate(Asteraceae),Xanthiumspino灢
Aegilopscylindrica(Poaceae),Ailanthusalti灢 sum (Asteraceae).Amongthem,14speciesare
ssima(Simaroubaceae),Centaureastoebessp. asagriculture,9speciesasaquatic(including
micranthos(Asteraceae),Cirsiumarvense(As灢 wetland),5speciesaspastures,3speciesasur灢
teraceae),Eichhorniacrassipes (Pontederiace灢 ban,and1speciesashorticultureandwildeach.
ae),Euphorbiaesula(Euphorbiaceae),Hydril灢 Fromgrade1and2,wecouldseethatagri灢
云 南 植 物 研 究 增刊
6暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋 暋暋暋暋暋暋暋 暋 暋 暋 暋 暋 暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋 桗桏
culturehasthemostinvasivespeciesby16spe灢 speciesbesidesCA297speciesinwestcoast;
ciesintotal,aquaticwith13species,pastures moreinvasiveplantsinnextlevelrepresentedby
with8species,urbanwith5species,forest, GA273species,IL275species,LA263spe灢
horticultureandwildwithonly1specieseach. cies,OH261species,AL259species,CT252
TheyaremainlyinAsteraceaeby9speciesand species,KS253species,KY256species,OR
Poaceaeby8species,whichoccupiedmorethan 255species,SC256species,TN252species,
onethirdoftotal45speciesingrade1and2. ON251species,MI250species;moderateby
Grade3:Mostofthespeciesareweedsor IN241species,WA241species,MO240spe灢
becomingweeds,andwithlessfinancialandeco灢 cies,WV235species,DE233species,MS228
logicaldamage,andtheyarerepresentedby226 species,AR224species,HI222species,ME
species(42灡32%,seeappendix). 206species,IA200species,VT200species,
Grade4:Lessdamageorpartialdamage DC218species,QC212species,WI210spe灢
botheconomicallyandecologically,especially cies,andbyNH199species,UT198species,
comparedwiththewholeofNorthAmerica,but RI197species,BC193species,ID191species,
largelyorseriouslyfromalocalstandpointorin NM187species,NE185species,MT183spe灢
smallareas,suchassouthFloridaorHawaii,et cies,OK182species,CO182species,AZ181
al.Theyarerepresentedby90species(16灡85%, species,NS178species,MN176species,NB
seeappendix). 172species,andthelowby WY155species,
Grade5:No evidentdamage has been NV154species,SD147species,MB133spe灢
provedbutwithpotentialinvasivenesspossible, cies,ND138species,PE126species,SK126
especiallyfromanecologicalstandpoint.They species,AB123species,NF120species,and
arerepresentedby173species(32灡40%,seeap灢 lowestbyAK84species,LB40species,NT44
pendix). species,andYT56species.
MostInvasiveHabitats
7,
Summary
Aseachplanthasabestgrowthcondition
inva灢
wheretheycouldperformbetterthanothers,so Themosttroublesomeandaggressive
siveplants
doinvasiveplantsaswell.Amongthetotalin灢 arethoseforeignoralienspeciesthat
vasiveplantsof533speciesinNorthAmerica, haveinvadedtheNorthAmericancontinentfrom
themajorhabitatsarerepresentedbyUrbanarea regionselsewhereintheworld.Bycomparison,
(wherethehumanactivityhasbeenorcould fewerandlessaggressiveinvasiveplantsaren灢
beenreached;McKinney,2002)with125spe灢 ativespecies.Foreignspeciesareamongthe
cies,Agriculturewith116species,Horticulture mostconspicuousandabundantspeciesinplaces
with106species,AquaticandWetlandwith62 thatareheavilyaffectedbythehumankind,such
species,Forestswith56species,Pastureswith asurban,agriculture,horticultureetc,inclu灢
49species,Shorelineswith10species,Wild dingthefarmingregionsoftheAmericanheart灢
with7species,andDesertwith3species. land.Theaggressivenessoftencomesfromthe
DistributionbyStatesandProvinces
8, developmentareaofcrops,andtheroadsideand
Themostinvasivespeciesoftotal533inva灢 waste灢groundruderalinvasivearemostlyofthe
siveplantsinNorthAmericabyStatesorProv灢 OldWorldorigin.Moreover,mostoftheorna灢
incesaremainlyintheeastcoast,withFLby mentalspeciesinparksandgardensarealien.In
311species,VA299species,NY291species, otherwords,theshowiestandmostconspicuous
PA289species,TX283species,MA282spe灢 plantsinthefloraarefrequentlythosewhoseev灢
cies,MD282species,NC282species,NJ280 olutionarydevelopmentoccurredelsewherein
增刊
桗桏暋暋暋暋暋暋MAJin灢Shuang:TheInvasivePlantsofNorthAmerica—APrimaryAnalysis暋暋暋暋暋暋暋7
theworld,butwhosearrivalinNorthAmerica CorbinJD,D曚AntonioCM,2004.Competitionbetweennative
perennialandexoticannualgrass:implicationsforanhistor灢
wasinstigatedbytheactivitiesofhumankind
icalinvasion[J].Ecology,85(5):1273—1283
andwhosepresenceinthefloraismaintainedby
DaehlerCC,1998.Taxonomicdistributionofinvasiveangio灢
continuinghumanactivities(StuckeyandBar灢 spermplants:Ecologicalinsightsandcomparisontoagricul灢
kley,1993;McKinney,2002). turalweeds[J].BiologicalConservation,84:167—180
However,moreworkeitherfromtaxonom灢 DelisleF,LavoicC,LachanceJJetal灡,2003.Reconstructing
icview(Boufford,2001;Buckleyetal灡,2003; spreadofinvasiveplants:takingintoaccountbiasesassociat灢
edwithherbariumspecimens[J].JournalofBiogeography,
Daehler,1998;Delisleetal灡,2003;Huebner,
30:1033—1042
2003;Ma,2010;Pyseketal灡,2004),indeep DespainDG,WeaverT,AspinallRJ,2001.Arule灢basedmodel
understandingoftheirinvasivemechanism(Cal灢 formappingpotentialexoticplantdistribution[J].Western
lawayand Aschehoug,2000;Chongetal灡, NorthAmericanNaturalist,61(4):428—433
2001;CorbinandD曚Antonio,2004),orpredic灢 FederalInteragencyCommitteeforManagementofNoxiousand
ExoticWeeds,1998.Invasiveplants灢Changinglandscapeof
tinginvasiveplants (Reichardand Hamilton,
America灢FactBook[M].
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Appendix InvasivePlantsofNorthAmerica
:
Introduced
Scientificname Englishname Family Habit Native/Origin
time
Abrusprecatorius Crab曚s灢eye Fabaceae woodyvine Pantropics/Asia <1932
Acaciaauriculiformis Ear灢leafAcacia Fabaceae tree Austrasia <1932
A灡confusa FormosanKoa Fabaceae tree TropicalAsia 1915
A灡mearnsii AustralianAcacia Fabaceae tree,shrub Australia <1911
Acerplatanoides NorwayMaple Aceraceae tree Europe,WestAsia 1756
Acinosarvensis Mother灢of灢thyme Lamiaceae annual,perennial Europe unknown
Acroptilonrepens RussianKnapweed Asteraceae perennial Eurasia 1900s
Adenantherapavonina CircassianBean Fabaceae tree TropicalAsia n/a
Aegilopscylindrica JointedGoatgrass Poaceae annual Europe,WestAsia late1800s
Aegopodiumpodagraria Goutweed Apiaceae perennial Eurasia colonialtime
Aesculushippocastanum HorseChestnut Hippocastanaceae tree Europe 1576
Aethusacynapium Fool曚sParsley Apiaceae annual Eurasia unknown
Agavesisalana SisalHemp Agavaceae shrub Mexico 1900s
Ageratinaadenophora Eupatory Asteraceae shrub Mexico 1900s
Agropyroncristatum CrestedWheatgrass Poaceae perennial Eurasia 1906
Agrostemmagithago CommonCorncockle Caryophyllaceae annual Europe early1900s
Agrostiscapillaris ColonialBentgrass Poaceae perennial Eurasia n/a
A灡gigantea BlackBentgrass Poaceae perennial Europe n/a
Ailanthusaltissima TreeofHeaven Simaroubaceae tree China 1784
Ajugareptans Carpet灢bugel Lamiaceae perennial Eurasia n/a
Akebiaquinata ChocolateVine Lardizabalaceae woodyvine EastAsia 1845
Albiziajulibrissin SilkTree Fabaceae tree Asia/China 1745
A灡lebbeck Woman曚sTongue Fabaceae tree Australia,TropicalAsia 1880s
Alhagimaurorum Camelthorn Fabaceae shrub CentralAsia 1915
Alliariapetiolata GarlicMustard Brassicaceae annual,biennial Eurasia 1868
Alliumvineale FieldGarlic Liliaceae perennial OldWorldTemperate <1892
Alnusglutinosa EuropeanAlder Betulaceae tree OldWorldTemperate colonialtime
Alopecurusmyosuroides PacificMeadowFoxtail Poaceae annual EuropeandMediterranean n/a
Alstoniamacrophylla Deviltree Apocynaceae tree TropicalAsia <1949
Alternantheraphiloxeroides Alligatorweed Amaranthaceae perennialaquatic SouthAmerica 1935
A灡sessilis SessileChaff灢flower Amaranthaceae perennialsemi灢aquatic Tropics notapply
Amaranthusretroflexus RedrootPigweed Amaranthaceae annual Central&EastNAM notapply
A灡viridis SlenderAmaranth Amaranthaceae annual NewWorld notapply
Ambrosiaartemisiifolia Ragweed Asteraceae annual NorthAmerica notapply
A灡tomentosa Skeleton灢leafBursage Asteraceae perennial n,nw&swNorthAmerica notapply
Ammophilaarenaria Europeanbeachgrass Poaceae perennial Europe,NorthAfrica 1869
Ampelopsisheterophylla PorcelainBerry Vitaceae woodyvine EastAsia 1870
Anthriscussylvestris CowParsley Apiaceae annual/biennial Mediterranean,cAsia colonialtime?
Antigononleptopus LoveChain Polygonaceae perennialvine CentralAmerica unknown
Apteniacordifolia Redapple Aizoaceae perennial SouthAfrica unknown
Araliaelata JapaneseAngelica灢Tree Araliaceae tree EastAsia 1830
Arctiumminus LesserBurdock Asteraceae biennial Eurasia colonialtime
Ardisiacrenata CoralArdisia Myrsinaceae shrub TropicalAsia 1900s
A灡elliptica ShoebuttonArdisia Myrsinaceae shrub TropicalAsia 1900s
Arenariaserpyllifolia Thyme灢leafSandwort Caryophyllaceae perennial Eurasia unknown
Aristolochialittoralis ElegantDutchman曚sPipe Aristolochiaceae perennialvine Brasil unknown
Arrhenatherumelatius TallOatgrass Poaceae perennial Europe 1900s
Artemisiaabsinthium CommonWormwood Asteraceae perennial OldWorldTemperate 1841
A灡vulgaris Mugwort Asteraceae perennial Eurasia colonialtime
Arthraxonhispidus Joint灢headArthraxon Poaceae annual East&SouthAsia 1930s
Arundodonax GiantReed Poaceae perennial OldWorldTemperate 1800s
Asclepiascurassavica ScarletSilkweed Asclepiadaceae subshrub,perennial TropicalAmerica unknown
Asparagusdensiflorus Sprenger曚sasparagusfern Liliaceae perennial SouthAfrica unknown
Asphodelusfistulosus Onion灢weed Liliaceae annual,perennial Mediterranean 1930s
1
Invasive
InvasivePassway InvasiveHabitat Distribution
Grade
horticulture 5 forest,urban,wild AL,AR,FL,GA,HI,PR,VI.
horticulture 5 forest,urban,wild FL.
environment 5 forest,urban,wild HI.
forest 4 pastures,wetland,urban CA,HI.
horticulture 3 forest,urban,wild CT,DC,DE,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MT,NC,NH,NJ,
w/seeds?w/people? 3 agiculture,urban,wild CT,ID,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MO,MT,NJ,NY,OH,PA,VA,VT,
w/seeds 2 agriculture,pastures,urban AR,AZ,CA,CO,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MI,MN,MO,MT,ND,NE,
horticulture 5 forest,urban,wild FL,HI,PR,VI.
w/seeds 1 agriculture,urban,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MI,MO,MT,ND,
food,medicine,horticulture 3 landscape,urban,wild CT,DC,DE,GA,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MT,NC,
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,wild CT,IA,IL,IN,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,NC,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,
medicine,w/people? 3 urban,agriculture,horticulture AL,CT,DE,IL,IN,KY,MA,ME,MI,MN,NJ,NY,OH,PA,RI,WI,
fiberindustry 5 urban,horticulture,wild FL,HI,PR,VI.
horticulture 4 agriculture,horticulture,urban CA,HI.
forage 5 pastures,agriculture,urban AK,CA,CO,CD,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MI,MN,MT,ND,
w/seeds 6 horticulture,urban,wild AK,AL,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,
forage 3 pastures,agriculture,wetland AK,AL,AR,CA,CT,DC,ID,IL,IN,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MO,MS,
forage 3 agriculture,urban,horticulture AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture 1 urban,forest,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,
horticulture,medicine 3 agriculture,horticulture,urban AL,AR,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 4 horticulture,urban,wetland CT,DC,DE,GA,IL,IN,KY,LA,MA,MD,MI,NC,NJ,NY,OH,
horticulture 2 urban,wetland,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,DC,DE,FL,GA,IL,IN,KY,LA,MA,MD,MO,
horticulture 4 agriculture,forest,urban CA,FL,HI,TX,PR,VI.
w/seeds 4 wetland,urban,wild AZ,CA,CO,ID,NM,NV,TX,UT,WA.
food,medicine 3 wetland,urban,forest AK,AR,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,
food?vegetable?w/others? 5 pastures,agriculture,urban AK,AL,AR,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,
horticulture 3 horticulture,urban,wetland CT,DC,DE,IA,IL,IN,KS,MA,MI,MN,MO,NJ,NY,OH,PA,TN,
w/seeds? 5 agriculture,urban,wild AL,CA,DC,DE,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,MS,NC,NJ,NM,
forest 5 forest,urban,wild FL,HI.
w/boat 2 aquatic,wetland,urban AL,AR,CA,FL,GA,IL,KY,LA,MS,NC,SC,TN,TX,VA,PR.
notapply 4 wetland,urban,horticulture AL,AR,FL,GA,HI,LA,MD,MS,SC,TX,PR,VI.
notapply 3 agriculture,urban,wild AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
notapply 3 urban,agriculture,wild AL,AZ,AR,FL,GA,HI,LA,MA,MI,MS,NC,NM,NY,OK,PA,
notapply 3 urban,agriculture,wild AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
notapply 3 agriculture,pastures,wild AZ,CO,IA,ID,IL,KS,MO,MT,ND,NE,NM,NN,SD,TX,UT,WI,WY.
environment 4 shoreline CA,HI,MD,OR,PA,WA;BC,NS.
horticulture 3 urban,wetland,wild CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,IL,KY,MA,MD,MI,NC,NH,NJ,NY,OH,PA,
medicine?w/seeds? 4 urban,pastures,wild CT,ID,IL,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,NJ,NY,OH,OR,PA,RI,TN,VA,
horticulture 5 forest,urban,wild AL,FL,GA,HI,LA,MS,SC,TX,PR,VI.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wetland CA,FL,OR.
horticulture 5 urban,forest,wild CT,IL,MA,MI,NH,NJ,NY,PA,WI;ON.
w/food?w/peoples? 3 urban,pastures,agriculture AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,
horticulture 4 forest,wetland,urban FL,HI,LA.
horticulture 4 forest,wetland,urban FL,HI.
w/seeds?w/people? 3 horticulture,urban,agriculture AL,AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild FL,HI,PR,VI.
horticulture 5 pastures,wetland,urban AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,
medicine 3 agriculture,horticulture,urban CO,CT,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MT,NC,
medicine 3 horticulture,agriculture,urban AK,AL,CA,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,
w/people?w/seeds? 3 agriculture,urban,wetland AL,AR,DC,DE,FL,GA,HI,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,MO,MS,
w/people?w/seeds? 3 wetland,urban,horticulture AL,AR,AZ,CA,FL,GA,HI,IL,KS,LA,MD,MO,MS,NC,NM,NV,
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,agriculture CA,FL,HI,LA,PR,TN,TX,VI.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,forest CA,FL,HI.
horticulture 5 horticulture,urban,wild CA,NM,TX.