The Intolerant Middle Ages: A Reader

303 Pages·2020·5.219 MB·English

by  Eugene Smelyansky (editor)

THE INTOLERANT MIDDLE AGES
READINGS IN MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATIONS AND CULTURES: XXIII
series editor: Paul Edward Dutton
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THE INTOLERANT MIDDLE AGES
A READER
edited by
EUGENE SMELYANSKY
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS
Toronto Buffalo London
© University of Toronto Press 2020
Toronto Buffalo London
utorontopress.com
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Library and archives canada cataLoguing in PubLication
Title: The intolerant Middle Ages : a reader / edited by Eugene Smelyansky.
Names: Smelyansky, Eugene, 1984–, editor.
Series: Readings in medieval civilizations and cultures ; 23.
Description: Series statement: Readings in medieval civilizations and cultures ; XXIII | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20200229672 | Canadiana (ebook) 20200229885 |
ISBN 9781487524128 (paper) | ISBN 9781487506124 (cloth) | ISBN 9781487533335 (PDF) |
ISBN 9781487533342 (EPUB)
Subjects: LCSH: Persecution—Europe—History—Middle Ages, 500–1500—Sources. | LCSH:
Violence—Europe—History—Middle Ages, 500–1500—Sources. | LCSH: Toleration—
Europe—History—Middle Ages, 500–1500—Sources.
Classification: LCC BR1600 .I58 2020 | DDC 272.09409/02—dc23
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University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of
the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council, an agency of the Government of
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Funded by the Financé par le
Government gouvernement
of Canada du Canada
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES • ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • xi
INTRODUCTION • xiii
CHAPTER ONE: PRECURSORS AND ORIGINS • 1
1. Christians Accused of Participating in Scandalous Rituals • 3
2. The Martyrdom of Saint Perpetua • 6
3. Emperor Constantine Condemns Arianism • 10
4. Saint Augustine on the Grounds for Religious Persecution • 12
5. Christianity Triumphant: The Theodosian Code on Christianity
and Paganism • 16
CHAPTER TWO: ANTI-JUDAISM AND PERSECUTION
OF THE JEWS • 19
6. “Slay Them Not”: Saint Augustine on the Jews • 21
7. Anti-Jewish Legislation from the Visigothic Code • 24
8. The Massacre in Mainz at the Beginning of the First Crusade • 27
9. Blood Libel: The Murder of William of Norwich • 32
10. A Papal Response: Gregory X against the Blood Libel • 37
11. A Jewish Woman in a Christian Miracle Story • 39
12. King Otakar II Promises Royal Protection to the Jews in Bohemia
and Austria • 42
13. Well-Poisoning Accusations against the Jews • 47
14. The Massacre of the Jews in Strasbourg • 50
CHAPTER THREE: HERESY AND INQUISITION • 55
15. Heresy in the Carolingian World: Gottschalk of Orbais • 57
16. Guibert of Nogent and the Heretics of Soissons • 60
17. Bernard of Clairvaux Preaches against Heresy • 62
18. A Cathar Origin Story in the Testimony of Arnaud Sicre • 65
19. Origins of the Waldensians • 69
20. A Canon of the Fourth Lateran Council Concerning Heresy • 71
21. The Inquisitor Bernard Gui at Work • 74
22. Heretical Tricks: Inquisitor Nicholas Eymerich on the Art of
Interrogation • 77
23. Individual Resistance: Bernard Clergue • 80
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the intolerant middle ages: a reader
24. Cooperation and Resistance: Arnaud Sicre Infiltrates a
Heretical Group • 84
25. Papal Prohibitions against Beguines and Beghards at the
Council of Vienne • 88
26. The Fruits of Clerical Imagination: A Heretical Orgy • 91
27. Persecutions of Waldensians in Late Medieval German Cities • 93
CHAPTER FOUR: EXTERNAL OTHERS: CONTACTS,
INTOLERANCE, AND THE MAKING OF MEDIEVAL
EUROPE • 97
28. The Carolingian Conquest of Saxony: Two Perspectives • 99
29. Gerald of Wales on the Irish • 102
30. Papal Blessing for Henry II’s Conquest of Ireland • 106
31. Keeping the Peace after the Conquest: Statutes of the Parliament
of Dublin • 108
32. Medieval Europe Old and New: Otto of Freising Describes
Northern Italy and Hungary • 110
33. The Duke of Lithuania on the Teutonic Order • 113
CHAPTER FIVE: INTERRELIGIOUS VIOLENCE IN
THE MEDITERRANEAN • 117
34. The Martyrs of Cordoba • 119
35. The Dangers of Early Medieval Pilgrimage: The Journey of Saint
Willibald • 123
36. Depictions of Muslims in The Song of Roland • 126
37. Interfaith Coexistence in Crusader Jerusalem • 130
38. Coexistence and Exclusion in the Siete Partidas • 135
39. Pope Innocent III Forbids the Venetian Merchants to Trade
with the Muslims • 142
40. Frederick II’s Trade Agreement with Tunisia • 143
41. Accusations against the Genoese Merchants in Service of the
Mamluk Sultan • 146
CHAPTER SIX: PEOPLE ON THE MARGINS OF
MEDIEVAL SOCIETY • 149
42. Agobard of Lyon: On the Baptism of Jewish Slaves • 151
43. Poverty as Piety: The Rule of Saint Francis • 153
44. Critique of the Mendicant Friars: William of St-Amour’s On the
Dangers of the Final Days • 157
45. Medieval Serfdom and Manumission • 160
46. Punishments for Impregnating a Female Slave in Genoa • 162
vi
contents
47. Siena Acts against the Poor during the Famine of 1329 • 164
48. Living in Poverty in Florence • 167
49. The World Turned Upside Down: Social Anxiety during
and after the Plague • 171
50. Wage Control after the Plague: Ordinance of the Laborers • 175
51. Ordinances against the “Jews, Lepers, and Swine” and the
Poor in Late Medieval London • 178
52. Christine de Pizan on the Virtues of Toleration • 180
CHAPTER SEVEN: DISEASE AND DISABILITY IN
MEDIEVAL EUROPE • 189
53. Disability and Charity in Piers Plowman • 191
54. False Disability on the Streets of London • 195
55. Rules of the Maison-Dieu in Pontoise • 197
56. Physician Gilbert the Englishman on the Symptoms
of Leprosy • 199
57. Humbert of Romans Preaches to the Lepers • 202
58. The Ritual of Exclusion for a Leper • 204
59. The Leper Plot against Christendom • 207
CHAPTER EIGHT: FROM THE HOLY TO THE SINFUL:
ATTITUDES TOWARD WOMEN • 211
60. A Prostitute Saint: Saint Mary of Egypt • 213
61. The Trial of Thiota, a False Prophetess • 215
62. Women in the Sicilian Laws of Frederick II • 216
63. Women and the Ideals of Courtly Love • 222
64. Good Housekeeping: A Parisian Husband Instructs His
Young Wife • 225
65. Jacoba Felicie: A Female Physician on Trial • 229
66. Marital Problems: An Innkeeper’s Wife Leaves Him • 233
67. Bernardino of Siena Preaches on Marriage • 237
CHAPTER NINE: THE CONTROL OF SEXUALITY • 243
68. Laws of Justinian Concerning Same-Sex Acts and
Blasphemy • 245
69. A Cross-Dressing Saint: Marina/Marinus • 248
70. Punishments for Illicit Sexuality from a Medieval
Penitential • 250
71. Prostitution and Religious Reform in Prague • 252
72. Illegal Prostitution in London • 255
73. Confession of a Muslim Prostitute in Valencia • 257
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the intolerant middle ages: a reader
74. Confession of Arnaud of Verniolle • 260
75. The Trial of Katherina Hetzeldorfer • 266
76. Testimony of Rolandina Roncaglia • 269
77. Testimony of Eleanor/John Rykener • 271
SOURCES • 273
INDEX OF TOPICS • 279
viii
FIGURES
1.1 Divine origins of spiritual and temporal authority • 1
1.2 Funeral oil lamp depicting a young woman as a Christian martyr • 6
2.1 The murder of Richard of Pontoise • 19
3.1 Saint Dominic and the heretics • 55
4.1 Mass baptism of the Saxons conquered by Emperor Charlemagne • 97
5.1 Moses besieges a Muslim castle • 117
6.1 Idealized works of charity • 149
6.2 Portrait of Christine de Pizan from a fifteenth-century manuscript • 181
7.1 Saint Martin shares his cloak with a beggar • 189
7.2 A ward in Hôtel-Dieu Hospital in Paris • 196
8.1 A crowd listening to a preaching apostle • 211
9.1 An offender carted off to be punished • 243
ix