The Interventional Cardiology Training Manual PDF
Preview The Interventional Cardiology Training Manual
Matthew P. Lungren Michael R.B. Evans Editors The Interventional Clinical Medicine Cardiology Training CMoanvuearltemplate ASubntgit Mley faotr SCalirnaicha Cl lMarekdeicine Covers T3_HB Nick Curzen Second Edition Stephan Windecker Paul A. Gurbel Editors 12323 The Interventional Cardiology Training Manual Aung Myat • Sarah Clarke Nick Curzen • Stephan Windecker Paul A. Gurbel Editors The Interventional Cardiology Training Manual Editors Aung Myat Sarah Clarke Brighton and Sussex Medical School Royal Papworth Hospital NHS and the Sussex Cardiac Centre Foundation Trust Brighton and Sussex University Papworth Everard Hospitals NHS Trust Cambridge Brighton UK UK Stephan Windecker Nick Curzen Department of Cardiology Wessex Cardiothoracic Centre Bern University Hospital University Hospital Southampton NHS Bern Foundation Trust Switzerland Southampton UK Paul A. Gurbel Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Drug Development Inova Heart and Vascular Institute Falls Church, VA USA ISBN 978-3-319-71633-6 ISBN 978-3-319-71635-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71635-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018945487 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature, under the registered company Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword It is with great pleasure that I introduce The Interventional Cardiology Training Manual, co-edited by Drs. Myat, Clarke, Curzen, Windecker, and Gurbel. Tailored to the needs of the cardiology fellow and junior consultants, this is a welcome addition to the training literature. It combines a comprehensive coverage of the curriculum with a very practical and concise presentation of the individual topics. Ever since the frst coronary angioplasty with a balloon catheter in 1977, interventional cardiology has developed into a subspeciality that is defned by increasingly sophisticated technology, improved pharmacological options, and evidence-driven treatment strategies. Today’s interventional cardiologist needs to have a good understanding of the underlying pathophysiology in acute and chronic conditions, manage the medical strategies for patients, master the different device technologies in the cath lab, and translate the ever growing trial evidence and guideline recommendations into their clinical practice. A compendium summarizing the most relevant information for training and accreditation has been missing. The present Interventional Cardiology Training Manual comprises 33 chap- ters, all written by leading experts in the feld. A unique touch is that we get to know about the professional background of the authors and the institutions they represent at the beginning of each chapter. The topics are brought to life by explaining the relevance for clinical practice, adding evidence and bullet point lists for easy learning. All supported by excellent graphical illustrations and clinical examples. This manual will serve equally as a learning platform and a reference tool for quick consultation. I am sure it will become a standard work, to be found on every interventional cardiology fellows’ shelf or computer. Andreas Baumbach Queen Mary University of London and the Barts Heart Centre London, UK Yale School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) Sophia Antipolis, France v Preface The evolution of interventional cardiology has been rapid and unrelenting. We owe a huge debt of gratitude to the founding fathers of our subspecialty: Werner Forssmann, André Cournand, Dickinson Richards, Mason Sones, Charles Dotter, Melvin Judkins, Andreas Gruentzig, Richard Schatz, Julio Palmaz, Jacques Puel, and Ulrich Sigwart, to name but a few. These pioneers, along with the many thousands of practising physicians and clinician scientists past and present from across the world, have allowed interventional cardiology to grow into the dynamic and evidence-rich feld of medicine that it is today. Interventional cardiology incorporates a requirement for both technical and decision-making skillsets. It demands consistently high personal and profes- sional standards to provide optimal care and offers frequent opportunities to provide life-saving and life-modifying therapy. We have tried to encapsulate the very essence of this ethos into The Interventional Cardiology Training Manual. Our aim has been to create a readily accessible educational tool for all fellows undertaking subspecialty training in interventional cardiology. The text will also serve as a refresher to early-career consultant (attendings in) interventional car- diologists. The key objective is to equip the reader with an expert-led guideline- mandated resource to be used as an aide-mémoire focused primarily on preprocedural planning of, periprocedural decision-making during, and the salient technical aspects of coronary intervention so that it is performed safely, appropriately, effectively, and with reference to the evidence base. The intention was not to produce a comprehensive reference text. The intention has been to produce a book that an interventional cardiologist can use to solidify their thera- peutic thought process in the emergency room, the coronary care unit, or the catheterization laboratory so that the best possible care can be given to patients. Each chapter covers a specifc aspect of interventional cardiology, written by authors from leading cardiac centers across Europe, the United States, and Asia. Uniquely, each chapter has been written in a center-specifc manner, affording the reader an opportunity to learn how each individual center performs a specifc procedure, which algorithms and guidelines they follow, and what evidence they utilize to optimize patient outcome. To that end, we thank wholeheartedly all our contributors for their enthusiasm, wisdom, diligence, and attention to detail. We very much hope you enjoy reading this book. We very much hope read- ing this book will help to improve and consolidate your clinical practice. Brighton, UK Aung Myat vii Contents 1 C oronary Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Diana Gorog 2 C linical Assessment of Coronary Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Evangelos Giannitsis and Hugo A. Katus 3 N oninvasive Imaging Assessment of Coronary Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Udo Sechtem, Heiko Mahrholdt, and Peter Ong 4 L eft Heart Catheterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Satpal Arri and Brian Clapp 5 V ascular Access for Left Heart Catheterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Aditya Mandawat and Sunil V. Rao 6 R ight Heart Catheterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Jean-Luc Vachiéry and Céline Dewachter 7 R adiation Exposure and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Kully Sandhu, Gurbir Bhatia, and James Nolan 8 P lanning Coronary Intervention: The “Golden Rules”—Patient Checklist and Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Sergio Buccheri and Davide Capodanno 9 G uide Catheters: Selection, Support, Extension and Guide Wire Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Murugapathy Veerasamy and Nicholas D. Palmer 1 0 B alloon Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 George A. Stouffer 1 1 S tent Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Raffaele Piccolo and Stephan Windecker 1 2 P ercutaneous Coronary Intervention: Adjunctive Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Paul A. Gurbel and Udaya S. Tantry 1 3 A djunctive Technologies (Rotablation, Excimer Laser, Aspiration Thrombectomy, Distal Embolic Protection) . . . . . . 181 Michael S. Lee and Jeremy Kong ix x Contents 1 4 I ntracoronary Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Takashi Kubo and Takashi Akasaka 1 5 P hysiologic Lesion Assessment: Fractional Flow Reserve . . . . . 211 Mohammad Sahebjalal and Nicholas Curzen 1 6 P rimary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Lene Holmvang and Francis R. Joshi 1 7 P ercutaneous Coronary Interventions for NSTEMI and Unstable Angina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Stéphane Noble and Marco Roff 1 8 P ercutaneous Coronary Intervention for Stable Ischemic Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 William S. Weintraub, Sandra Weiss, and Abdul Latif Bikak 1 9 P ercutaneous Coronary Intervention for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Sophie Zhaotao Gu, Amr Gamal, Christopher Eggett, Hani Ali, Azfar Zaman, Richard Edwards, and Vijay Kunadian 2 0 P ercutaneous Coronary Intervention: Special Considerations in Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Lucy Blows and Timothy Williams 2 1 C oronary Intervention in the Chronic Kidney Disease, Diabetic and Elderly Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Sami Omar, Osama Alsanjari, and Adam de Belder 2 2 S tent Thrombosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Javier Cuesta, Marcos García-Guimaraes, Fernando Rivero, Teresa Bastante, and Fernando Alfonso 2 3 C ardiogenic Shock and Mechanical Circulatory Support . . . . 315 Stephen P. Hoole and Alain Vuylsteke 2 4 O ut-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Ian Webb, Rafal Dworakowski, and Philip MacCarthy 2 5 M echanical Complications of Acute Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Andras Peter Durko, Wouter Jacob van Leeuwen, and Arie Pieter Kappetein 2 6 C ontemporary Treatment of Coronary Bifurcation Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 James Cockburn, Osama Alsanjari, and David Hildick-Smith 2 7 L eft Main Coronary Artery Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Giovanni Luigi De Maria and Adrian Paul Banning 2 8 C hronic Total Occlusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Rohit Sirohi, Amerjeet Banning, and Anthony H. Gershlick Contents xi 2 9 M ultivessel Coronary Artery Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Mina Owlia and Sripal Bangalore 3 0 S econdary Percutaneous Revascularization After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 Jean Paul Vilchez-Tschischke, Hernán David Mejía-Rentería, Nieves Gonzalo, Philip Francis Dingli, Pablo Salinas, and Javier Escaned 3 1 I n-Stent Restenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Roisin Colleran and Robert A. Byrne 3 2 P ercutaneous Coronary Intervention: Management of Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 Robert T. Gerber, Athanasios Kosovitsas, and Carlo Di Mario 3 3 B leeding Associated with Angiography and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Serdar Farhan, Usman Baber, and Roxana Mehran I ndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Coronary Heart Disease 1 Diana Gorog About Us The National Heart and Lung Institute • The predominant cause of cardiovascular of Imperial College, based in South Kensington, death is ischemic heart disease, for both men London, is recognized for its excellence in cardio- and women. Advancing age is the strongest vascular research both nationally and internation- risk factor. ally, in both basic science and translational research. • Global CVD rates rose by 12.5% between 2005 Professor Diana Gorog is a Consultant and 2015, with deaths attributable to ischemic Cardiologist with an interest in coronary interven- heart disease (IHD) increasing by 16.6% to 8.9 tion and research interest in coronary thrombosis. million deaths. Over the same time period, age- She has been Clinical Director of Cardiology for standardized mortality rates for IHD fell by the last 8 years and currently Clinical Director of 12.8%, refecting improved survival of patients. Research at East and North Hertfordshire NHS • Recent data from the Offce for National Trust, Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine Statistics in 2015 show that in England and at the University of Hertfordshire and Visiting Wales, more people now die from dementia than Professor at Imperial College. Based just out- heart disease, with dementia being the leading side north London, the Trust comprises 4 hos- cause of death in women, although IHD contin- pitals, with a large catchment area of some ues to be the leading cause of death in men. 700,000 patients and 24/7 PPCI is provided at the • There is, therefore, an important ongoing need 720-bedded Lister Hospital. to further reduce mortality and morbidity from IHD, and an appreciation of the pathophysiol- ogy of IHD is essential to enable this. I ntroduction • Globally, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains P athophysiology the leading cause of mortality and morbidity, despite many preventative and therapeutic A therosclerosis advances. CVD accounted for some 18 million deaths worldwide in 2015, and this number is R isk Factors for Development expected to grow to >23.6 million by 2030. of Coronary Artery Disease • Both genetic and environmental factors con- D. Gorog tribute to the development of coronary athero- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College sclerosis. Genome-wide association studies London, London, UK have revealed more than 55 loci related to e-mail:
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