The Internet revolution in the sciences and humanities PDF
Preview The Internet revolution in the sciences and humanities
The Internet Revolution in the Sciences and Humanities The Internet Revolution in the Sciences and Humanities Alan G. Gross and Joseph E. Harmon 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. © Oxford University Press 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Gross, Alan G., author. | Harmon, Joseph E., author. Title: The Internet revolution in the sciences and humanities / Alan G. Gross and Joseph E. Harmon. Description: Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015039127| ISBN 978–0–19–046593–3 (pbk.: alk. paper) | ISBN 978–0–19–046592–6 (hardcover: alk. paper) | ISBN 978–0–19–046594–0 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Internet publishing. | Scholarly electronic publishing. | Science publishing— Technological innovations. | Humanities literature—Publishing—Technological innovation. | Science and the humanities. | Communication in science. | Communication in the humanities. | Internet in higher education. | Communication in learning and scholarship— Technological innovations. Classification: LCC Z286.I57 G76 2016 | DDC 070.5/7973—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015039127 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed by Sheridan, USA Contents List of Illustrations ix List of Videos on Companion Website xiii About the Companion Website and Endnotes xvii Acknowledgments xix 1. The Internet and the Two Cultures 1 Ideal Types 2 The Scientific Culture and Scientist as Ideal Type 5 The Humanistic Culture and Humanist as Ideal Type 7 The Sciences and Humanities Transformed 10 The Book Itself 12 The Audience 16 2. The Internet Scientific Article: Reshaping Verbal and Visual Communication 17 Revolution or Evolution? 17 A Survey of the Web Article 23 Increasing Accessibility 24 The Changing Nature of Authorship 26 Coping with Complexity 27 Increasing Inter- and Intra-t extuality 28 Including Reader Comments and Reader Statistics 33 Enhancing Visualization 34 Internet Visualization and the Science of Shape 38 Birth of a Science of Shape 39 The Mathematical Visualization of Shape 42 v vi Contents Science of Shape and the Internet 46 Conclusion 50 3. Internet Humanities Essays and Books: Seeing and Hearing Anew 52 Internet Innovation and the Humanities Essay 52 Historians See Anew 55 Photographs as Historical Evidence 55 Art as Historical Evidence 60 Reinterpreting the Civil War: The Role of Visualization 64 Meeting the Challenge of Urban History: A Multimedia Los Angeles 69 Reimagining the Roman Forum: Vision as Hypothesis 75 Musicians See and Hear Anew 77 Film Scholars See Anew 79 Conclusion 86 4. Archival Websites in the Humanities and Sciences 88 Websites that Provide Resources for Scholarship 91 Websites that Store Data for Scientific Research 104 Websites that Store Scientific or Scholarly Papers 107 Websites that Create Knowledge Through Volunteer Participation 110 Websites that Codify Existing Knowledge 115 Conclusion 120 5. Evaluation Before Publication: Opening up Peer Review 122 The Case for and Against Peer Review 123 Argument Theory and Peer Review 126 Theory Application 129 Open Internet Peer Review in the Sciences 135 Open Internet Peer Review in the Humanities 144 Peer Sourcing: The Wave of the Future? 151 Conclusion 153 6. Evaluation After Publication: Setting the Record Straight 155 Watchdog Blogs in the Sciences 155 What Watchdog Blogs Reveal 158 How Watchdog Blogs Work 165 Humanities Post- Peer Review 169 Postpublication Peer Review: The Article 172 Contents vii Postpublication Peer Review: The Book 178 Conclusion 186 7. Overcoming the Obstacles to Internet Exploitation 188 The Opportunities 188 Gated Access: The First Obstacle 189 Current Tenure Rules: The Second Obstacle 193 Digital Preservation: The Third Obstacle 195 Patents and Copyright: The Fourth Obstacle 197 Freedom of Information: The Fifth Obstacle 203 A Path Forward 206 Notes 209 Index 239 Illustrations Figures 2.1 Screenshot of three- pane format in Cell 22 2.2 Screenshot of 2010 digital article from 2010 PLOS Biology 25 2.3 Reproduction of first printed page in 1962 article in Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 26 2.4 Example Journal of Biological Chemistry article incorporating abstract of abstract followed by traditional heading abstract 29 2.5 Example abstract of the abstract from Applied Physics Letters contents page 30 2.6 Sample issue homepage from Journal of the American Chemical Society 32 2.7 Graph integrated into text in Goodman and Rich (1962) article 35 2.8 Example of multicomponent figure with caption 37 2.9 A Cartesian grid applied successively between Diodon and Orthagoriscus mola 39 2.10 Relative growth of the chela (claw) in the prawn Palaemon malcomsoni [now Macrobrachium malcomsonii or Monsoon River prawn]. Logarithmic plotting 41 2.11 (a) Profile of embalmed Wilkinson Head. (b) Full face of the British Museum wax death mask fitted with the facial outlines of the Wilkinson Head 44 2.12 Profile of Wilkinson Head showing trace of embalmed head (solid line), skull bone (short dashed line), and ordinary flesh allowance (long dashed line) 45 2.13 Three views of a human hemi- mandible, aged one year 47 2.14 Screenshot from video of the development of the human mandible, front and side view 49 2.15 On the left, the Neanderthal skull; on the right, the human skull. In the online version, red indicates shrinkage, green, expansion 50 3.1 Table of competing narratives 58 ix
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