The International Law of Bays

435 Pages·1963·16.889 MB·English

by  Mitchell P. Strohl (auth.)

THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF BAYS
MITCHELL P. STROHL
Commander, U.S. Navy
THE INTERNATIONAL LAW
OF BAYS
ß
THE HAGUE
MARTINUS NIJHOFF
I963
ISBN 978-94-015-0381-5 ISBN 978-94-015-0967-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-0967-1
Copyright I963 by Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1963
All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to
reproduce this books OY part thereof in any form
PREFACE
The purpose of this book is to describe the problems posed in the
formulation of international rules for bays at the present time, to
investigate the history of the several interests that have influenced the
development of such rules, to trace the efforts that have been made
to codify the rules, and to suggest a further refinement of the rules.
This book seeks to combine the fruits of the writer's experience as a
navigator with those of his studies in international law, geography,
history and economics. Although, after study and thought upon the
subject, there is likely to arise an initial desire to write a work that is
truly definitive, one must resign himself to something of lesser scope.
That being so, there is, if anything, an increased demand upon the writer
to exercise careful judgment in his research, and in his exposition of the
subject. This writer can only hope that he has discharged this responsi
bility to the degree that his efforts will have clarified some issues and
that what he has set on paper may be of some assistance to others.
This writer has attempted to be as objective as possible in his inter
pretations, and he has made no attempt to defend the policy of any
State. In so doing, he is weil aware of the fact that for broader policy
reasons, some of the views expressed herein cannot be officiaily accept
ed as bases for action.
Nothing contained in this writing shail be construed as reflecting the
views of the United States Navy or of the United States government.
For assistance in obtaining materials that have been used in the
writing of this book I am indebted to a great number of individuals.
These persons are listed under aseparate title. Above all, I am indebted
to Professor Leo Gross in whose person are combined to a remarkable
degree the traits of true scholarliness and confident leadership.
Mitchell P. Strohl
Villennes-sur-Seine, France Commander, U. S. Navy.
I February I963.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Mr. G. A. Rau, Canadian Consul, Boston.
Rear Admiral Robert W. Knox, USC&GS (Ret), International Hydro
graphie Bureau.
Mr. Robert Miller, Russian Research Center, Harvard University.
Rear Admiral H. Arnold Karo, Director, U. S. Coast and Geographie
Survey.
Commander A. B. de Vasconcellos, Brazilian Navy.
Captain S. T. Sun, Chinese Navy.
Captain Talmiehi Itaya, ]apanese Maritime Self Defense Force.
Professor N orman J. Padelford, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Mr. George S. MitchelI, Washington, D. C.
U. S. Naval Intelligence School.
Captain Ernest L. Schwab, ]r. USN, Offiee of the Chief of Naval
Operations.
Dr. Ruth Schachter, Afriean Studies Program, Boston University.
Raytheon Manufacturing Company, Boston, Massachusetts.
Weems & Plath, Inc., Annapolis, Maryland.
Sperry Rand Corporation
Insurance Company of North America
Mr. George Crossette, National Geographie Society.
Professor Keishiro Iriye, Tokyo, ] apan.
Colonel A. S. Stewart, U.S.M.C., Military Staff Committee, United
Nations.
Mr. Oscar Schachter, United Nations.
Mr. Chafik Malek, United Nations.
Commander H. Sucrow, Federal German Navy.
Professor Myres S. McDougall, Yale University Law School.
Professor Albert Feuerwerker, Center for East Asian Studies, Harvard
University.
Lieutenant R. B. Bathurst, U.S.N., Offiee of the Chief of Naval
Operations.
VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Mr. lohn DiNapoli, Librarian, U. S. Naval War College.
Mr. George Kirk, Center for Midcl1e East Studies, Harvard University.
U. S. Navy Hydrographie Office.
Commander Myron L. Ogden, U.S.N., Boston Naval Shipyard.
Chief Draftsman lohn E. Andrews, U.S.N., Headquarters, U. S.
European Command.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Prefaee v
Aeknowledgements VII
List of Diagrams and Charts XIII
PART ONE. INTRODUCTION I
Chapter One. The Problem 01 Bays in the Law 01 the Sea 3
Seetion A. National Sovereignty versus Freedom of the
Seas 3
Seetion B. (i) Origins of the Problem 8
(ii) The Roman Period I9
Section C. The Eeonomie Interest 20
Section D. The Navigation Problem 3I
Section E. The Defense Interest 47
Chapter Two. T erminology 54
Section A. (i) Definition of a Bay as formulated by the
I958 United Nations Law of the Sea
Conferenee 54
(ii) Impact of the Definition on Sovereignty
over the World's Bays 65
Section B. Glossary of Terms 68
Seetion C. Linguistie Variations in Terms 78
Section D. Geographie and Hydrographie Measurements 88
Appendix A. Etymology of the Word 'Bay' 92
PART TW O. THE BA YS WITHIN THE LITTORAL OF A
SINGLE STATE 93
A. DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW OF BA YS 93
Chapter Three. Development Irom the Fall 01 Rome to I800 95
Section A. Introduetion 95
Section B. Navigation 97
Annex A. Table of Navigation: Development to
1800 A.D. I02
x T ABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Seetion C. The Economic Interest IIO
Section D. The Defense Interest I26
Section E. Synthesis and the Law I32
Annex B. Summary of Treaties, Opinions, Writings
and Practices to 1800 I34
Chapter Four. Development from I800 to the Present I39
Section A. Introduction I39
Section B. Navigation
I39
Section C. Economics I47
Table of Fishery Regulations and Conventions Con-
taining Provisions Delimiting Bays I58
Table of Customs Regulations Delimiting Bays I6I
The Moray Firth Case of I906 I62
The North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration
~~ro ~
The Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case I68
Annex A. The United States-Great Britain Conven-
tion of 20 October 1818 I73
Section D. Defense I74
Table of Excerpts from Neutrality Declarations in
which Bays are Delimited I76
Seetion E. Some Current Issues I82
Chapter Five. Efforts at Codification I87
Section A. Unofficial Bodies I87
Table of Brief Statements on Bays by Publicists
during the Period 1800-1910 I88
Section B. The Hague Codification Conference of I930 202
Annex A. The American Proposal regarding etc. 2I2
Annex B. The French Compromise Proposal regarding
etc. 2I3
Section C. The United Nations International Law Com-
mISSIOn 2I3
Annex A. Draft Article Submitted to Fifth (1953)
Session 224
Section D. The Geneva Conference of I958 225
Annex A. Draft of the Inter-American
Council of J urists 229
Section E. Summary
229
TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
Page
B. THE HISTORIC BA Y 231
Chapter Six. Hudson Bay, A Case Study 233
Section A. Geographical Description 233
Section B. Discovery and Claim to Possession 235
Annex A. Excerpt from the Charter of the Hudson's
Bay Company 240
Section C. Recognition of the Claim 242
Section D. The Changing Economic and Defense Situation 249
Chapter Seven. The Coneept 01 the Historie Bay 251
Section A. Origin of the Term 251
Section B. State Practice and Claims to Specific Bays 253
Section C. Writings of Publicists 268
Section D. Judicial Decisions 276
Section E. Efforts at Codification 305
Annex A. Excerpt from Statement by Professor
Francois at 1958 Geneva Conference 322
Section F. On the Theory of Prescription 323
Section G. Summary 329
Chapter Eight. Peter The Great Bay, A Current Issue 332
Section A. Geographical Description of the Soviet Claim 332
Section B. Historical Background 335
Annex A. Japan-Soviet Union Exchange of Notes,
30 March 1944 347
Section C. The Soviet Claim and Exchanges of N otes 350
Section D. Summary 356
PART THREE. THE BAY WITHIN THE LITTORAL OF TWO
OR MORE STATES 369
Chapter Nine. The Bay Within the Littoral 01 Two or More States 371
Section A. Introduction 371
Section B. The Gulf of Fonseca 376
Section C. The Bay of Fundy 380
Section D. The Bay of Gibraltar 383
Section E. The Gulf of Aqaba 389
PART FOUR. CONCLUSIONS 399
Chapter Ten. Conelusions: A proposed Codilieation tor Bays 401
Bibliography 406
LIST OF DIAGRAMS AND CHARTS
Page
Figure I. Linear Error due to Faulty Observation 33
Figure 2. Three bearing Fix 34
Figure 3· Three bearing Fix with Error 35
Figure 4· Two bearing Fix 35
Figure 5· Running Fix 36
Figure 6. Radar Fix, Ranges 41
Figure 7· Radar Fix, Bearing and Range 41
Figure 8. Radar Fix, Range and Visual Bearing 42
Figure 9· Loran Position, One Rate 44
Figure IO. Loran Fix, Two Rates 44
Figure H. The Semi-Circle Rule 57
Figure 12. The V-Shaped Bay 62
Figure 13. Gulf of Cuteh, India 63
Figure 14. A Hypothetical Bay 67
Figure 15. Moray Firth, Scotland 73
Figure 16. Apalachee Bay, Florida 74
Figure 17. Galveston Bay, Texas 75
Figure 18. Saronikos Gulf Greece 76
Figure 19. Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts 77
Figure 20. The Trapezoidal Rule
9°
Figure 2I. Bay with intern al Throat 91
Figure 22. The American Proposal-I930 212
Figure 23. The French Compromise Proposal-I930 213
Figure 24. Hudson Bay 232
Figure 25. Pete r the Great Bay facing 332
Figure 26. The Bay of Gibraltar 384
Figure 27. The Gulf of Aqaba 39°