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The International Law of Bays PDF

435 Pages·1963·16.889 MB·English
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THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF BAYS MITCHELL P. STROHL Commander, U.S. Navy THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF BAYS ß THE HAGUE MARTINUS NIJHOFF I963 ISBN 978-94-015-0381-5 ISBN 978-94-015-0967-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-0967-1 Copyright I963 by Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1963 All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this books OY part thereof in any form PREFACE The purpose of this book is to describe the problems posed in the formulation of international rules for bays at the present time, to investigate the history of the several interests that have influenced the development of such rules, to trace the efforts that have been made to codify the rules, and to suggest a further refinement of the rules. This book seeks to combine the fruits of the writer's experience as a navigator with those of his studies in international law, geography, history and economics. Although, after study and thought upon the subject, there is likely to arise an initial desire to write a work that is truly definitive, one must resign himself to something of lesser scope. That being so, there is, if anything, an increased demand upon the writer to exercise careful judgment in his research, and in his exposition of the subject. This writer can only hope that he has discharged this responsi bility to the degree that his efforts will have clarified some issues and that what he has set on paper may be of some assistance to others. This writer has attempted to be as objective as possible in his inter pretations, and he has made no attempt to defend the policy of any State. In so doing, he is weil aware of the fact that for broader policy reasons, some of the views expressed herein cannot be officiaily accept ed as bases for action. Nothing contained in this writing shail be construed as reflecting the views of the United States Navy or of the United States government. For assistance in obtaining materials that have been used in the writing of this book I am indebted to a great number of individuals. These persons are listed under aseparate title. Above all, I am indebted to Professor Leo Gross in whose person are combined to a remarkable degree the traits of true scholarliness and confident leadership. Mitchell P. Strohl Villennes-sur-Seine, France Commander, U. S. Navy. I February I963. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mr. G. A. Rau, Canadian Consul, Boston. Rear Admiral Robert W. Knox, USC&GS (Ret), International Hydro graphie Bureau. Mr. Robert Miller, Russian Research Center, Harvard University. Rear Admiral H. Arnold Karo, Director, U. S. Coast and Geographie Survey. Commander A. B. de Vasconcellos, Brazilian Navy. Captain S. T. Sun, Chinese Navy. Captain Talmiehi Itaya, ]apanese Maritime Self Defense Force. Professor N orman J. Padelford, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mr. George S. MitchelI, Washington, D. C. U. S. Naval Intelligence School. Captain Ernest L. Schwab, ]r. USN, Offiee of the Chief of Naval Operations. Dr. Ruth Schachter, Afriean Studies Program, Boston University. Raytheon Manufacturing Company, Boston, Massachusetts. Weems & Plath, Inc., Annapolis, Maryland. Sperry Rand Corporation Insurance Company of North America Mr. George Crossette, National Geographie Society. Professor Keishiro Iriye, Tokyo, ] apan. Colonel A. S. Stewart, U.S.M.C., Military Staff Committee, United Nations. Mr. Oscar Schachter, United Nations. Mr. Chafik Malek, United Nations. Commander H. Sucrow, Federal German Navy. Professor Myres S. McDougall, Yale University Law School. Professor Albert Feuerwerker, Center for East Asian Studies, Harvard University. Lieutenant R. B. Bathurst, U.S.N., Offiee of the Chief of Naval Operations. VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mr. lohn DiNapoli, Librarian, U. S. Naval War College. Mr. George Kirk, Center for Midcl1e East Studies, Harvard University. U. S. Navy Hydrographie Office. Commander Myron L. Ogden, U.S.N., Boston Naval Shipyard. Chief Draftsman lohn E. Andrews, U.S.N., Headquarters, U. S. European Command. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Prefaee v Aeknowledgements VII List of Diagrams and Charts XIII PART ONE. INTRODUCTION I Chapter One. The Problem 01 Bays in the Law 01 the Sea 3 Seetion A. National Sovereignty versus Freedom of the Seas 3 Seetion B. (i) Origins of the Problem 8 (ii) The Roman Period I9 Section C. The Eeonomie Interest 20 Section D. The Navigation Problem 3I Section E. The Defense Interest 47 Chapter Two. T erminology 54 Section A. (i) Definition of a Bay as formulated by the I958 United Nations Law of the Sea Conferenee 54 (ii) Impact of the Definition on Sovereignty over the World's Bays 65 Section B. Glossary of Terms 68 Seetion C. Linguistie Variations in Terms 78 Section D. Geographie and Hydrographie Measurements 88 Appendix A. Etymology of the Word 'Bay' 92 PART TW O. THE BA YS WITHIN THE LITTORAL OF A SINGLE STATE 93 A. DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW OF BA YS 93 Chapter Three. Development Irom the Fall 01 Rome to I800 95 Section A. Introduetion 95 Section B. Navigation 97 Annex A. Table of Navigation: Development to 1800 A.D. I02 x T ABLE OF CONTENTS Page Seetion C. The Economic Interest IIO Section D. The Defense Interest I26 Section E. Synthesis and the Law I32 Annex B. Summary of Treaties, Opinions, Writings and Practices to 1800 I34 Chapter Four. Development from I800 to the Present I39 Section A. Introduction I39 Section B. Navigation I39 Section C. Economics I47 Table of Fishery Regulations and Conventions Con- taining Provisions Delimiting Bays I58 Table of Customs Regulations Delimiting Bays I6I The Moray Firth Case of I906 I62 The North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration ~~ro ~ The Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case I68 Annex A. The United States-Great Britain Conven- tion of 20 October 1818 I73 Section D. Defense I74 Table of Excerpts from Neutrality Declarations in which Bays are Delimited I76 Seetion E. Some Current Issues I82 Chapter Five. Efforts at Codification I87 Section A. Unofficial Bodies I87 Table of Brief Statements on Bays by Publicists during the Period 1800-1910 I88 Section B. The Hague Codification Conference of I930 202 Annex A. The American Proposal regarding etc. 2I2 Annex B. The French Compromise Proposal regarding etc. 2I3 Section C. The United Nations International Law Com- mISSIOn 2I3 Annex A. Draft Article Submitted to Fifth (1953) Session 224 Section D. The Geneva Conference of I958 225 Annex A. Draft of the Inter-American Council of J urists 229 Section E. Summary 229 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI Page B. THE HISTORIC BA Y 231 Chapter Six. Hudson Bay, A Case Study 233 Section A. Geographical Description 233 Section B. Discovery and Claim to Possession 235 Annex A. Excerpt from the Charter of the Hudson's Bay Company 240 Section C. Recognition of the Claim 242 Section D. The Changing Economic and Defense Situation 249 Chapter Seven. The Coneept 01 the Historie Bay 251 Section A. Origin of the Term 251 Section B. State Practice and Claims to Specific Bays 253 Section C. Writings of Publicists 268 Section D. Judicial Decisions 276 Section E. Efforts at Codification 305 Annex A. Excerpt from Statement by Professor Francois at 1958 Geneva Conference 322 Section F. On the Theory of Prescription 323 Section G. Summary 329 Chapter Eight. Peter The Great Bay, A Current Issue 332 Section A. Geographical Description of the Soviet Claim 332 Section B. Historical Background 335 Annex A. Japan-Soviet Union Exchange of Notes, 30 March 1944 347 Section C. The Soviet Claim and Exchanges of N otes 350 Section D. Summary 356 PART THREE. THE BAY WITHIN THE LITTORAL OF TWO OR MORE STATES 369 Chapter Nine. The Bay Within the Littoral 01 Two or More States 371 Section A. Introduction 371 Section B. The Gulf of Fonseca 376 Section C. The Bay of Fundy 380 Section D. The Bay of Gibraltar 383 Section E. The Gulf of Aqaba 389 PART FOUR. CONCLUSIONS 399 Chapter Ten. Conelusions: A proposed Codilieation tor Bays 401 Bibliography 406 LIST OF DIAGRAMS AND CHARTS Page Figure I. Linear Error due to Faulty Observation 33 Figure 2. Three bearing Fix 34 Figure 3· Three bearing Fix with Error 35 Figure 4· Two bearing Fix 35 Figure 5· Running Fix 36 Figure 6. Radar Fix, Ranges 41 Figure 7· Radar Fix, Bearing and Range 41 Figure 8. Radar Fix, Range and Visual Bearing 42 Figure 9· Loran Position, One Rate 44 Figure IO. Loran Fix, Two Rates 44 Figure H. The Semi-Circle Rule 57 Figure 12. The V-Shaped Bay 62 Figure 13. Gulf of Cuteh, India 63 Figure 14. A Hypothetical Bay 67 Figure 15. Moray Firth, Scotland 73 Figure 16. Apalachee Bay, Florida 74 Figure 17. Galveston Bay, Texas 75 Figure 18. Saronikos Gulf Greece 76 Figure 19. Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts 77 Figure 20. The Trapezoidal Rule 9° Figure 2I. Bay with intern al Throat 91 Figure 22. The American Proposal-I930 212 Figure 23. The French Compromise Proposal-I930 213 Figure 24. Hudson Bay 232 Figure 25. Pete r the Great Bay facing 332 Figure 26. The Bay of Gibraltar 384 Figure 27. The Gulf of Aqaba 39°

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