The International Encyclopedia of Communication

5929 Pages·2008·37.85 MB·English

by  Wolfgang Donsbach

At Blackwell Publishing
Commissioning editor: Elizabeth Swayze
In-house project managers: Ken Provencher and Tiffany Mok
Production manager: Simon Eckley
Production editor and text designer: Jenny Phillips
Marketers: Alex Robinson, Desirée Zicko, Louise Cooper
Freelance project manager: Fiona Sewell
Copyeditors: Jean Ashford, Mary Franklin, Jacqueline Harvey,
Jane Kerr, Pandora Kerr Frost, Leah Morin, and
Fiona Sewell
Proofreaders: Helen Kemp, Marie Lorimer, Mary Malin, and
Colin Owens
Indexers: Philip Aslett and Marie Lorimer

© 2008 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK
550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
The right of Wolfgang Donsbach to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work
has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the
prior permission of the publisher.
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All
brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or
registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product
or vendor mentioned in this book.
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the
subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in
rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the
services of a competent professional should be sought.
First published 2008 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
1 2008
Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
The international encyclopedia of communication/edited by Wolfgang Donsbach.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-3199-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Communication—Encyclopedias. I. Donsbach, Wolfgang, 1949–
P87.5.158 2008
302.203—dc22
2007047271
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 10/13pt Minion
by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong
Printed in Singapore
by C.O.S. Printers Pte Ltd
The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry
policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary
chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board
used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards.
For further information on
Blackwell Publishing, visit our website at
www.blackwellpublishing.com
Contents v
Contents
List of All Entries vii
List of All Entries by Editorial Area xxi
Notes on Editors and Contributors xxxiii
Preface and Acknowledgments ccxxix
Introduction 1
Entries A - Z 9
Index 5385

All Entries
A Archiving of Internet Content
Argentina: Media System
Academy Awards Argumentative Discourse
Access to the Media Arrangement and Rhetoric
Accountability of the Media Art as Communication
Accountability of the News Artifacts
Accounting Research Attending to the Mass Media
Acculturation Processes and Communication Attention
Accuracy Attention to Media Content across the Life-Span
Action Assembly Theory Attitude Accessibility
Action-Implicative Discourse Analysis Attitude–Behavior Consistency
Activist Media Attitude Functions
Addiction and Exposure Attitudes
Advertisement Campaign Management Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs, Media Effects on
Advertisement, Visual Characteristics of Attribution Processes
Advertising Audience
Advertising, Cross-Cultural Audience Commodity
Advertising, Economics of Audience Research
Advertising Effectiveness Audience Segmentation
Advertising Effectiveness, Measurement of Audiences, Female
Advertising, Emotions in Australia: Media System
Advertising, Endorsement in Austria: Media System
Advertising Ethics Automaticity
Advertising Frequency and Timing Availability, Cognitive
Advertising: Global Industry Avatars and Agents
Advertising, History of B
Advertising Law and Regulation
Advertising as Persuasion Bad News in Medicine, Communicating
Advertising: Responses across the Life-Span Bakhtin, Mikhail
Advertising Strategies Balance
Advocacy Journalism Balkan States: Media Systems
Aesthetics Baltic States: Media Systems
Affective Disposition Theories Bandura, Albert
Affects and Media Exposure Bandwagon Effect
Africa: Media Systems Barthes, Roland
Age Identity and Communication BBC
Agenda Building BBC World Service
Agenda-Setting Effects Behavioral Norms: Perception through the Media
Aging and Cognitive Processing Bertelsmann Corporation
Aging and Message Production and Processing Bi- and Multilingualism
Alternative Journalism Bias in the News
Amateur Photography and Movies Black Feminist Media Studies
American Convention on Human Rights Blogger
Americanization of the Media Body Images in the Media
Animation Bolivia: Media System
Anime Bollywood
Antitrust Regulation Bona Fide Groups
Anxiety Uncertainty Management Theory Book
Apologies and Remedial Episodes Branding
Applied Communication Research Brands
Appraisal Theory Brazil: Media System
Arab Satellite TV News Broadcast Journalism
viii All Entries
Broadcast Talk Commercialization: Impact on Media Content
Bureaucracy and Communication Commercialization of the Media
Business Discourse Commodification of the Media
C Commodity Feminism
Communibiology
Cable Television Communication as an Academic Field: Africa
Canada: Media System Communication as an Academic Field: Australia,
Candidate Image New Zealand, Pacific Rim
Caribbean States: Media Systems Communication as an Academic Field: East Asia
Caricature Communication as an Academic Field: Eastern
Cartography Europe and Russia
Cartoons Communication as an Academic Field:
Latin America
Case Studies
Communication as an Academic Field: Middle East,
Catharsis Theory
Arab World
Celebrity Culture
Communication as an Academic Field: Middle East,
Celebrity Journalists
Israel
Censorship
Communication as an Academic Field: South Asia
Censorship, History of
Communication as an Academic Field: USA and
Central America: Media Systems Canada
Chaffee, Steven H. Communication as an Academic Field: Western
Change Management and Communication Europe
Channel/Program Loyalty Communication Accommodation Theory
Child Art Communication Apprehension
Child Protection, Media Regulations for Communication Apprehension: Intervention
Chile: Media System Techniques
China Central Television Channel 9 (CCTV-9) Communication Apprehension and Social Anxiety
China: Media System Communication: Definitions and Concepts
Cinema Communication Education, Goals of
Cinematography Communication Evaluation Research
Cinematography, History of Communication as a Field and Discipline
Circulation Communication: History of the Idea
Citizen Journalism Communication Inequality
Citizen Journalism, History of Communication Infrastructure
Citizens’ Media Communication and Law
Civil Rights Movement and the Media Communication Law and Policy: Africa
Classroom Instructional Technology Communication Law and Policy: Asia
Classroom Management Techniques Communication Law and Policy: Europe
Classroom Power Communication Law and Policy: Middle East
Classroom Questioning Communication Law and Policy: North America
Classroom Student–Teacher Interaction Communication Law and Policy: South America
Climate of Opinion
Communication Management
Cluster Analysis
Communication and Media Studies,
CNN History since 1968
Code Communication and Media Studies,
Code as Law History to 1968
Coding Communication Modes, African
Coffee Houses as Public Sphere Communication Modes, Asian
Cognition Communication Modes, Hispanic
Cognitive Dissonance Theory Communication Modes, Muslim
Cognitive Science Communication Modes, Western
Collective Action and Communication Communication Networks
Collective Memory and the Media Communication Professions and Academic
Colombia: Media System Research
Comforting Communication Communication: Relationship Rules
Comics Communication Research and Politics
Commentary Communication Skills across the Life-Span
All Entries ix
Communication and Social Change: Research Credibility of Content
Methods Credibility Effects
Communication Strategies for Empowerment Crime and Communication Technology
Communication Technology and Democracy Crime Reporting
Communication Technology and Development Crisis Communication
Communication Technology Standards Critical Rationalism
Communication Theory and Philosophy Critical Theory
Communicator Style Cross-Media Marketing
Communicology Cross-Media Production
Communities of Practice Cross-Ownership
Community Integration Cuba: Media System
Community Media Cultivation Effects
Community Structure Model Cultivation Theory
Community Video Cultural Appropriation
Comparative Research Cultural Imperialism Theories
Competition in Media Systems Cultural Patterns and Communication
Compliance Gaining Cultural Products as Tradable Services
Comprehension Cultural Studies
Computer Games and Child Development Cultural Studies: Feminist Popular Culture
Computer Games and Reality Perception Cultural Topoi in Public Relations
Computer–User Interaction Culture and Communication, Ethnographic
Computers and Display Programs in Education Perspectives on
Concentration in Media Systems Culture: Definitions and Concepts
Conflict and Cooperation across the Life-Span Culture and Health Communication
Conflict as Media Content Culture Industries
Conflict Resolution Cumulative Media Effects
Conflicts of Law Curriculum Studies
Consensus-Oriented Public Relations Cyberfeminism
Consistency Theories Cybernetics
Consolidation of Media Markets Cyborgs
Consonance of Media Content Czech Republic: Media System
Construction of Reality through the News
D
Constructivism
Constructivism and Interpersonal Processes Dance
Consumer Culture Dating Relationships
Consumer Informatics Death, Dying, and Communication
Consumers in Media Markets Deception Detection Accuracy
Content Analysis, Qualitative Deception in Discourse
Content Analysis, Quantitative Deceptive Message Production
Contingency Model of Conflict Decision-Making Processes in Organizations
Control and Authority in Organizations Deduction vs Induction vs Abduction
Convergence of Media Systems Definition
Conversation Analysis Deliberative Polls
Co-Orientation Model of Public Relations Deliberativeness in Political Communication
Copyright Delivery and Rhetoric
Copy Test and Starch Test Delphi Studies
Corporate Communication Dependency Theories
Corporate Design Desensitization
Corporate and Organizational Identity Design
Corporate Reputation Design Theory
Corporate Social Responsibility Determination Theory in Public Relations
Correlation Analysis Deutsche Welle
Cost and Revenue Structures in the Media Development Communication
Course Organization Programs in Education Development Communication: Africa
Co-Viewing Development Communication: Asia