The intelligence revolution : a historical perspective : proceedings of the Thirteenth Military History Symposium, US Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado, October 12-14, 1988 PDF
Preview The intelligence revolution : a historical perspective : proceedings of the Thirteenth Military History Symposium, US Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado, October 12-14, 1988
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A Approved for Public Release Distribution Unlimited The Intelligence Revolution A Historical Perspective Proceedings of the Thirteenth Military History Symposium U.S. Air Force Academy Colorado Springs, Colorado October 12 -14, 1988 Edited by Lt. Col. Walter T. Hitchcock, USAF Department of History United States Air Force Academy 20050429 015 U.S. Air Force Academy Office of Air Force History United States Air Force Washington, DC 1991 Cataloging-in-Publication Data Military History Symposium (U.S.) (13th : 1988 : United States Air Force Academy) The intelligence revolution : a historical perspective proceedings of the Thirteenth Military History Symposium, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado, October 12-14, 1988 / edited by Walter T. Hitchcock. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-912799-70-6 1. Military intelligence-History--20th century-Congresses. 2. Military intelligence-History--Congresses. 3. World War, 1939-1945-Military intelligence-Congresses. 4. Military intelligence-United States-History--Congresses. I. Hitchcock, Walter Theodore, 1944- . II. Title. UB250.M52 1988 91-32986 355.3'432'0904-dc2O CIE For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. 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SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) n/a n/a 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) n/a 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES n/a 14. ABSTRACT 366 p. : maps ; 23 cm. GPO Stock no: 008-070-00628-6 ISBN: 0912799706 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE ABSTRACT OF Richard 1. Wolf PAGES 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code) UUU405 202-404-2186 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 Twelfth Military History Symposium Committee Department of History and Association of Graduates U.S. Air Force Academy Chair Col. Carl W. Reddel, USAF Professor and Head Department of History Members Lt. Col. Phillip S. Meilinger, USAF Lt. Col. Richard M. Coppock Deputy Head USAF, Retired Department of History Executive Director Association of Graduates Maj. Mark Clodfelter, USAF Capt. Lorry M. Fenner, USAF Executive Director Deputy Director Military History Symposium Military History Symposium Support Staff Mrs. Christy Whale Mrs. Nellie Dykes Mr. James Shatto Mrs. Zoreen Cruise Preface It is commonplace within and outside the intelligence community to acknowledge the predominant role of technology in the collection, dissemination, and even analysis of information. With roots traceable to events in the late 1800s, this technological phenomenon loomed ever larger in the twentieth century. The increasing reliance on photographic, signals, and electronic intelligence has been viewed with varying degrees of celebration and concern by scholars and intelligence professionals. This volume contains the essays and commentaries originally presented at the Thirteenth Military Symposium held to address this topic at the United States Air Force Academy from October 12 to 14, 1988. The participants in the conference attempted to provide a preliminary evaluation of the transformations that have occurred within the military intelligence community as a consequence of the Second World War. Not only did that conflict accelerate advances in technical means of collection, it also led to an international willingness to share intelligence on an unprecedented scale. The years 1939-1945 therefore witnessed a true "revolution" in intelligence collection and cooperation. That war also caused an interrelated growth in organizational size, efficiency, and sophistication that helped gain the craft of intelligence an acceptance in operational circles that it had not previously enjoyed. While this intelligence story is one of significant individual and corporate achievement, nearly all the participants in this conference reminded listeners of the inherent limitations of research into aspects of the subject that remain sensitive for today's national security. That is the salient lesson of these essays. Access to intelligence source material is limited and historians are often frustrated with conditions that necessitate less than full disclosure on many subjects. Nevertheless, with the growing awareness by the public of both the high cost of technology and the central role of intelligence in the national decisionmaking process, the citizenry can legitimately argue its own "need-to-know." An assessment of the role and importance of intelligence-and the effectiveness of the attendant technologies--can clearly benefit from the objective perspective of the historian. The Symposium in Military History is a biennial event jointly sponsored by the Air Force Academy's Department of History and its Association of Graduates. It provides a public forum for academic scholars, military professionals, Academy cadets, and concerned citizens to exchange ideas on military affairs and military history. Symposia of this scale and complexity are never realized without the v individual and collective contributions of many people and organizations. From the beginning of the symposium series in 1967, successive meetings have been devoted to a specific topic chosen for the occasion. The subject for this symposium was the brainchild of Maj. Bill Williams, an Air Force intelligence officer and history instructor at the Academy. Special thanks are owed to all those who offered their knowledge and wisdom in developing the program. LL Gen. Charles R. Hanem, Superintendent of the Academy, and Brig. Gen. Erlind G. Royer, Dean of the Faculty, deserve special recognition for their commitment and support of this event. As in the past, the Association of Graduates, the George and Carol Olmsted Foundation, and the Major Donald R. Backlund Memorial Fund provided generous financial assistance. The officers and staff of the Academy's Department of History were indispensable to the success of the symposium. Lt. Col. Harry Borowski and Lt. Col. Bryant Shaw provided important leadership during the formative stages of organization, and Col. Carl Reddel, Lt. Col. Phil Meilinger, Maj. Mark Clodfelter, and Capt. Lorry Fenner were the executive overseers and implementers for all phases of the actual conference. The professionalism and hard work of all members of the department ensured the meeting's success. Bringing the record of the conference to published form was yet another formidable task. Mrs. Christy Whale, Mrs. Nellie Dykes, Mr. James Shatto, Mrs. Zoreen Cruise, and Mr. Antonio M. Rodriguez gave their expert typing support in preparing the manuscript for publication. Special thanks go to the individual contributors who made this volume possible. The views and interpretations contained in each essay are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the United States Air Force. Indebted as I am to all those who gave so much of their time and effort to make this volume a reality, responsibility for all errors is mine alone. Walter T. Hitchcock, Lt. Col., USAF U.S. Air Force Academy vi Contents P reface .............................................................................. v Thirty-first Harmon Memorial Lecture in Military History W orld W ar II: An Intelligence Revolution .................................... 3 Harry Hinsley Session I The Origins of Modern Intelligence Chair: Ernest R. May Intelligence on the Eve of Transformation ................................... 15 Dennis E. Showalter Military Intelligence Sources during the American Civil War ............................ 39 Peter Maslowski C om m ents ......................................................................... 71 Ernest R. May Session II The Intelligence Revolution World War II The European Theater Chair:G erhard L. Weinberg Radio Intelligence in the Battle of the A tlantic ................................................................ 77 Jiirgen Rohwer Intelligence Collaboration Between Britain, the United States, and the Commonwealth during W orld W ar II ......................................................... 111 ChristopherA ndrew Soviet Operational Intelligence ................................................... 123 Col. David Glantz, USA C om me nt ........................................................................... 187 GerhardL . Weinberg Session III The Intelligence Revolution World War II The Pacific Theaters Chair: Roger Dingman Japanese Intelligence in the Pacific Theater .................................... 197 Alvin D. Coox Japanese Intelligence Estimates of China, 193 1 - 1935 ..................................................................... 203 Hisashi Takahashi Comments ............................................ 223 Roger Dingnman Session IV The Legacy of The Intelligence Revolution Chair:W alter Laqueur Satellite Reconnaissance ......................................................... 233 William E. Burrows The Intelligence Revolution's Impact on Postw ar D iplom acy ............................................................ 251 John L. Gaddis USAF Intelligence in the Korean War .......................................... 275 Robert Frank Futrell C om m ents ........................................................................... 295 Walter Laqueur Session V The Impact of the Intelligence Revolution on Current Military Posture Chair:R ay S. Cline Rem arks by a Select Panel ...................................................... 301 Richard Helms, GeneralJ ames A. Williams, USA, Admiral PierreL acoste, Maj. Gen. Jack E. Thomas, USAF Banquet Session Intelligence, Counterintelligence, and Glasnost ................................. 315 Lt. Gen. Samuel V. Wilson, USA A Concluding Comment Retrospect on the Conference ................................................... 325 HaroldD eutsch C ontributors ........................................................................ 351 Index .............................................................................. 36 1 The Thirty-first Harmon Memorial Lecture in Military History
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