THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL SELF-EFFICACY, SELF-ESTEEM, AND PERSONALITY ...

129 Pages·2010·0.24 MB·English

THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL SELF-EFFICACY, SELF-ESTEEM, AND
PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES ON LONELINESS AND DEPRESSION

DISSERTATION

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the
Graduate School of The Ohio State University

By
Karen Stroiney Hermann, M.A.
* * * * *

The Ohio State University
2005

Dissertation Committee: Approved by
Dr. Nancy Betz, Advisor _______________________
Dr. Don Dell Advisor
Dr. Pamela Highlen Department of Psychology
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ABSTRACT

This study investigated the relationship of social self-efficacy with various
personality and psychological adjustment variables in a sample of 696 college students.
Path models were proposed to examine the gender role variables of instrumentality and
expressiveness in relation to social self-efficacy and the psychological adjustment
variables of self-esteem, loneliness, and depressive symptomatology. The resulting path
models indicate that these variables account for 41% of the variance in depressive
symptoms and 45% of the variance in loneliness. In the model for depression, social self-
efficacy mediates the relationships between instrumentality and depression and between
instrumentality and self-esteem. Self-esteem mediates the relationship between social
self-efficacy and depression. In the model for loneliness, social self-efficacy mediates the
relationship between instrumentality and loneliness, and expressiveness partially
mediates the relationship between social self-efficacy and loneliness. Additionally, self-
monitoring was tested as a possible moderator in the relationship between social self-
efficacy and depression and social self-efficacy and self-esteem, but non-significant
results suggest that self-monitoring does not moderate either of these relationships. These
findings provide new information on how social self-efficacy, self-esteem, and gender
role variables may serve to protect against depression and loneliness and have
implications for possible counseling interventions.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to take this opportunity to thank my advisor, Dr. Nancy Betz, for her
support and assistance. She has helped to make this process easier and has served as a
wonderful mentor throughout my graduate studies.
I would also like to thank Juan Wu for her enthusiasm and flexibility in helping
with data collection.
In addition, I would like to thank my parents for their belief in me, for helping to
instill the same confidence in myself, and for supporting me through this process.
Finally, I would like to thank Matthew for his love, patience, and understanding
over the past few years.

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VITA

January 20, 1978………………………...Born – Manchester, Connecticut
2000……………………………………...B. A. Psychology, Wake Forest University
2000 – 2001……………………………...University Fellow, The Ohio State
University
2002……………………………………...M. A. Psychology, The Ohio State University
2001 – 2004...….………………………...Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio
State University
2004 – 2005……………………………...Psychology Intern
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Battle Creek, Michigan

PUBLICATIONS
Hermann, K. S., and Betz, N. E. (in press). Path models of the relationships of
instrumentality and expressiveness to social self-efficacy, shyness, and depressive
symptoms. Sex Roles.

FIELD OF STUDY
Major Field: Psychology

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………ii

Acknowledgments…………………………………………………..…………………....iii

Vita…………………………………………………………………………………….…iv

List of Tables………………………………………………………………………...….viii

List of Figures…………………………………………………………………..…...……ix

Chapters:

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1

1.1 Background………………………………………………………………..1
1.2 Objectives…………………………………………………………………4

2. Review of the Literature…………………………………………………………15

2.1 Overview…………………………………………………………………15
2.2 Definition and Measurement of Social Self-Efficacy……………………15
2.3 Social Self-Efficacy and Personality Variables………………………….18
2.3.1 Social Self-Efficacy, Instrumentality, and Expressiveness..……..18
2.3.2 Self-Monitoring…………………………………………………..23
2.4 Social Self-Efficacy and Psychological Adjustment……………….…....26
2.4.1 Social Self-Efficacy and Depressive Symptomatology………….27
2.4.2 Social Self-Efficacy and Loneliness……………………..............29
2.4.3 Social Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem……………………………31
2.4.4 Self-Esteem, Loneliness, and Depressive Symptomatology……..33
2.5 Personality Variables and Psychological Adjustment.…………………..36
2.5.1 Instrumentality, Expressiveness, and Psychological Adjustment..36
2.5.2 Self-Monitoring and Psychological Adjustment…………………43
2.6 Summary………………………………………………………………....44

3. Methodology……………………………………………………………………..46

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3.1 Participants……………………………………………………………….46
3.2 Instruments……………………………………………………………….47
3.2.1 Perceived Social Self-Efficacy…………………………..…...….47
3.2.2 Instrumentality and Expressiveness……………………………...48
3.2.3 Self-Esteem……………………...……………………………….51
3.2.4 Depression..………………………………………………………52
3.2.5 Self-Monitoring…………………………………………………..54
3.2.6 Loneliness………………………………………………………..55
3.2.7 Demographic Questionnaire……………………………………..56
3.3 Procedure.………………………………………………………………..56
3.4 Analysis of Data………………………………………………………….56

4. Results……………………………………………………………………………58

4.1 Means, Standard Deviations, and Gender and Ethnic Comparisons…….58
4.2 Correlations among the Variables…………………………….…………61
4.3 Path Analysis of the Relationship between Instrumentality,
Expressiveness, Social Self-Efficacy, and Depressive Symptomatology..63
4.4 Path Analyses of the Proposed Models for Depression and Loneliness…66
4.4.1 Path Analyses of the Proposed Models for Depression.…………67
4.4.2 Path Analyses of the Proposed Models for Loneliness..…………68
4.5 Analysis of the Role of Self-Monitoring………………………………...70

5. Discussion………………………………………………………………………..82

5.1 Review of the Objectives………………………………………………...82
5.2 Summary of the Results………………………………………………….83
5.2.1 First Path Model………………………………………………….83
5.2.2 Expanded Path Model for Depression………………………...…86
5.2.3 Path Model for Loneliness……………………………………….88
5.2.4 The Role of Self-Monitoring…………………………………….91
5.3 Implications for Future Research………………………………………...92
5.4 Implications for Counseling……………………………………………...94
5.5 Limitations of the Study………………………………………………….96
5.6 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….97

List of References………………………………………………………………………..99

Appendices

Appendix A, Scale of Perceived Social Self-Efficacy…………………...……..107

Appendix B, Bem Sex Role Inventory…………………………………………109

Appendix C, Unconditional Self-Regard Scale………………………………..110

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Appendix D, Beck Depression Inventory – Second Edition…………………...111

Appendix E, Self-Monitoring Scale……………………………………………114

Appendix F, Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale…………………………………116

Appendix G, Demographic Questionnaire……………………………………..117

Appendix H, Debriefing Statement given to Research Participants……………120

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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
4.1 Means and post hoc univariate comparisons across genders…………………….72
4.2 Means and post hoc univariate racial comparisons………………………………73
4.3 Intercorrelations among the variables……………………………………………74
4.4 Results of goodness of fit indices for all tested models………………………….75

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1.1 Bandura’s model of perceived self-efficacy………………………………………8
1.2 Original model for depression…………………………………………………….9
1.3 First proposed expanded model for depression..………………………………...10
1.4 Second proposed expanded model for depression……………………………….11
1.5 Third proposed expanded model for depression…………………………………12
1.6 First proposed model for loneliness……………………………………………...13
1.7 Second proposed model for loneliness…………………………………………..14
4.1 Path analysis of the original model in the full sample ……..……………………76
4.2 Path analysis of the original model for each gender……………………………..77
4.3 Path analysis of the third model for depression in the full sample………..……..78
4.4 Path analysis of the third model for depression for each gender..……………….79
4.5 Path analysis of the first model for loneliness in the full sample………………..80
4.6 Path analysis of the first model for loneliness for each gender………………….81

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
In social situations, individuals have varying perceptions of their ability to
successfully interact with others. In other words, their self-efficacy beliefs reflect their
level of social confidence (Bandura, 1977). The possession of strong self-efficacy beliefs
has been related to positive outcomes in academic achievement (e.g. Bandura, Pastorelli,
Barbaranelli, & Caprara, 1999) and career choice (e.g. Betz & Hackett, 1997), and also to
reduced levels of depression (e.g. Ehrenberg, Cox, & Koopman, 1991). The implications
of self-efficacy in the social domain have also been related to constructs such as social
anxiety, shyness, and self-esteem (Smith & Betz, 2000).
Bandura’s (1977) theoretical model of perceived self-efficacy beliefs includes
postulated sources of efficacy information in addition to postulated outcome variables,
which include approach versus avoidance, persistence, and performance (see Figure 1.1).
The study of the outcome variables related to social self-efficacy illustrates the level of
influence the construct has on a variety of levels of functioning. For example, loneliness,
defined as the perceived lack of a desired amount or quality of social interaction, has
been identified as a negative correlate of social confidence (Cheng & Furnham, 2002). In
addition, the relationship between social self-efficacy and depressive symptomatology
1