ebook img

THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL SELF-EFFICACY, SELF-ESTEEM, AND PERSONALITY ... PDF

129 Pages·2010·0.24 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL SELF-EFFICACY, SELF-ESTEEM, AND PERSONALITY ...

THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL SELF-EFFICACY, SELF-ESTEEM, AND PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES ON LONELINESS AND DEPRESSION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Karen Stroiney Hermann, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Nancy Betz, Advisor _______________________ Dr. Don Dell Advisor Dr. Pamela Highlen Department of Psychology i ABSTRACT This study investigated the relationship of social self-efficacy with various personality and psychological adjustment variables in a sample of 696 college students. Path models were proposed to examine the gender role variables of instrumentality and expressiveness in relation to social self-efficacy and the psychological adjustment variables of self-esteem, loneliness, and depressive symptomatology. The resulting path models indicate that these variables account for 41% of the variance in depressive symptoms and 45% of the variance in loneliness. In the model for depression, social self- efficacy mediates the relationships between instrumentality and depression and between instrumentality and self-esteem. Self-esteem mediates the relationship between social self-efficacy and depression. In the model for loneliness, social self-efficacy mediates the relationship between instrumentality and loneliness, and expressiveness partially mediates the relationship between social self-efficacy and loneliness. Additionally, self- monitoring was tested as a possible moderator in the relationship between social self- efficacy and depression and social self-efficacy and self-esteem, but non-significant results suggest that self-monitoring does not moderate either of these relationships. These findings provide new information on how social self-efficacy, self-esteem, and gender role variables may serve to protect against depression and loneliness and have implications for possible counseling interventions. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank my advisor, Dr. Nancy Betz, for her support and assistance. She has helped to make this process easier and has served as a wonderful mentor throughout my graduate studies. I would also like to thank Juan Wu for her enthusiasm and flexibility in helping with data collection. In addition, I would like to thank my parents for their belief in me, for helping to instill the same confidence in myself, and for supporting me through this process. Finally, I would like to thank Matthew for his love, patience, and understanding over the past few years. iii VITA January 20, 1978………………………...Born – Manchester, Connecticut 2000……………………………………...B. A. Psychology, Wake Forest University 2000 – 2001……………………………...University Fellow, The Ohio State University 2002……………………………………...M. A. Psychology, The Ohio State University 2001 – 2004...….………………………...Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University 2004 – 2005……………………………...Psychology Intern Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Battle Creek, Michigan PUBLICATIONS Hermann, K. S., and Betz, N. E. (in press). Path models of the relationships of instrumentality and expressiveness to social self-efficacy, shyness, and depressive symptoms. Sex Roles. FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Psychology iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………ii Acknowledgments…………………………………………………..…………………....iii Vita…………………………………………………………………………………….…iv List of Tables………………………………………………………………………...….viii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………..…...……ix Chapters: 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1 1.1 Background………………………………………………………………..1 1.2 Objectives…………………………………………………………………4 2. Review of the Literature…………………………………………………………15 2.1 Overview…………………………………………………………………15 2.2 Definition and Measurement of Social Self-Efficacy……………………15 2.3 Social Self-Efficacy and Personality Variables………………………….18 2.3.1 Social Self-Efficacy, Instrumentality, and Expressiveness..……..18 2.3.2 Self-Monitoring…………………………………………………..23 2.4 Social Self-Efficacy and Psychological Adjustment……………….…....26 2.4.1 Social Self-Efficacy and Depressive Symptomatology………….27 2.4.2 Social Self-Efficacy and Loneliness……………………..............29 2.4.3 Social Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem……………………………31 2.4.4 Self-Esteem, Loneliness, and Depressive Symptomatology……..33 2.5 Personality Variables and Psychological Adjustment.…………………..36 2.5.1 Instrumentality, Expressiveness, and Psychological Adjustment..36 2.5.2 Self-Monitoring and Psychological Adjustment…………………43 2.6 Summary………………………………………………………………....44 3. Methodology……………………………………………………………………..46 v 3.1 Participants……………………………………………………………….46 3.2 Instruments……………………………………………………………….47 3.2.1 Perceived Social Self-Efficacy…………………………..…...….47 3.2.2 Instrumentality and Expressiveness……………………………...48 3.2.3 Self-Esteem……………………...……………………………….51 3.2.4 Depression..………………………………………………………52 3.2.5 Self-Monitoring…………………………………………………..54 3.2.6 Loneliness………………………………………………………..55 3.2.7 Demographic Questionnaire……………………………………..56 3.3 Procedure.………………………………………………………………..56 3.4 Analysis of Data………………………………………………………….56 4. Results……………………………………………………………………………58 4.1 Means, Standard Deviations, and Gender and Ethnic Comparisons…….58 4.2 Correlations among the Variables…………………………….…………61 4.3 Path Analysis of the Relationship between Instrumentality, Expressiveness, Social Self-Efficacy, and Depressive Symptomatology..63 4.4 Path Analyses of the Proposed Models for Depression and Loneliness…66 4.4.1 Path Analyses of the Proposed Models for Depression.…………67 4.4.2 Path Analyses of the Proposed Models for Loneliness..…………68 4.5 Analysis of the Role of Self-Monitoring………………………………...70 5. Discussion………………………………………………………………………..82 5.1 Review of the Objectives………………………………………………...82 5.2 Summary of the Results………………………………………………….83 5.2.1 First Path Model………………………………………………….83 5.2.2 Expanded Path Model for Depression………………………...…86 5.2.3 Path Model for Loneliness……………………………………….88 5.2.4 The Role of Self-Monitoring…………………………………….91 5.3 Implications for Future Research………………………………………...92 5.4 Implications for Counseling……………………………………………...94 5.5 Limitations of the Study………………………………………………….96 5.6 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….97 List of References………………………………………………………………………..99 Appendices Appendix A, Scale of Perceived Social Self-Efficacy…………………...……..107 Appendix B, Bem Sex Role Inventory…………………………………………109 Appendix C, Unconditional Self-Regard Scale………………………………..110 vi Appendix D, Beck Depression Inventory – Second Edition…………………...111 Appendix E, Self-Monitoring Scale……………………………………………114 Appendix F, Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale…………………………………116 Appendix G, Demographic Questionnaire……………………………………..117 Appendix H, Debriefing Statement given to Research Participants……………120 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 4.1 Means and post hoc univariate comparisons across genders…………………….72 4.2 Means and post hoc univariate racial comparisons………………………………73 4.3 Intercorrelations among the variables……………………………………………74 4.4 Results of goodness of fit indices for all tested models………………………….75 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Bandura’s model of perceived self-efficacy………………………………………8 1.2 Original model for depression…………………………………………………….9 1.3 First proposed expanded model for depression..………………………………...10 1.4 Second proposed expanded model for depression……………………………….11 1.5 Third proposed expanded model for depression…………………………………12 1.6 First proposed model for loneliness……………………………………………...13 1.7 Second proposed model for loneliness…………………………………………..14 4.1 Path analysis of the original model in the full sample ……..……………………76 4.2 Path analysis of the original model for each gender……………………………..77 4.3 Path analysis of the third model for depression in the full sample………..……..78 4.4 Path analysis of the third model for depression for each gender..……………….79 4.5 Path analysis of the first model for loneliness in the full sample………………..80 4.6 Path analysis of the first model for loneliness for each gender………………….81 ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background In social situations, individuals have varying perceptions of their ability to successfully interact with others. In other words, their self-efficacy beliefs reflect their level of social confidence (Bandura, 1977). The possession of strong self-efficacy beliefs has been related to positive outcomes in academic achievement (e.g. Bandura, Pastorelli, Barbaranelli, & Caprara, 1999) and career choice (e.g. Betz & Hackett, 1997), and also to reduced levels of depression (e.g. Ehrenberg, Cox, & Koopman, 1991). The implications of self-efficacy in the social domain have also been related to constructs such as social anxiety, shyness, and self-esteem (Smith & Betz, 2000). Bandura’s (1977) theoretical model of perceived self-efficacy beliefs includes postulated sources of efficacy information in addition to postulated outcome variables, which include approach versus avoidance, persistence, and performance (see Figure 1.1). The study of the outcome variables related to social self-efficacy illustrates the level of influence the construct has on a variety of levels of functioning. For example, loneliness, defined as the perceived lack of a desired amount or quality of social interaction, has been identified as a negative correlate of social confidence (Cheng & Furnham, 2002). In addition, the relationship between social self-efficacy and depressive symptomatology 1

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.