The Industrial Revolution in World History

329 Pages·2012·2.848 MB·English

by  Peter N Stearns

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“The provocative questions, wide-ranging geography, attention to individuals
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as well as groups, and updated chapters ensure Stearns will remain the e
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outstanding single volume covering the industrial revolution. This fourth r
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edition will continue to challenge students to analyze the effects of
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industrialization and modernization on the local, regional, national,
and global levels for the future as well as the present and past.”
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—Jonathan Coopersmith, Texas A&M University t
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“In this new edition Peter Stearns updates and refines his authoritative account e
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of industrialization’s global spread and impact. This concise and highly readable
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account remains a very suitable introduction for non-specialists.” n
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—David Northrup, Boston College n
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The industrial revolution was the single most important development in human history over
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the past three centuries, and it continues to shape the contemporary world. With new methods o
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and organizations for producing goods, industrialization altered where people live, how they in
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play, and even how they define political issues. By exploring the ways the industrial revolution r
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reshaped world history, this book offers a unique look into the international factors that started I
the industrial revolution and its global spread and impact. da H I s t o r y
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In the fourth edition, noted historian Peter N. Stearns continues his global analysis of the indus- H

trial revolution with new discussions of industrialization outside of the West, including the study r
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of India, the Middle East, and China. In addition, an expanded conclusion examines the changing se
F o u r t H e d I t I o n
contexts of industrialization. The Industrial Revolution in World History is essential for students tv
of world history and economics, as well as for those seeking to know more about the global
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implications of what is arguably the defining socioeconomic event of modern times.
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PeTer N. STeArNS is provost and professor of history at George Mason University. He is the yu
editor of the Journal of Social History and the author or editor of more than 115 books, including t
World Civilizations: The Global Experience and World History in Brief: Major Patterns of Change
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and Continuity. o
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Cover Image © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis
Cover Design: Miguel Santana & Wendy Halitzer
FourtH
edItIon
A Member of the Perseus Books Group
www.westviewpress.com
www.perseusacademic.com
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T I R
he ndustrial evolution
W H
in orld istory
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T I R
he ndustrial evolution
W H
in orld istory
FOURTH EDITION
PETER N. STEARNS
George Mason University
A Member of the Perseus Books Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stearns, Peter N.
The industrial revolution in world history / Peter N. Stearns.—4th ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-8133-4729-5 (pbk. : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-8133-4730-1 (e-
book) 1. Industrial revolution. 2. Economic history. I. Title.
HD2321.S74 2013
338.09—dc23
2012001793
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents
List of Illustrations ix
Introduction: Defining the Industrial Revolution 1
Technology and Work Organization, 6
Issues in Interpretation, 8
The Range of the Industrial Revolution, 11
Chronology and Geography, 14
| The First Phase, 1760– 1880
PART ONE
Western Primacy, Global Contexts, and Global Results
1 Britain’s Revolution 21
New Processes and Economic Transformation
Britain Becomes the Workshop of the World, 26
Industrialization Exacts a Price, 32
Change Generates Change, 37
2 New Causes 41
Why Did the Industrial Revolution Happen, and Why Did It
Happen in Eighteenth-Century Britain?
Three Approaches: Minimal, Western, and Global, 45
Trigger: Why the Eighteenth Century? 47
Britain as a Special Case, 48
3 The Industrial Revolution in Western Society 53
France: An Eclectic Course, 57
Germany: Trend to Big Business, 60
The United States: Dynamism of a New Nation, 61
The Industrial West by the 1880s, 66
v
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vi | Contents
4 The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution 69
Life on the Job, 70
Forging the Industrial Family, 74
Social Divisions and Protest, 81
A New Political and Cultural Context, 87
5 The Industrial Revolution Outside the West 89
Pilot Projects: Russia, 89
Pilot Projects: Asia, Latin America, and Africa, 93
India and the Middle East, 94
Latin America and Africa, 96
China, 98
Restructuring the International Economy, 99
The Two Faces of International Impact, 105
| The Second Phase, 1880– 1950
PART TWO
The New International Cast
6 The Industrial Revolution Changes Stripes, 1880– 1950 109
Second-Phase Trends, 109
Why Japan and Russia? 113
7 The Industrial Revolution in Russia 121
Early Industrialization: Before the Revolution, 122
Social Impacts: Industrialization and Revolution, 129
The Industrial Revolution Under Communism, 133
8 The Industrial Revolution in Japan 139
The Context for Industrialization, 142
The Early Stages, 144
Social Impacts, 150
The Industrial Economy Matures: 1920s– 1950s, 154
9 New Developments in Western Societies:
A Second Revolution? 159
Redefinitions of the Industrial Economy
Machines and the Drive for Organizational Change, 160
The Service Sector, 166
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Contents | vii
Leisure and the Consumer Economy, 169
Class Warfare, 170
Redefining the Scope of Industrialization, 173
The West as New Model, 174
10 The Industrial Revolution in International Context 177
The Expansion of Commercial Exploitation, 179
Environmental Change, 186
Factory Expansion, 186
Industrial Sectors: Change amid Tradition, 192
Economies of the British Dominions, 194
At the Brink of Global Change, 197
| The Third Phase, 1950s– 2000s
PART THREE
The Industrialization of the World
11 The Industrial Revolution in the Past Half Century 201
New Members of the Industrial Club: The 1960s, 202
The New Wave: The 1980s and 1990s and Beyond, 204
The Postindustrial Concept, 205
Globalization, 207
Deepening Diversity, 208
12 New Industrial Revolutions 211
Israel: Development in the Desert, 212
The Pacific Rim, 213
Industrial Growth in the Pacific Rim, 215
Expanding the Rim? 217
Brazil, Mexico, and Turkey: The Next Wave, 218
China and India, 222
Waves of Change, 226
13 The Less Industrial World 229
Evolution and Exploitation
The Long Reach of the Industrial Powers, 230
Resource Producers: Some New Bargaining Power, 232
Patterns of Dependency, 234
Variety and Inequality, 236
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viii | Contents
14 Postindustrial Societies and Global Balance 239
Growth Rates, 239
Structural Changes: The Postindustrial Thesis, 245
The New Industrial Balance, 250
15 Global Industry and the Environment 255
The Pace Quickens, 256
Attempts at Addressing a Large-Scale Problem, 260
16 Globalization and Global Industrial
Societies 1880– 1950 265
The Multinationals, 267
Labor Migration, 270
Regionalism and International Forces, 274
An International Approach to Policy, 276
Global Societies, 276
Inequalities, 278
17 Conclusions 281
Precedent as a Guide to Prediction, 281
History and Changing Contexts, 284
The Balance Sheet, 285
The Ongoing Experience, 288
Acknowledgments, 289
Suggestions for Further Reading, 291
Index, 303
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Illustrations
Figures
3.1 Annual Production of Pig Iron, 1870, 59
7.1 Railroads in Russia, 1860– 1900, 123
8.1 Evidence of Japanese Industrialization: Silk Production, 148
8.2 Men and Women in the Late Nineteenth-Century Labor Force in
Britain, France, and Japan, 152
9.1 Corporations in Western Europe, 1860– 1873, 163
Maps
1.1 The Beginning of the Industrial Revolution:
Great Britain, c. 1750– 1820, 27
6.1 The Industrial Revolution in Europe, 1870– 1914, 110– 11
6.2 The Industrial Revolution in the Wider World by 1929, 116– 17
Illustrations
2.1 England’s Nineteenth-Century Industries Expand and Improve, 51
3.1 The Progress of Cotton, 64– 65
Photographs
7.1 Harvesting Grain in Russia, 138
9.1 An Early Assembly Line at the Ford Motor Company, 164
9.2 The Memorial Day Massacre in Chicago, 172
9.3 The Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation in Pittsburgh, 175
10.1 Workers Repair Track on Liberia’s First Railroad, 181
12.1 A Woman Drives a Tractor in China, 224
13.1 Telex Equipment in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, 237
14.1 Workers in a Japanese Automobile Plant, 251
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