The Indonesian Quarterly Vol. XXXIV No. 2 Second Quarter 2006

2006·6.7 MB·English

by  CSIS Indonesia

Vol. 34 NO. 2 ISSN 0304-2170
Second Quarter 2006
The
Indonesian
CURRENT EVENTS
The Yogya Disaster: Human Security, the Symphony of
International Solidarity and Shared Hopes
Bantarto Bandoro
^^-^
The Politics of Identity in Papua Secession Movement
Amich Alhumami
VIEW OF POLI IK. Ai
:
Papua Problems and Other Domestic Political Issues
Vidhyandika D. Perkasa and Ignasius Ismanto
REVIEW OF ECONOMh
The Waning Growth Keeps Going
Mochammad Pasha
REVIEW OF REGIONA!
D-8 Summit, Regional Issues and Indonesia's International
Diplomacy
Shafiah Fifi Muhibat
ARTIC! FS
Prospect for Building East Asia Community
Begi Hersutanto
The
Politics of the American Tsunami Aid to Indonesia
Abdul Rashid Moten
The Impact of ASEAN Enlargement on Intra-ASEAN Trade- CENTRE FOR STRATEGIC
Gravity Model Approach AND
f*annna Areethamsirikul INTERNATIONAL
STUDIES

The ISSN 0304-2170
Indonesian
VOL
34 NO. 2
SECOND QUARTER
Quarterly 2006
CONTENTS
ABSTRACTS
92
CURRENT EVENTS
The Yogya Disaster: Human Security, The Symphony of 93 - 100
International Solidarity and Shared Hopes
Bantarto Bandoro
The Politics of Identity in Papua Secession Movement 101 - 108
Amich Alhumami
REVIEW OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
Papua Problems and Other Domestic Political Issues 109 - 122
Vidhxjandika D. Perkasa and Ignasius Ismanto
REVIEW OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The Waning Growth Keeps Going
123 - 131
Mochammad Pasha
REVIEW OF REGIONAL AND GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT
D-8 Summit, Regional Issues and Indonesia's hiternational 132 - 142
Diplomacy
Shafiah Fifi Muhibat
ARTICLES
Pr6spect for Building East Asia Community
143 - 157
Begi Hersutanto
The Politics of the American Tsunami Aid to Indonesia 158 - 175
Abdul Rashid Moten
The Impact of ASEAN Enlargement on Intra-ASEAN Trade: 176 - 192
Gravity Model Approach
Sarinna Areethamsirikul
ABSTRACTS
PROSPECT FOR BUILDING EAST ASIA COMMUNITY
By Begi Herstitanto - -
flAT". '^'^''''^ ''''' """^^ the framework of
AAS^EpA^NM '''"^^T^"* ^^^^^ -^-n the expansion of implementing
values and principle not only applied to all ten of ASEAN member states but
Nalesowto the other six countries namely China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, and
Zealand. This article is aimed to assess the prospect for tlie establishment of East
Asia Commtmity and its possible contributions to the solution of regional problems.
THE POLITICS OF THE AMERICAN TSUNAMI AID TO INDONESIA
By Abdul Rashid Moten
The Tsunami aid, though not devoid of a humane face, was used by the US to promote
Its own agenda of boosting its image in the Muslim World, to save democracy in
Indonesia and to restore the weakened linkage with the Indonesian army to make it
effective against war on terror. The people in the Bush administration including the
President denied repeatedly the use of the massive Tsunami tragedy as a powerful
political and diplomatic opporhmity. The article examines further the motivations behind
the US Tsunami aid to Indonesia.
THE IMPACT OF ASEAN ENLARGEMENT ON INTRA-ASEAN TRADE-
GRAVITY MODEL APPROACH
By Sariinta Areethanisirikiil
The accession of CLMV during the 1990s illustrated a sense of opening up for economic
and political cooperation to other countries in the region. It also implies the acceptance
of a greater diversity in ASEAN. Besides political reasons for the admission of CLMV,
the economic advantages of ASEAN enlargement are speculated. This article provides
a'
statistical hypothesis testing of whether an increasing number of members by accepting
CLMV
significantly enliance the relationship of intra-ASEAN trade.
CURRENT
EVENTS
The Yogya
Disaster:
Human
Security and the Symphony
of
Solidarity and Shared Hopes
Bantarto Bandoro
»d
the printed as well as elecJomV 1/ people of the world
Kgarteartienra tihnanthfeorUeSxawmphleere.htahteoffiHnaulrrdeLanteh Taopfetsa^fkreomTh^ " ''T^. ' °' '""^
'"''™'
toll reached apFpFroximateellyy 11,000000. con!tmue1d to pour into disaster-hit*a^rea'si''
It IS obviously difficult to protect
oneself against a powerful earthquake, but '^^TURAL PERILS
riteswouorucleds sbheouilndterheasvteingbeteon kdneovowtewdhatto of IDnethe lTas"t doeeTd., , ' *.^
protectmg housing and mfrastrttu rarthlTe Y ""'r'
e(rvoeardysonaendksnooowns, atghaaitnstthequadkreasm,abeccaouusMe 7TuHon ^peop^Te mTInddonesi'a"were aff"ect'ed'
Z,TT
ahnaspwpeern iasgnaionneone day. One fearT that ft^ encaustic shows that in 2003 alone almost
500,000 people were
displaced, over 34 000
One would not disagree to say that ^"^'''^^^ more than 1000 killed' by
Indonesia is highly prone to the periodic "''^"'''^ mand-made disasters
occurrences of various types of natural The
disaster,
a^saster and trr:or. U. ~^::
human-e.acerhated
disaster, attentiL
94
93-100
twseurneamtihethtastunsatmruickofnoDretcheemrnbeSrum2a0t04r.a The earthquake in order to fully recover from
approximately 160,000 Indonesians delaefdt catastrophic and traumatic effects of the
disaster, including long-term
or missing and displaced over 500,000 and rehabilitation
reconstruction
people. International solidarity were efforts. International
riemgmieodniwaitdeelyefifnecmtootfiothneaLssLainarrensi.pons to the hfcaaomsoiplmeyra"ad.teiTouhnsisirnegatliaivczekeslitnhlgaifteY"ottghoyeamwtoeerarlrndatthiiqsouonanaklee
Indonesia was again in the spotlights solidarity and to multilateralism by making
as it was hit by another devastating these part of the lives of the ordinary
natural disaster, the May 2006 disaster. people. The earthquake in Yogyakarta
The earthquake, measuring 6.2- of the draws members of the world community
richter scale, affected two provin-ces - to work together to help the victims in a ~
Yogyakarta and Central Java and seamless fashion.
happened just when the people were
HUMANITARIAN
about to start their morning activiHes. CONSEQUENCES
A
Coming within a short span after the , large portion of about six million
earthquake and the tsunami in 2004 and people living in the affected districts were
2005, the Yogya disaster is a reminder of directly impacted by the earthquake,
the natural perils facing the archipelagic particularly in the light of the damage to
country. It was reported that the disaster infrastructure and services such as water
had taken more between 5,000 and 6,000 treatment plants dan medical facilities.
Among
precious human lives; and about 9000 the worst affected are those
individuals are estimated to have been already vulnerable due to tlie poverty who
displaced and rendered temporarily or were rendered homeless, lost family
permanently homeless. members and/or access to livelilioods. As
we saw on television screen, the
The world also see how such perils particularly vulnerable include affected
have halted at least temporarily, but women,
children and the elderlv.
significantly, the day-to-day activites of the
people affected by the earthquake. They The Indonesian Government estimated
were wondering whether they can again the number of homes destroyed is 156,964
see the lights in their lives as the with another 183,741 heavily damaged.
government and other members of the Using an average of five people per home,
international communities were working for example, that means up to 1.5 million
hand in hand to face the post-quake people could be homeless which is more
problems, but often criticized for beijig not than triple the number left homeless after
quick enough in their relief operation. the Asian Tsunami hit the Indonesian
province of Aceh. It was reported that the
Tlie commitment of the international number of homeless people and the extent
community
is clear that they feel morally of the damage were higher than those of
obliged to assist the victims of the the Aceh Tsunami. Sanitation systems
Current events: THE YQGYA DISASTER: Human
Securitu ^^^^^^^^^ 95
were destroyed by the earthquake and
people were sleeping outdoor in unhealthy hvearr,maetd.thisWhpioilnet,ppeeooppllee hmaaveynhotavyeetbbeeeenn
fcroingdhitteinoinnsg,ly cfaasutsiinngsodmiesevaislelagteos. sTlpiriesaids deixspaostseerd, tnooat haanzaradc,tuiatlisdiosnalsytear.poAtsentwiael
iaanntdaraarcgeteliidoeynf.tohIpanetraantseipoeindr,isteeovvfeerwryoyoornnkeei'nsdgiadttotegevenettrhiyeo-rn eCoaebnrstterhravqleudaJ,kaevtahtehhraepvaeetopnnlooetr eeeixatprheetrrhiqeiunnackeYedoghneayizatahreodrr
thing they can. But if relief operations do as the earthquake came
unanticipated.
not get support needed to help all the sur-
What we
vivors, things will get even worse. It was actually had seen is the fact
also reported that even five days after the that security of the human beings is being
. earthquake, the people affected by the dis- challenged by the devastating impacts of
aster had not received proper attention the earthquake. This"is actually an earth-
and care. quake disaster that jeopardized the security
of human beii^gs. Here We saw
people,
Despite the continuation of national particularly in the severly earthquake-hit
nanudmbeinrternational relief operations, the areas, actually come into direct contact
earthquakeofwapseorpeploertseduftfoeriijnicgreafsriongmfrtohme sweictuhriatyhadziasrads.terSofotrhisthien ahuwmaaynisbeainrgesa.l
time to time. There are several quake-hit Here we have a situation in which people
areas "imtouched" by the relief operation have experienced serious misery and
starpnardteiaotdnhiasonfdhavdsairsiheaoesulespse,ddsiustcehaheseasssprtaeentaaddnoouafs.cfoTrumhs-e- lmsiuavfnefeeinrnitnlagy,tooernrttleofsomsrpoourfnacrleiifrlet.yaTihhnoampteeltrehiseosyd, ahorfaevtepiemrteo-
pletely breakdown
of the infrastructures, or are ignored, unintentionally perhaps,
cetacl.l,edhaevaertghoqnueakbeeytohrnedatthaendlevhealzaorfd.the so- hfurmo.manmesdeiccurailtycnareeedsa.re against the basic
Theoretically, a threat could be inter- In every types of disaster, be it floods
preted to mean a potential hazard. Here, landslide, let alone, earthquake, human
a threat to human being does not actually bemgs have always been the victims. So
exist as a real event or object. It is not in such events, the safety of human beings'
therefore an actual danger, but only a should be the main priority of the relief
potential danger. Yogya dan Central Java operations. Their security from being
were previously not recorded as an further exposed to tlie effects of the disaster
earthquake prone areas. But earthquake should be approached in such a way that
can happen anytime and anywhere. It is guarantees their future wellbeing. It is to
thus a potential danger. say that human security should be people-
becWomheesnaahatzharreda.tHitiursnsmeainntso reality it ctehnattreidt. sTienveerYeolgyyaimdipsaacstteerdcloeanrlythsehocwoerde
has materialized or becomes reatlh.atHtohwreea-t bacetciaviutsiees ooff aitnsd tfruangcitciodnespotfhhuasmawnelllives,
as'
96
suddenness in its occurrence. So , the of the People's Democratic Party who
threat to those suffering from the revealed the fact that assistance to vichms
earthquake is not only critical, but also who required treatment has proceeded
pervasive because the earthquake may
come again and again overtime. extremely slowly. The distribution of basic
foods, tents and blankets were also done
This is to suggest that in an event like improperly. As already conceded by Vice-
the Yogya earthquake, an approaches by President Jusuf Kalla, it has been extreme-
relief operation teams to enhacing security ly bureaucratic, with displaced people
of the victims must also take into account being required to prove their identities,
other areas of concerns that related direcly something that makes no sense in an
to their secmity, namely: economic security,, emergency situation where identification
food security, health security and environ- documents have been lost Imong the
mental security. It could be said then that rubble of destroyed houses.
human
security aspects of the disaster are
Immediately
nof about state or nation, but about after the earthquake occu-
individuals and people red, there was a very strong call for sym-
pathy from Indonesian people nationwide
Economic aspect of the security means and the international community
to assist
that the relief operations teams should be the htmdreds of thousands of victims of
able to find ways as to how the people the Yogyakarta and Central Java earth-
affected by the disaster can revive their quake who were facing the threat of
basic incomes. Food security means that hunger and exposure.
the people would have uiJimited access
to food security, while health security and NATIONAL RESPONSE
environmental security would mean access
to appropriate health care and protection At the national level, the National Dis-
from diseases, and protection from harmful aster Management Agency (BAKORNAS)
effects of enviromental degradation caused has undertaken the initial coordination of
by the disaster respectively. There was a emergency reHef and rescue efforts, in
report saying that hundreds of thousands close cooperation with the Coordinating
of displaced people are suffering from a Ministry of People's Welfare, Ministry of
lack of food. Thousands of others who Social Affairs, Ministry of Transporation,
have lost their homes are being forced to the military and the local governments.
sleep in open space due to a lack of tents. Other non-states institutions were also
This actually is the area where the involved extensively in relief operations
government has been severely criticized by coordinated by tlie goveniment.
the public because of its slowliness and
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
uncoordinated steps in providing the basic
needs of the victims. was present in Yogyakarta with other
cabinet ministers, arriving just tliree hours
Such criticism among other things after and set up an office to personally
comes from Dita Indah Sari, chairperson monitor the emergency relief efforts. Vice
Current events: THE YOGYA DISASTER: Human Security mid the Si/inph 97
President Jusuf Kalla later on took in implemented. The government should
charge of the office. While this morally learned from series of problems geared by
helpful to the survivors as well as indi- the cash assistance it provided as a
cating the importance given to the relief compensation to the increase in the price
efforts by the government, it also spot- of fuel. One has to make sure that the
lighted Indonesia's lack of any national humanitarian aid really reaches the hands
mechanism to deal with disaster mana- of eveiy victim.
gement. Such mechanism
is essential in a
country geographically prone to natural There was already a report that the
disaster. slow disbursement of funds pledged by the
central government for quake victims has
The earthquake prompted
series of led to the extension of the emergency
meetings at the governmental level response, that was originally scheduled to
indicating their seriousness in managing end on 22 June 2006. The impact of the
the disaster relief operation. A meeting on extension would be a delay in the recon-
29 May 2006 was held between
struction of resident's houses. Even the
Coordinating Minister Boediono and the central government's pledge to provide
aid donor communityJThe government's compensation of up to Rp 30 million for
intention was to plan for immediate relief, each severely damage house has not been
and the medium-term rehabilitation and met. The earthquake also draw the
reconstruction in an integrated manner. attention of tine Ministiy of Defense. Oui"
The goveriraient dicided to focus on the defense minister Juwono Sudarsono stated
following program: (1) rehabilitation of that Indonesia plans to focus its military
houses through the village and sub-district budget not on enhacing combat
capability,
structure, through the provision of block but rather on improving
its ability to
grants (over 6-12 months); (2) rehabilitation respond to the disasters. This is a reflection
of pubhc facilities (within 12 months of the the awareness of ti^e strategic role
period); and (3) revival of economic of the military in responding to disaster
activity, initiated during the relief phase. in the coxmtiy. The devastating earthquake
As part of the rehabilitation program, in Pakistan in 2005 and tsimami in 2004
the government anncounced that it will have led to the huge participation of the
provide (1) Rp 30 million ($3,225) to those military in the major relief operations.
whose houses were severely damaged and Few days after the Yogyakarta quake
Rp
10 million ($1,075) for houses with we could see the deployment of about
minor structural damage; and (3) about 6,418 TNI personnel to the quake hit
Rp250,000 ($27) per households per month areas, supported by the teams of medical
for the affected families for one year. Such staf, parapmedics and supplemented by
tlie
a policy is indeed a show of heartfelt care two Hercules transport planes for logistics
over the victims of the disaster. But the and education. Tlie role of the TNI was
government should not overlook any indespenseable in such an event. But
possible problems when
the policy is helping hands from foreign countries
98
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
93-100
remain necessary because the mihtary quake. There was
cooperative
lacks the ships and planes to deliver aid generated from common spirit
and evacuate people from remote efforts to deal
areas. with disasters. What we
see here
is a
symphony
of international cooperation and
GLOBAL RESPONSE shared hopes that the disaster - hit areas
would be back to normal.
The Yogya earthquake of May 200b is
not different from other disasters occurring International institutions (state and
in other parts of the world as it all caused non-state) as well states acting individually
to the death of the ordinary and mostly of on the name of humanity were involved
the poor people. Social and economic infra- extensively in the rehabilitation and re-
structures were also damaged, leaving the construction program. Those, international
affected people with uncertainties as to mstitutions, to name just a few, are: the
whether they could again be part of the eco- UN, Asian Development" Bank" (ADB),
nomic development of the disaster-hit areas. World Health Organization (WHO),'
UNICEF,
to bTehebeycoonnsdeqthueenItnddoenveassitaantigoonvearpnpmeeanrte'sd Food ProgrInatmemren,atiUoNnaDlPRaenddCIrnotsrse,maWtioornladl
'Organization for Migration (lOM). They
ability to cope and aid was offered from teamed up to conduct a field assessment
several states. International communities mission in conjuction with government
offered their sympathy and condolences to counterparts. Concerned
countries and
the people of Indonesia and to the families international aid organization have
Cofomtihengvicstoimssooofn tahfitserdetvhaest2at0i0n4gtdsiusansatmeir,. tmhoebielmiezregdenrceys.ources in order to respondatlol
the hearts of the international communities
again went to the people of Indonesia. Individual countries from the region of
East and Southeast Asia, Latin America,
Given the immensity of the Yogya Europe have also worked together in the
rdiessapsotnedr,ed thweithwoarnldoutcpoomumruinngitoyf ahiads. tiamtpiloenmpernotgartaimosn. oAfcctohredrienlgietfoaAnndtaremhaNbeixluis-
aInntdernAastiiaonnalDeovregalnoipzmateinotn,Bsaunckh haasvtehebUotNh mreepdoircta,l Cduocbtaorssetnot hqeulipteinajurneudmvbiecrtimso.f
appealed to all development partners to The foreign minister of Cuba was here in
initiate rehabilitation and reconstruction Jakarta not only to discuss Cuban hu-
program, as has been done in the tsunami manitarian mission in Indonesia, but also
disaster as well as the Pakistan earth- bilateral relations between the two
wqeuarkee.noAsdiifnfertehnececsasoef oofpitnsiuonnamoiv,erthtehree scouucnhtraiedsi.saAsltetrhowuoguhldthneoret wtaakse aplhaocepeagtaliiant
need to act in concert in coping with the in the future, the recent Yogya eartliquake
Yogya and Central Java disaster and has provided rooms for countries to
address the ramifications of the earth- improve
tlieir bilateral relations.